FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / J Diabetes Sci Technol / Medical implications of obesity in horses–lessons for ...
Journal of diabetes science and technology2010; 3(1); 163-174; doi: 10.1177/193229680900300119

Medical implications of obesity in horses–lessons for human obesity.

Abstract: There is growing recognition that obesity is common and represents a significant detriment to the health of companion animals in a manner similar to that by which it is affecting the human population. As is the case for other species, obesity appears to promote insulin resistance in horses and it is through this pathophysiological process that many of the adverse medical consequences of obesity are being characterized. Equine medical conditions that have been described in the context of obesity and insulin resistance differ from those in humans. Chronic human conditions that have been attributed to obesity and insulin resistance, such as atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus, are rarely described in obese horses. Significant current interest is centered on the recognition that insulin resistance plays a role in the pathogenesis of laminitis, a potentially severe and debilitating cause of lameness in the equine species. Other equine medical conditions that are more likely in obese, insulin-resistant individuals include hyperlipemia (hepatic lipidosis) and developmental orthopedic disease (osteochondrosis). Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (equine Cushing's syndrome) represents another common endocrinopathic condition of older horses associated with insulin resistance. This review presents an introductory overview of the present understanding of obesity and insulin resistance and how these conditions may be associated with disease conditions in horses.
© Diabetes Technology Society
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2010-01-05 PubMed ID: 20046661PubMed Central: PMC2769846DOI: 10.1177/193229680900300119Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • Non-P.H.S.
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates the increasing prevalence of obesity in horses, its negative impact on their health, and how it can provide insights into human obesity. The study focuses on the association of obesity with insulin resistance in horses, resulting in various medical conditions. While these conditions in horses differ from those in humans, the insight it provides can be used to evaluate and manage obesity and insulin resistance in both species.

Overview of the Link between Obesity and Insulin Resistance

  • Obesity is becoming more prevalent among companion animals, mirroring the rise seen in the human population.
  • In horses, as in other species, obesity often leads to insulin resistance, which is a major pathophysiological condition associated with several medical problems.
  • Even though horses and humans both encounter obesity and insulin resistance, the resulting medical conditions can significantly differ between the species.
  • Atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus, common conditions associated with obesity and insulin resistance in humans, are rarely seen in horses.

Insulin Resistance and Equine Medical Conditions

  • The main interest lies in the role insulin resistance plays in the pathogenesis of laminitis, a severe and debilitating cause of lameness in horses.
  • Other medical conditions more likely to be seen in obese and insulin-resistant horses include hyperlipemia, also known as hepatic lipidosis, and developmental orthopedic disease, specifically osteochondrosis.
  • In older horses, Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (equine Cushing’s syndrome) is a common endocrinopathic condition that is often related to insulin resistance.

Understanding and Addressing Obesity and Insulin Resistance

  • The research presents an introductory comprehension of obesity and insulin resistance, along with-related disease conditions seen in horses.
  • The information provided by such studies could play a crucial role in properly understanding, evaluating, and managing obesity and insulin resistance not only in horses but extendable to humans.

Cite This Article

APA
Johnson PJ, Wiedmeyer CE, Messer NT, Ganjam VK. (2010). Medical implications of obesity in horses–lessons for human obesity. J Diabetes Sci Technol, 3(1), 163-174. https://doi.org/10.1177/193229680900300119

Publication

Journal of diabetes science and technology
ISSN: 1932-2968
NlmUniqueID: 101306166
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 3
Issue: 1
Pages: 163-174

Researcher Affiliations

Johnson, Philip J
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA. JohnsonPJ@missouri.edu
Wiedmeyer, Charles E
    Messer, Nat T
      Ganjam, Venkataseshu K

        MeSH Terms

        • Animals
        • Horse Diseases / physiopathology
        • Horses
        • Humans
        • Insulin Resistance / physiology
        • Obesity / complications
        • Obesity / physiopathology
        • Obesity / veterinary

