Interlaboratory trial for the measurement of total cobalt in equine urine and plasma by ICP-MS.
Abstract: Cobalt is an essential mineral micronutrient and is regularly present in equine nutritional and feed supplements. Therefore, cobalt is naturally present at low concentrations in biological samples. The administration of cobalt chloride is considered to be blood doping and is thus prohibited. To control the misuse of cobalt, it was mandatory to establish an international threshold for cobalt in plasma and/or in urine. To achieve this goal, an international collaboration, consisting of an interlaboratory comparison between 5 laboratories for the urine study and 8 laboratories for the plasma study, has been undertaken. Quantification of cobalt in the biological samples was performed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Ring tests were based on the analysis of 5 urine samples supplemented at concentrations ranging from 5 up to 500 ng/mL and 5 plasma samples spiked at concentrations ranging from 0.5 up to 25 ng/mL. The results obtained from the different laboratories were collected, compiled, and compared to assess the reproducibility and robustness of cobalt quantification measurements. The statistical approach for the ring test for total cobalt in urine was based on the determination of percentage deviations from the calculated means, while robust statistics based on the calculated median were applied to the ring test for total cobalt in plasma. The inter-laboratory comparisons in urine and in plasma were successful so that 97.6% of the urine samples and 97.5% of the plasma samples gave satisfactory results. Threshold values for cobalt in plasma and urine were established from data only obtained by laboratories involved in the ring test. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Publication Date: 2017-06-20 PubMed ID: 28320080DOI: 10.1002/dta.2191Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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The research study involves an international interlaboratory trial aimed at measuring the concentration of cobalt in equine urine and plasma using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The goal is to establish international thresholds for cobalt to prevent its misuse in blood doping.
Objective of the Research
- The primary goal of this study is to establish a standard international threshold level for the metal, cobalt, in horse urine and/or plasma. This initiative was spurred by the need to control the misuse of cobalt, specifically the administration of cobalt chloride, which is considered to be a form of blood doping and is thus prohibited.
Methodology of the Research
- An interlaboratory comparison was conducted involving five laboratories for the urine study and eight for the plasma study.
- The researchers performed quantification of cobalt in the biological samples using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
- The ring tests involved the analysis of five urine samples and five plasma samples. These samples were supplemented with varying concentrations of cobalt, ranging from 5 ng/mL to 500 ng/mL for urine, and 0.5 ng/mL to 25 ng/mL for plasma.
Statistical Analysis and Results of the Research
- The collected results from the different laboratories were compiled and compared to assess the reproducibility and robustness of the cobalt quantification measurements.
- For the urine samples, the statistical approach involved determining percentage deviations from the calculated means, while for the plasma samples, robust statistics were applied based on the calculated median.
- Both inter-laboratory comparisons in urine and plasma were successful. 97.6% of the urine samples and 97.5% of the plasma samples provided satisfactory results.
- Threshold values for cobalt in plasma and urine were established using data from the laboratories that participated in the ring test.
Implication of the Research
- The outcome of this research could be beneficial in equine sports to prevent the misuse of cobalt in blood doping. The established thresholds will provide a reference point for permissible cobalt levels in horses, thus ensuring fairness in competitions and the health and welfare of the animals.
Cite This Article
APA
Popot MA, Ho ENM, Stojiljkovic N, Bagilet F, Remy P, Maciejewski P, Loup B, Chan GHM, Hargrave S, Arthur RM, Russo C, White J, Hincks P, Pearce C, Ganio G, Zahra P, Batty D, Jarrett M, Brooks L, Prescott LA, Bailly-Chouriberry L, Bonnaire Y, Wan TSM.
(2017).
Interlaboratory trial for the measurement of total cobalt in equine urine and plasma by ICP-MS.
Drug Test Anal, 9(9), 1400-1406.
https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2191 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 rue de Paradis, 91370, Verrières-le-Buisson, France.
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 rue de Paradis, 91370, Verrières-le-Buisson, France.
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 rue de Paradis, 91370, Verrières-le-Buisson, France.
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 rue de Paradis, 91370, Verrières-le-Buisson, France.
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 rue de Paradis, 91370, Verrières-le-Buisson, France.
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 rue de Paradis, 91370, Verrières-le-Buisson, France.
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Racing Chemistry Laboratory, ChemCentre, PO Box 1250, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia, 6983, Australia.
- Racing Chemistry Laboratory, ChemCentre, PO Box 1250, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia, 6983, Australia.
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, CB7 5WW, UK.
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, CB7 5WW, UK.
- Racing Analytical Services Ltd, 400 Epsom Road, Flemington, Victoria, 3031, Australia.
- Racing Analytical Services Ltd, 400 Epsom Road, Flemington, Victoria, 3031, Australia.
- Racing Analytical Services Ltd, 400 Epsom Road, Flemington, Victoria, 3031, Australia.
- Racing Science Centre, Cooksley St, Hamilton, QLD, 4007, Australia.
- Canadian Pari-Mutuel Agency, 1130 Morrison Dr. Ottawa, Ontario, K2H 9N, Canada.
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 960 Carling Av. Bldg#22 C.E.F. Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0Y9.
- Canadian Pari-Mutuel Agency, 1130 Morrison Dr. Ottawa, Ontario, K2H 9N, Canada.
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 960 Carling Av. Bldg#22 C.E.F. Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0Y9.
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 rue de Paradis, 91370, Verrières-le-Buisson, France.
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 rue de Paradis, 91370, Verrières-le-Buisson, France.
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Body Fluids / chemistry
- Cobalt / analysis
- Cobalt / chemistry
- Cobalt / urine
- Dietary Supplements / analysis
- Horses
- Mass Spectrometry / methods
- Plasma / chemistry
- Reproducibility of Results
Citations
This article has been cited 2 times.- Galay EP, Dorogin RV, Temerdashev AZ. Quantification of cobalt and nickel in urine using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Heliyon 2021 Jan;7(1):e06046.
- Chun JL, Bang HT, Ji SY, Jeong JY, Kim M, Kim B, Lee SD, Lee YK, Reddy KE, Kim KH. Comparison of sample preparation procedures of inductively coupled plasma to measure elements in dog's hair. J Anim Sci Technol 2020 Jan;62(1):58-63.
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