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Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2022; 11(5); doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11050621

Mec-Positive Staphylococcus Healthcare-Associated Infections Presenting High Transmission Risks for Antimicrobial-Resistant Strains in an Equine Hospital.

Abstract: Healthcare-associated infections caused by Staphylococcus, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, represent a high risk for human and animal health. Staphylococcus can be easily transmitted through direct contact with individual carriers or fomites, such as medical and non-medical equipment. The risk increases if S. aureus strains carry antibiotic resistance genes and show a phenotypic multidrug resistance behavior. The aim of the study was to identify and characterize methicillin resistant coagulase-positive staphylococci (MRSA) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) in equine patients and environmental sources in an equine hospital to evaluate the genetic presence of multidrug resistance and to understand the dissemination risks within the hospital setting. We explored 978 samples for MRSA and MRCoNS using Oxacillin Screen Agar in an equine hospital for racehorses in Chile, which included monthly samples (n = 61-70) from equine patients (246) and hospital environments (732) in a one-year period. All isolates were PCR-assessed for the presence of methicillin resistance gene mecA and/or mecC. Additionally, we explored the epidemiological relatedness by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) in MRSA isolates. Phenotypic antibiotic resistance was evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. We estimated the unadjusted and adjusted risk of acquiring drug-resistant Staphylococcus strains by employing logistic regression analyses. We identified 16 MRSA isolates and 36 MRCoNS isolates. For MRSA, we detected mecA and mecC in 100% and 87.5 % of the isolates, respectively. For MRCoNS, mecA was detected among 94% of the isolates and mecC among 86%. MRSA and MRCoNS were isolated from eight and 13 equine patients, respectively, either from colonized areas or compromised wounds. MRSA strains showed six different pulse types (i.e., A1-A3, B1-B2, C) isolated from different highly transited areas of the hospital, suggesting potential transmission risks for other patients and hospital staff. The risk of acquiring drug-resistant Staphylococcus species is considerably greater for patients from the surgery, equipment, and exterior areas posing higher transmission risks. Tackling antimicrobial resistance (AMR) using a One Health perspective should be advocated, including a wider control over antimicrobial consumption and reducing the exposure to AMR reservoirs in animals, to avoid cross-transmission of AMR Staphylococcus within equine hospitals.
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Publication Date: 2022-05-04 PubMed ID: 35625265PubMed Central: PMC9137905DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050621Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates the transmission risk of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus infections in an equine hospital, with a focus on identifying methicillin resistant Staphylococcus in both horses and their environment. It aims to understand how widespread multi-drug resistance is in such infections, and how this poses a risk for hospital-based transmission.

Study Methodology and Analysis

  • The team collected and evaluated 978 samples using Oxacillin Screen Agar. They derived these samples from equine patients (246 samples) and the hospital environment (732 samples) over a one-year period.
  • They used a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify the presence of the methicillin resistance gene (mec gene).
  • In addition, they used Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) to understand the relationship between different MRSA isolates.
  • They used the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method to assess phenotypic antibiotic resistance, which is the organism’s ability to resist certain antibiotics.
  • By employing logistic regression analyses, the team estimated the risk of acquiring drug-resistant Staphylococcus strains.

Findings

  • The team identified 16 MRSA isolates and 36 MRCoNS isolates. MRSA and MRCoNS strains isolated came from eight and 13 equine patients, respectively. These strains were either from colonized areas or compromised wounds.
  • MRSA samples carried mecA and mecC in 100% and 87.5% of the isolates respectively. When it came to MRCoNS, mecA was found in 94% of samples and mecC in 86%.
  • MRSA strains displayed six different pulse types, indicating they were isolated from various, frequently-used areas within the hospital. This suggests potential transmission risks not only for other patients but also the hospital staff.
  • The risk of contracting drug-resistant Staphylococcus species was substantially higher for patients from the surgery, equipment, and exterior areas, hinting at heightened transmission risks associated with these parts of the hospital.

Implications

  • The study highlights significant risks of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) transmission within equine hospitals, particularly in relation to Staphylococcus infections.
  • Greater control over antimicrobial use, as well as reducing exposure to AMR reservoirs in animals, can help minimize the cross-transmission of AMR Staphylococcus.
  • This research aligns with the One Health approach, which recognizes that the health of people is closely connected to the health of animals and our shared environment.

Cite This Article

APA
Soza-Ossandón P, Rivera D, Allel K, González-Rocha G, Quezada-Aguiluz M, San Martin I, García P, Moreno-Switt AI. (2022). Mec-Positive Staphylococcus Healthcare-Associated Infections Presenting High Transmission Risks for Antimicrobial-Resistant Strains in an Equine Hospital. Antibiotics (Basel), 11(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050621

Publication

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2079-6382
NlmUniqueID: 101637404
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 5

Researcher Affiliations

Soza-Ossandón, Paula
  • Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 9340000, Chile.
Rivera, Dácil
  • Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 9340000, Chile.
Allel, Kasim
  • Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
  • College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK.
  • Institute for Global Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
González-Rocha, Gerardo
  • Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box C-160, Chile.
Quezada-Aguiluz, Mario
  • Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box C-160, Chile.
  • Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile.
San Martin, Ivan
  • Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box C-160, Chile.
García, Patricia
  • Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8940000, Chile.
Moreno-Switt, Andrea I
  • Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8940000, Chile.

Grant Funding

  • NCN17_081 / Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that there are no conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Xu B, Wang X, Li X, Khan MN, Shafiq M, Khan S, Yu T, Khan RU, Song Y, Qiu H, Lv Q-L, Bilal H. Six-year retrospective analysis of the epidemiology and risk factors of multidrug-resistant bloodstream infections in oncology patients in Jiangxi, China. Microbiol Spectr 2025 Oct 7;13(10):e0146825.
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