        References

        This article includes 92 references
        1. Wyse CA, McNie KA, Tannahill VJ, Murray JK, Love S. Prevalence of obesity in riding horses in Scotland.. Vet Rec 2008 May 3;162(18):590-1.
          pubmed: 18453379doi: 10.1136/vr.162.18.590google scholar: lookup
        2. Frank N, Elliott SB, Boston RC. Effects of long-term oral administration of levothyroxine sodium on glucose dynamics in healthy adult horses.. Am J Vet Res 2008 Jan;69(1):76-81.
          pubmed: 18167090doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.1.76google scholar: lookup
        3. Pratt SE, Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ. Effects of dietary energy source and physical conditioning on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in standardbred horses.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006 Aug;(36):579-84.
          pubmed: 17402487doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05608.xgoogle scholar: lookup
        4. Johnson PJ, Ganjam VK, Messer NT, Turk JR, Keisler DH, Buff PR, Wiedmeyer CE. The obesity paradigm: an introduction to the emerging discipline of adipobiology. Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners 2-6. TX: San Antonio; 2006. Dec; pp. 41–50.
        5. Donaldson MT, McDonnell SM, Schanbacher BJ, Lamb SV, McFarlane D, Beech J. Variation in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentration and dexamethasone suppression test results with season, age, and sex in healthy ponies and horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2005 Mar-Apr;19(2):217-22.
          pubmed: 15822567doi: 10.1892/0891-6640(2005)19<217:vipahc>2.0.co;2google scholar: lookup
        6. Ssewannyana E, Lincoln GA, Linton EA, Lowry PJ. Regulation of the seasonal cycle of beta-endorphin and ACTH secretion into the peripheral blood of rams.. J Endocrinol 1990 Mar;124(3):443-54.
          pubmed: 2159047doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1240443google scholar: lookup
        7. Messer NT 4th, Johnson PJ. Evidence-based literature pertaining to thyroid dysfunction and Cushing's syndrome in the horse.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2007 Aug;23(2):329-64.
          pubmed: 17616317doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2007.04.004google scholar: lookup
        8. Fernández-Real JM. Genetic predispositions to low-grade inflammation and type 2 diabetes.. Diabetes Technol Ther 2006 Feb;8(1):55-66.
          pubmed: 16472051doi: 10.1089/dia.2006.8.55google scholar: lookup
        9. NEEL JV. Diabetes mellitus: a "thrifty" genotype rendered detrimental by "progress"?. Am J Hum Genet 1962 Dec;14(4):353-62.
          pmc: PMC1932342pubmed: 13937884
        10. Dyson MC, Alloosh M, Boullion RD, Mokelke EA, Sturek M. Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in Ossabaw compared to Yucatan swine. FASEB J 2004;18:A1224–A1225.
        11. Mayer JJ, Brisbin IL.. Wild pigs of the United States: their history, morphology, and current status. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press; 1991.
        12. Buhlinger CA, Wangsness PJ, Martin RJ, Ziegler JH. Body composition, in vitro lipid metabolism and skeletal muscle characteristics in fast-growing, lean and in slow-growing, obese pigs at equal age and weight.. Growth 1978 Jun;42(2):225-36.
          pubmed: 680583
        13. Martin RJ, Gobble JL, Hartsock TH, Graves HB, Ziegler JH. Characterization of an obese syndrome in the pig.. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1973 May;143(1):198-203.
          pubmed: 4703428doi: 10.3181/00379727-143-37285google scholar: lookup
        14. Dyson M, Mokelke EA, Vuchetich J, Sturek M. Use of computed tomography to evaluate intra-abdominal fat stores in a swine model of the metabolic syndrome. FASEB J 2005;19:A191–A192.
        15. Gerrity RG, Natarajan R, Nadler JL, Kimsey T. Diabetes-induced accelerated atherosclerosis in swine.. Diabetes 2001 Jul;50(7):1654-65.
          pubmed: 11423488doi: 10.2337/diabetes.50.7.1654google scholar: lookup
        16. Treiber KH, Kronfeld DS, Hess TM, Byrd BM, Splan RK, Staniar WB. Evaluation of genetic and metabolic predispositions and nutritional risk factors for pasture-associated laminitis in ponies.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006 May 15;228(10):1538-45.
