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Veterinary microbiology2017; 201; 85-92; doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.014

Japanese encephalitis virus infection, diagnosis and control in domestic animals.

Abstract: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a significant cause of neurological disease in humans throughout Asia causing an estimated 70,000 human cases each year with approximately 10,000 fatalities. The virus contains a positive sense RNA genome within a host-derived membrane and is classified within the family Flaviviridae. Like many flaviviruses, it is transmitted by mosquitoes, particularly those of the genus Culex in a natural cycle involving birds and some livestock species. Spill-over into domestic animals results in a spectrum of disease ranging from asymptomatic infection in some species to acute neurological signs in others. The impact of JEV infection is particularly apparent in pigs. Although infection in adult swine does not result in symptomatic disease, it is considered a significant reproductive problem causing abortion, still-birth and birth defects. Infected piglets can display fatal neurological disease. Equines are also infected, resulting in non-specific signs including pyrexia, but occasionally leading to overt neurological disease that in extreme cases can lead to death. Veterinary vaccination is available for both pigs and horses. This review of JEV disease in livestock considers the current diagnostic techniques available for detection of the virus. Options for disease control and prevention within the veterinary sector are discussed. Such measures are critical in breaking the link to zoonotic transmission into the human population where humans are dead-end hosts.
Crown Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Publication Date: 2017-01-15 PubMed ID: 28284628DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.014Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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The research article discusses how the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) affects domestic animals, the different diagnostic techniques to detect it, and possible measures for disease control and prevention. It notes that the virus significantly affects humans as well, causing neurological disease, and how intervention in the veterinary sector can help prevent transmission to the human population.

Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Domestic Animals

  • The virus, which belongs to the family Flaviviridae, causes a variety of symptoms in domestic animals, from asymptomatic infection to acute neurological signs. It is transmitted by mosquitoes, especially those of the Culex genus, in a cycle that involves birds and livestock. Humans are typically affected as a result of spill-over from animals.
  • The impact of JEV is particularly pronounced in pigs. While adult swine infected with the virus do not show symptomatic disease, infections are linked to significant reproductive problems, such as abortion, still-birth, and congenital anomalies. Infected piglets can exhibit fatal neurological disease.
  • Equines also experience JEV infection, showing non-specific signs such as fever, and occasionally overt neurological disease, which can lead to death in extreme cases.

Diagnostic Techniques for JEV

  • The article discusses contemporary diagnostic techniques available for the detection of Japanese encephalitis virus in livestock. These techniques allow rapid and accurate identification of the virus, aiding in its control and prevention.

Disease Control and Prevention

  • Veterinary vaccinations for Japanese encephalitis virus are available for both pigs and horses. Implementing these vaccination programs helps control the disease within the livestock population, thereby reducing the potential risk to humans.
  • The article explores options for disease control and prevention within the veterinary sector. It suggests that these measures, such as strategic use of vaccinations and improved farming practices, are critical in breaking the transmission cycle that can lead to infection in the human population. This is especially important given that humans are “dead-end” hosts for the virus – they can become severely ill but cannot transmit the disease back into the vector population.

Cite This Article

APA
Mansfield KL, Hernández-Triana LM, Banyard AC, Fooks AR, Johnson N. (2017). Japanese encephalitis virus infection, diagnosis and control in domestic animals. Vet Microbiol, 201, 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.014

Publication

Veterinary microbiology
ISSN: 1873-2542
NlmUniqueID: 7705469
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 201
Pages: 85-92

Researcher Affiliations

Mansfield, Karen L
  • Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, United Kingdom.
Hernández-Triana, Luis M
  • Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
Banyard, Ashley C
  • Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
Fooks, Anthony R
  • Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, United Kingdom.
Johnson, Nicholas
  • Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Nick.Johnson@apha.gsi.gov.uk.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Animals, Domestic
  • Culex / virology
  • Encephalitis Virus, Japanese / isolation & purification
  • Encephalitis, Japanese / diagnosis
  • Encephalitis, Japanese / prevention & control
  • Encephalitis, Japanese / virology
  • Humans
  • Insect Vectors / virology
  • Livestock
  • Zoonoses

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