          pubmed: 16677122doi: 10.2460/javma.228.10.1538google scholar: lookup
        17. Field JR, Jeffcott LB. Equine laminitis--another hypothesis for pathogenesis.. Med Hypotheses 1989 Nov;30(3):203-10.
          pubmed: 2689849doi: 10.1016/0306-9877(89)90062-5google scholar: lookup
        18. Freestone JF, Beadle R, Shoemaker K, Bessin RT, Wolfsheimer KJ, Church C. Improved insulin sensitivity in hyperinsulinaemic ponies through physical conditioning and controlled feed intake.. Equine Vet J 1992 May;24(3):187-90.
          pubmed: 1606931doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02812.xgoogle scholar: lookup
        19. Alford P, Geller S, Richrdson B, Slater M, Honnas C, Foreman J, Robinson J, Messer M, Roberts M, Goble D, Hood D, Chaffin M. A multicenter, matched case-control study of risk factors for equine laminitis.. Prev Vet Med 2001 May 1;49(3-4):209-22.
          pubmed: 11311954doi: 10.1016/s0167-5877(01)00188-xgoogle scholar: lookup
        20. Lee S, Bacha F, Gungor N, Arslanian SA. Waist circumference is an independent predictor of insulin resistance in black and white youths.. J Pediatr 2006 Feb;148(2):188-94.
          pubmed: 16492427doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.10.001google scholar: lookup
        21. Henneke DR, Potter GD, Kreider JL, Yeates BF. Relationship between condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares.. Equine Vet J 1983 Oct;15(4):371-2.
          pubmed: 6641685doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01826.xgoogle scholar: lookup
        22. Donaldson MT, McFarlane D, Jorgensen AJ, Beech J. Correlation between plasma alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone concentration and body mass index in healthy horses.. Am J Vet Res 2004 Nov;65(11):1469-73.
          pubmed: 15566082doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1469google scholar: lookup
        23. Kearns CF, McKeever KH, John-Alder H, Abe T, Brechue WF. Relationship between body composition, blood volume and maximal oxygen uptake.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002 Sep;(34):485-90.
          pubmed: 12405738doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05470.xgoogle scholar: lookup
        24. Kane RA, Fisher M, Parrett D, Lawrence LM. Estimating fatness in horses. Proceedings of the 10th Equine Nutrition and Physiology Society Symposium Fort Collins, CO: 1989; pp. 127–131.
        25. Westervelt RG, Stouffer JR, Hintz HF, Schryver HF. Estimating fatness in horses and ponies. J Anim Sci 1976;43:781–785.
        26. Longland AC, Byrd BM. Pasture nonstructural carbohydrates and equine laminitis.. J Nutr 2006 Jul;136(7 Suppl):2099S-2102S.
          pubmed: 16772510doi: 10.1093/jn/136.7.2099sgoogle scholar: lookup
        27. Allan FJ, Pfeiffer DU, Jones BR, Esslemont DH, Wiseman MS. A cross-sectional study of risk factors for obesity in cats in New Zealand.. Prev Vet Med 2000 Aug 10;46(3):183-96.
          pubmed: 10913803doi: 10.1016/s0167-5877(00)00147-1google scholar: lookup
        28. Robertson ID. The association of exercise, diet and other factors with owner-perceived obesity in privately owned dogs from metropolitan Perth, WA.. Prev Vet Med 2003 Apr 30;58(1-2):75-83.
          pubmed: 12628772doi: 10.1016/s0167-5877(03)00009-6google scholar: lookup
        29. Treiber KH, Kronfeld DS, Hess TM, Byrd BM, Splan RK, Staniar WB. Evaluation of genetic and metabolic predispositions and nutritional risk factors for pasture-associated laminitis in ponies.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006 May 15;228(10):1538-45.
          pubmed: 16677122doi: 10.2460/javma.228.10.1538google scholar: lookup
        30. Coffman JR, Colles CM. Insulin tolerance in laminitic ponies.. Can J Comp Med 1983 Jul;47(3):347-51.
          pmc: PMC1235951pubmed: 6357412
        31. Field JR, Jeffcott LB. Equine laminitis--another hypothesis for pathogenesis.. Med Hypotheses 1989 Nov;30(3):203-10.
          pubmed: 2689849doi: 10.1016/0306-9877(89)90062-5google scholar: lookup
        32. Johnson PJ. The equine metabolic syndrome peripheral Cushing's syndrome.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2002 Aug;18(2):271-93.
          pubmed: 15635908doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(02)00006-8google scholar: lookup
        33. Kearns CF, McKeever KH, Kumagai K, Abe T. Fat-free mass is related to one-mile race performance in elite standardbred horses.. Vet J 2002 May;163(3):260-6.
          pubmed: 12090768doi: 10.1053/tvjl.2001.0656google scholar: lookup
        34. Lawrence LM, Jackson S, Kline K, Moser L, Powell D, Biel M. Observations on body weight and condition of horses in a 150-mile endurance ride. J Equine Vet Sci 1992;12:320–324.
        35. Garlinghouse SE, Burrill MJ. Relationship of body condition score to completion rate during 160 km endurance races.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999 Jul;(30):591-5.
          pubmed: 10659324doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05290.xgoogle scholar: lookup
        36. Cymbaluk NF, Christison GI. Environmental effects on thermoregulation and nutrition of horses.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1990 Aug;6(2):355-72.
          pubmed: 2202497doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30546-1google scholar: lookup
        37. Henneke DR, Potter GD, Kreider JL. Body condition during pregnancy and lactation and reproductive efficiency of mares. Theriogenology 1984;21:897–909.
        38. Nagy P, Huszenicza G, Juhász J, Kulcsár M, Solti L, Reiczigel J, Abaváry K. Factors influencing ovarian activity and sexual behavior of postpartum mares under farm conditions.. Theriogenology 1998 Nov;50(7):1109-19.
          pubmed: 10734428doi: 10.1016/s0093-691x(98)00212-xgoogle scholar: lookup
        39. Fitzgerald BP, Reedy SE, Sessions DR, Vick MM, Murphy BA. Obesity disrupts the duration of the estrous cycle in the mare. J Anim Sci 2003;81:102.
        40. Garcia-Seco E, Wilson DA, Kramer J, Keegan KG, Branson KR, Johnson PJ, Tyler JW. Prevalence and risk factors associated with outcome of surgical removal of pedunculated lipomas in horses: 102 cases (1987-2002).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005 May 1;226(9):1529-37.
          pubmed: 15882006doi: 10.2460/javma.2005.226.1529google scholar: lookup
        41. Hoffman RM, Boston RC, Stefanovski D, Kronfeld DS, Harris PA. Obesity and diet affect glucose dynamics and insulin sensitivity in Thoroughbred geldings.. J Anim Sci 2003 Sep;81(9):2333-42.
          pubmed: 12968709doi: 10.2527/2003.8192333xgoogle scholar: lookup
        42. Vick MM, Adams AA, Murphy BA, Sessions DR, Horohov DW, Cook RF, Shelton BJ, Fitzgerald BP. Relationships among inflammatory cytokines, obesity, and insulin sensitivity in the horse.. J Anim Sci 2007 May;85(5):1144-55.
          pubmed: 17264235doi: 10.2527/jas.2006-673google scholar: lookup
        43. McGowan CM, Frost R, Pfeiffer DU, Neiger R. Serum insulin concentrations in horses with equine Cushing's syndrome: response to a cortisol inhibitor and prognostic value.. Equine Vet J 2004 Apr;36(3):295-8.
          pubmed: 15147141doi: 10.2746/0425164044877288google scholar: lookup
        44. Reeves HJ, Lees R, McGowan CM. Measurement of basal serum insulin concentration in the diagnosis of Cushing's disease in ponies.. Vet Rec 2001 Oct 13;149(15):449-52.
          pubmed: 11688747doi: 10.1136/vr.149.15.449google scholar: lookup
        45. Johnson PJ, Messer NT, Ganjam VK. Cushing's syndromes, insulin resistance and endocrinopathic laminitis.. Equine Vet J 2004 Apr;36(3):194-8.
          pubmed: 15147123doi: 10.2746/0425164044877279google scholar: lookup
        46. Ralston S. Hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia after feeding a meal of grain to young horses with osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) lesions. Pferdeheilkunde 1996;12:320–322.
        47. Reid SW, Mohammed HO. Survival analysis approach to risk factors associated with hyperlipemia in donkeys.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996 Oct 15;209(8):1449-52.
          pubmed: 8870744
        48. Johnson PJ, Scotty NC, Wiedmeyer C, Messer NT, Kreeger JM. Diabetes mellitus in a domesticated Spanish mustang.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005 Feb 15;226(4):584-8, 542.
          pubmed: 15742701doi: 10.2460/javma.2005.226.584google scholar: lookup
        49. Tóth F, Frank N, Elliott SB, Geor RJ, Boston RC. Effects of an intravenous endotoxin challenge on glucose and insulin dynamics in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2008 Jan;69(1):82-8.
          pubmed: 18167091doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.1.82google scholar: lookup
        50. Jánosi S, Huszenicza G, Kulcsár M, Kóródi P. Endocrine and reproductive consequences of certain endotoxin-mediated diseases in farm mammals: a review.. Acta Vet Hung 1998;46(1):71-84.
          pubmed: 9704512
        51. Nilsson PM, Engström G, Hedblad B. The metabolic syndrome and incidence of cardiovascular disease in non-diabetic subjects--a population-based study comparing three different definitions.. Diabet Med 2007 May;24(5):464-72.
          pubmed: 17381496doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02142.xgoogle scholar: lookup
        52. Carter RA, Geor RJ, Burton Staniar W, Cubitt TA, Harris PA. Apparent adiposity assessed by standardised scoring systems and morphometric measurements in horses and ponies.. Vet J 2009 Feb;179(2):204-10.
          pubmed: 18440844doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.02.029google scholar: lookup
        53. Bailey SR, Habershon-Butcher JL, Ransom KJ, Elliott J, Menzies-Gow NJ. Hypertension and insulin resistance in a mixed-breed population of ponies predisposed to laminitis.. Am J Vet Res 2008 Jan;69(1):122-9.
          pubmed: 18167097doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.1.122google scholar: lookup
        54. Garner HE, Coffman JR, Hahn AW, Ackerman N, Johnson JH. Equine laminitis and associated hypertension: a review.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1975 Jan 1;166(1):56-7.
          pubmed: 1089098
        55. Rugh KS, Garner HE, Sprouse RF, Hatfield DG. Left ventricular hypertrophy in chronically hypertensive ponies.. Lab Anim Sci 1987 Jun;37(3):335-8.
          pubmed: 2956457
        56. Vick MM, Murphy BA, Sessions DR, Reedy SE, Kennedy EL, Horohov DW, Cook RF, Fitzgerald BP. Effects of systemic inflammation on insulin sensitivity in horses and inflammatory cytokine expression in adipose tissue.. Am J Vet Res 2008 Jan;69(1):130-9.
          pubmed: 18167098doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.1.130google scholar: lookup
        57. Vick MM, Adams AA, Murphy BA, Sessions DR, Horohov DW, Cook RF, Shelton BJ, Fitzgerald BP. Relationships among inflammatory cytokines, obesity, and insulin sensitivity in the horse.. J Anim Sci 2007 May;85(5):1144-55.
          pubmed: 17264235doi: 10.2527/jas.2006-673google scholar: lookup
        58. Firshman AM, Valberg SJ. Factors affecting clinical assessment of insulin sensitivity in horses.. Equine Vet J 2007 Nov;39(6):567-75.
          pubmed: 18065318doi: 10.2746/042516407x238512google scholar: lookup
        59. Powell DM, Reedy SE, Sessions DR, Fitzgerald BP. Effect of short-term exercise training on insulin sensitivity in obese and lean mares.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002 Sep;(34):81-4.
          pubmed: 12405664doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05396.xgoogle scholar: lookup
        60. Tiley HA, Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ. Effects of dexamethasone on glucose dynamics and insulin sensitivity in healthy horses.. Am J Vet Res 2007 Jul;68(7):753-9.
          pubmed: 17605611doi: 10.2460/ajvr.68.7.753google scholar: lookup
        61. Fowden AL, Barnes RJ, Comline RS, Silver M. Pancreatic beta-cell function in the fetal foal and mare.. J Endocrinol 1980 Nov;87(2):293-301.
          pubmed: 7000958doi: 10.1677/joe.0.0870293google scholar: lookup
        62. Pass MA, Pollitt S, Pollitt CC. Decreased glucose metabolism causes separation of hoof lamellae in vitro: a trigger for laminitis?. Equine Vet J Suppl 1998 Sep;(26):133-8.
          pubmed: 9932104doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb05132.xgoogle scholar: lookup
        63. Johnson PJ, Messer NT, Slight SH, Wiedmeyer C, Buff P, Ganjam VK. Endocrinopathic laminitis in the horse. Clin Techniques Equine Pract 2004;3(1):45–56.
        64. Bailey SR, Menzies-Gow NJ, Marr CM, Elliott J. The effects of vasoactive amines found in the equine hindgut on digital blood flow in the normal horse.. Equine Vet J 2004 Apr;36(3):267-72.
          pubmed: 15147136doi: 10.2746/0425164044877297google scholar: lookup
        65. Bailey SR, Cunningham FM, Elliott J. Endotoxin and dietary amines may increase plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine in the horse.. Equine Vet J 2000 Nov;32(6):497-504.
          pubmed: 11093623doi: 10.2746/042516400777584730google scholar: lookup
        66. Milinovich GJ, Burrell PC, Pollitt CC, Bouvet A, Trott DJ. Streptococcus henryi sp. nov. and Streptococcus caballi sp. nov., isolated from the hindgut of horses with oligofructose-induced laminitis.. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2008 Jan;58(Pt 1):262-6.
          pubmed: 18175719doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.65063-0google scholar: lookup
        67. Allen D Jr, Clark ES, Moore JN, Prasse KW. Evaluation of equine digital Starling forces and hemodynamics during early laminitis.. Am J Vet Res 1990 Dec;51(12):1930-4.
          pubmed: 2085218
        68. Loftus JP, Belknap JK, Black SJ. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 in laminae of black walnut extract treated horses correlates with neutrophil abundance.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 Oct 15;113(3-4):267-76.
          pubmed: 16822550doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.05.010google scholar: lookup
        69. Black SJ, Lunn DP, Yin C, Hwang M, Lenz SD, Belknap JK. Leukocyte emigration in the early stages of laminitis.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 Jan 15;109(1-2):161-6.
          pubmed: 16169600doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.08.017google scholar: lookup
        70. Eades SC, Stokes AM, Johnson PJ, LeBlanc CJ, Ganjam VK, Buff PR, Moore RM. Serial alterations in digital hemodynamics and endothelin-1 immunoreactivity, platelet-neutrophil aggregation, and concentrations of nitric oxide, insulin, and glucose in blood obtained from horses following carbohydrate overload.. Am J Vet Res 2007 Jan;68(1):87-94.
          pubmed: 17199424doi: 10.2460/ajvr.68.1.87google scholar: lookup
        71. Bailey SR, Menzies-Gow NJ, Harris PA, Habershon-Butcher JL, Crawford C, Berhane Y, Boston RC, Elliott J. Effect of dietary fructans and dexamethasone administration on the insulin response of ponies predisposed to laminitis.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007 Nov 1;231(9):1365-73.
          pubmed: 17975996doi: 10.2460/javma.231.9.1365google scholar: lookup
        72. Zarkovic M, Beleslin B, Ciric J, Penezic Z, Stojkovic M, Trbojevic B, Drezgic M, Savic S. Glucocorticoid effect on insulin sensitivity: a time frame.. J Endocrinol Invest 2008 Mar;31(3):238-42.
          pubmed: 18401206doi: 10.1007/bf03345596google scholar: lookup
        73. Kotelevtsev Y, Holmes MC, Burchell A, Houston PM, Schmoll D, Jamieson P, Best R, Brown R, Edwards CR, Seckl JR, Mullins JJ. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 knockout mice show attenuated glucocorticoid-inducible responses and resist hyperglycemia on obesity or stress.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997 Dec 23;94(26):14924-9.
          pmc: PMC25139pubmed: 9405715doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.26.14924google scholar: lookup
        74. Masuzaki H, Paterson J, Shinyama H, Morton NM, Mullins JJ, Seckl JR, Flier JS. A transgenic model of visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome.. Science 2001 Dec 7;294(5549):2166-70.
          pubmed: 11739957doi: 10.1126/science.1066285google scholar: lookup
        75. Johnson PJ, Ganjam VK, Slight SH, Kreeger JM, Messer NT. Tissue-specific dysregulation of cortisol metabolism in equine laminitis.. Equine Vet J 2004 Jan;36(1):41-5.
          pubmed: 14756370doi: 10.2746/0425164044864750google scholar: lookup
        76. Schott II HC, Graves EA, Refsal KR, Nachreiner RJ, Eberhart SW, Johnson PJ, Slight SH, Messer NT, Ganjam VK. Treatment of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (classic Cushing's disease) and metabolic syndrome (peripheral Cushing's syndrome) in horses. Advances in veterinary dermatology 2004;5:159–169.
        77. Asplin KE, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC, McGowan CM. Induction of laminitis by prolonged hyperinsulinaemia in clinically normal ponies.. Vet J 2007 Nov;174(3):530-5.
          pubmed: 17719811doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.07.003google scholar: lookup
        78. Kemppainen RJ, Zerbe CA, Sartin JL. Regulation and secretion of proopiomelanocortin peptides from isolated perifused dog pituitary pars intermedia cells.. Endocrinology 1989 May;124(5):2208-17.
          pubmed: 2539971doi: 10.1210/endo-124-5-2208google scholar: lookup
        79. Kemppainen RJ, Peterson ME. Regulation of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone secretion from the pars intermedia of domestic cats.. Am J Vet Res 1999 Feb;60(2):245-9.
          pubmed: 10048560
        80. McFarlane D, Dybdal N, Donaldson MT, Miller L, Cribb AE. Nitration and increased alpha-synuclein expression associated with dopaminergic neurodegeneration in equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction.. J Neuroendocrinol 2005 Feb;17(2):73-80.
          pubmed: 15796757doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2005.01277.xgoogle scholar: lookup
        81. McFarlane D. Advantages and limitations of the equine disease, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction as a model of spontaneous dopaminergic neurodegenerative disease.. Ageing Res Rev 2007 May;6(1):54-63.
          pubmed: 17374512doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2007.02.001google scholar: lookup
        82. Boppidi H, Daram SR. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: hepatic manifestation of obesity and the metabolic syndrome.. Postgrad Med 2008 Jul 31;120(2):E01-7.
          pubmed: 18654060doi: 10.3810/pgm.2008.07.1800google scholar: lookup
        83. Lawler DF, Larson BT, Ballam JM, Smith GK, Biery DN, Evans RH, Greeley EH, Segre M, Stowe HD, Kealy RD. Diet restriction and ageing in the dog: major observations over two decades.. Br J Nutr 2008 Apr;99(4):793-805.
          pubmed: 18062831doi: 10.1017/s0007114507871686google scholar: lookup
        84. Slingerland LI, Robben JH, van Haeften TW, Kooistra HS, Rijnberk A. Insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in healthy cats: assessment with the use of the hyperglycemic glucose clamp.. Horm Metab Res 2007 May;39(5):341-6.
          pubmed: 17533575doi: 10.1055/s-2007-976541google scholar: lookup
        85. Treiber KH, Kronfeld DS, Hess TM, Boston RC, Harris PA. Use of proxies and reference quintiles obtained from minimal model analysis for determination of insulin sensitivity and pancreatic beta-cell responsiveness in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2005 Dec;66(12):2114-21.
          pubmed: 16379656doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.2114google scholar: lookup
        86. Eiler H, Frank N, Andrews FM, Oliver JW, Fecteau KA. Physiologic assessment of blood glucose homeostasis via combined intravenous glucose and insulin testing in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2005 Sep;66(9):1598-604.
          pubmed: 16261835doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1598google scholar: lookup
        87. Wiedmeyer CE, Johnson PJ, Cohn LA, Meadows RL, Kerl ME, Tessman RK, Perlis J, DeClue AE. Evaluation of a continuous glucose monitoring system for use in veterinary medicine.. Diabetes Technol Ther 2005 Dec;7(6):885-95.
          pubmed: 16386094doi: 10.1089/dia.2005.7.885google scholar: lookup
        88. Wiedmeyer CE, Johnson PJ, Cohn LA, Meadows RL. Evaluation of a continuous glucose monitoring system for use in dogs, cats, and horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003 Oct 1;223(7):987-92.
          pubmed: 14552487doi: 10.2460/javma.2003.223.987google scholar: lookup
        89. Cordain L, Miller JB, Eaton SB, Mann N, Holt SH, Speth JD. Plant-animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets.. Am J Clin Nutr 2000 Mar;71(3):682-92.
          pubmed: 10702160doi: 10.1093/ajcn/71.3.682google scholar: lookup
        90. Cordain L, Eaton SB, Sebastian A, Mann N, Lindeberg S, Watkins BA, O'Keefe JH, Brand-Miller J. Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century.. Am J Clin Nutr 2005 Feb;81(2):341-54.
          pubmed: 15699220doi: 10.1093/ajcn.81.2.341google scholar: lookup
        91. Booth FW, Chakravarthy MV, Gordon SE, Spangenburg EE. Waging war on physical inactivity: using modern molecular ammunition against an ancient enemy.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2002 Jul;93(1):3-30.
          pubmed: 12070181doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00073.2002google scholar: lookup
        92. Eaton SB. The ancestral human diet: what was it and should it be a paradigm for contemporary nutrition?. Proc Nutr Soc 2006 Feb;65(1):1-6.
          pubmed: 16441938doi: 10.1079/pns2005471google scholar: lookup

        Citations

        This article has been cited 20 times.
        1. Rankovic A, Godfrey H, Grant CE, Shoveller AK, Bakovic M, Kirby G, Verbrugghe A. Serum metabolomic analysis of the dose-response effect of dietary choline in overweight male cats fed at maintenance energy requirements. PLoS One 2023;18(1):e0280734.
          doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280734pubmed: 36689425google scholar: lookup
        2. Senderska-Płonowska M, Siwińska N, Zak-Bochenek A, Rykała M, Słowikowska M, Madej JP, Kaleta-Kuratewicz K, Niedźwiedź A. The Differences in Histoarchitecture of Hoof Lamellae between Obese and Lean Draft Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022 Jul 11;12(14).
          doi: 10.3390/ani12141774pubmed: 35883323google scholar: lookup
        3. Smieszek A, Marcinkowska K, Pielok A, Sikora M, Valihrach L, Carnevale E, Marycz K. Obesity Affects the Proliferative Potential of Equine Endometrial Progenitor Cells and Modulates Their Molecular Phenotype Associated with Mitochondrial Metabolism. Cells 2022 Apr 24;11(9).
          doi: 10.3390/cells11091437pubmed: 35563743google scholar: lookup
        4. Siwinska N, Janus I, Zak-Bochenek A, Noszczyk-Nowak A. Influence of Obesity on Histological Tissue Structure of the Cardiovascular System in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022 Mar 15;12(6).
          doi: 10.3390/ani12060732pubmed: 35327129google scholar: lookup
        5. Durward-Akhurst SA, Schultz NE, Norton EM, Rendahl AK, Besselink H, Behnisch PA, Brouwer A, Geor RJ, Mickelson JR, McCue ME. Associations between endocrine disrupting chemicals and equine metabolic syndrome phenotypes. Chemosphere 2019 Mar;218:652-661.
          doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.136pubmed: 30502704google scholar: lookup
        6. Biddle AS, Tomb JF, Fan Z. Microbiome and Blood Analyte Differences Point to Community and Metabolic Signatures in Lean and Obese Horses. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:225.
          doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00225pubmed: 30294603google scholar: lookup
        7. Kosolofski HR, Gow SP, Robinson KA. Prevalence of obesity in the equine population of Saskatoon and surrounding area. Can Vet J 2017 Sep;58(9):967-970.
          pubmed: 28878421
        8. de Laat MA, Hampson BA, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC. Sustained, Low-Intensity Exercise Achieved by a Dynamic Feeding System Decreases Body Fat in Ponies. J Vet Intern Med 2016 Sep;30(5):1732-1738.
          doi: 10.1111/jvim.14577pubmed: 27639952google scholar: lookup
        9. Pretlow RA, Corbee RJ. Similarities between obesity in pets and children: the addiction model. Br J Nutr 2016 Sep;116(5):944-9.
          doi: 10.1017/S0007114516002774pubmed: 27469280google scholar: lookup
        10. Stefaniuk M, Ropka-Molik K. RNA sequencing as a powerful tool in searching for genes influencing health and performance traits of horses. J Appl Genet 2016 May;57(2):199-206.
          doi: 10.1007/s13353-015-0320-7pubmed: 26446669google scholar: lookup
        11. Giles SL, Nicol CJ, Rands SA, Harris PA. Assessing the seasonal prevalence and risk factors for nuchal crest adiposity in domestic horses and ponies using the Cresty Neck Score. BMC Vet Res 2015 Jan 31;11:13.
          doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0327-7pubmed: 25636243google scholar: lookup
        12. Basinska K, Marycz K, Śieszek A, Nicpoń J. The production and distribution of IL-6 and TNF-a in subcutaneous adipose tissue and their correlation with serum concentrations in Welsh ponies with equine metabolic syndrome. J Vet Sci 2015;16(1):113-20.
          doi: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.113pubmed: 25269712google scholar: lookup
        13. Johnson PJ, Wiedmeyer CE, LaCarrubba A, Ganjam VK, Messer NT 4th. Diabetes, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in horses. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2012 May 1;6(3):534-40.
          doi: 10.1177/193229681200600307pubmed: 22768883google scholar: lookup
        14. Brosnahan MM, Brooks SA, Antczak DF. Equine clinical genomics: A clinician's primer. Equine Vet J 2010 Oct;42(7):658-70.
          doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00166.xpubmed: 20840582google scholar: lookup
        15. Bourebaba L, Panek M, Piedra LCC, Bourebaba N. Abnormal Fetuin-A levels in obese horses are associated with activated TLR4/NF-ƙB/MAPK axis and depleted FBXW7 E3 ubiquitin ligase. Vet Res Commun 2025 Oct 16;49(6):354.
          doi: 10.1007/s11259-025-10926-2pubmed: 41094197google scholar: lookup
        16. Chow L, Kawahisa-Piquini G, Bass L, Hendrickson D, Patel A, Rockow M, Dow S, Pezzanite LM. Correlation of fecal microbiome dysregulation to synovial transcriptome in an equine model of obesity associated osteoarthritis. Ann Transl Med 2024 Dec 24;12(6):112.
          doi: 10.21037/atm-24-109pubmed: 39817240google scholar: lookup
        17. Gartland B, Strunk W, Schulte B, DeGraves F, Koostra J. Time budgets differ in horses during continuous and space-restricted rotational grazing. Vet Anim Sci 2024 Sep;25:100371.
          doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2024.100371pubmed: 38975273google scholar: lookup
        18. Williams ZJ, Chow L, Dow S, Pezzanite LM. The potential for senotherapy as a novel approach to extend life quality in veterinary medicine. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1369153.
          doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1369153pubmed: 38812556google scholar: lookup
        19. Catandi GD, Fresa KJ, Cheng MH, Whitcomb LA, Broeckling CD, Chen TW, Chicco AJ, Carnevale EM. Follicular metabolic alterations are associated with obesity in mares and can be mitigated by dietary supplementation. Sci Rep 2024 Mar 30;14(1):7571.
          doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-58323-0pubmed: 38555310google scholar: lookup
        20. Ross M, Proudfoot K, Campbell Nishimura E, Morabito E, Merkies K, Mitchell J, Ritter C. 'It's more emotionally based': Prince Edward Island horse owner perspectives of horse weight management. Anim Welf 2024;33:e14.
          doi: 10.1017/awf.2024.9pubmed: 38510426google scholar: lookup
        Subscribe to our newsletter
        Join 99,001 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.