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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2022; 13(1); 159; doi: 10.3390/ani13010159

Nipah Virus Disease: Epidemiological, Clinical, Diagnostic and Legislative Aspects of This Unpredictable Emerging Zoonosis.

Abstract: Nipah virus (NiV) infection is a viral disease caused by a Henipavirus, belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, responsible for a zoonosis. The course of the disease can be very serious and lead to death. NiV natural hosts are fruit bats (also known as megabats) belonging to the Pteropodidae family, especially those of the genus. Natural infection in domestic animals has been described in farming pigs, horses, domestic and feral dogs and cats. Natural NiV transmission is possible intra-species (pig-to-pig, human-to-human) and inter-species (flying bat-to-human, pig-to-human, horse-to-human). The infection can be spread by humans or animals in different ways. It is peculiar how the viral transmission modes among different hosts also change depending on the geographical area for different reasons, including different breeding methods, eating habits and the recently identified genetic traits/molecular features of main virus proteins related to virulence. Outbreaks have been described in Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladesh, India and the Philippines with, in some cases, severe respiratory and neurological disease and high mortality in both humans and pigs. Diagnosis can be made using different methods including serological, molecular, virological and immunohistochemical methods. The cornerstones for control of the disease are biosecurity (via the correct management of reservoir and intermediate/amplifying hosts) and potential vaccines which are still under development. However, the evaluation of the potential influence of climate and anthropogenic changes on the NiV reservoir bats and their habitat as well as on disease spread and inter-specific infections is of great importance. Bats, as natural reservoirs of the virus, are responsible for the viral spread and, therefore, for the outbreaks of the disease in humans and animals. Due to the worldwide distribution of bats, potential new reports and spillovers are not to be dismissed in the future.
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Publication Date: 2022-12-31 PubMed ID: 36611767PubMed Central: PMC9817766DOI: 10.3390/ani13010159Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article focuses on Nipah Virus (NiV) disease, an infection caused by a Henipavirus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, which can be fatal and is mainly spread through fruit bats, domestic animals, and human-to-human contact. It emphasizes the varying transmission modes in different geographical areas due to factors like differing animal breeding and eating methods, and the genetic traits of the virus. It discusses the disease outbreaks, diagnostic methods, disease control, and the potential impact of climate and human activities on the spread of the disease.

Epidemiology and Clinical Aspects of Nipah Virus

  • The NiV is a zoonotic virus, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. The virus’s natural hosts are fruit bats, but it has also been found in domestic animals like pigs, horses, dogs, and cats.
  • The transmission of the virus can take place within the same species (pig-to-pig, human-to-human) or between different species (bat-to-human, pig-to-human, horse-to-human).
  • Outbreaks, characterized by severe respiratory and neurological diseases and high mortality rates, have occurred in Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladesh, India, and the Philippines.

Diagnostic Methods for Nipah Virus

  • The diagnosis of the NiV can be made using various methods such as serological, molecular, virological, and immunohistochemical methods.

Control Measures for Nipah Virus

  • Disease control centers on biosecurity, which involves properly managing reservoir and intermediate hosts of the virus.
  • Potential vaccines are still under development.

Impact of Climate Changes and Human Activity on Nipah Virus

  • The influence of climate changes and anthropogenic activities on the virus’ natural reservoirs as well as the spread of the disease is a significant area of study.
  • Bats, the natural reservoirs of the virus, are integral in spreading the virus and hence in sparking disease outbreaks in humans and animals.
  • Due to the global distribution of bats, new outbreaks are a real possibility in the future.

Cite This Article

APA
Bruno L, Nappo MA, Ferrari L, Di Lecce R, Guarnieri C, Cantoni AM, Corradi A. (2022). Nipah Virus Disease: Epidemiological, Clinical, Diagnostic and Legislative Aspects of This Unpredictable Emerging Zoonosis. Animals (Basel), 13(1), 159. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010159

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
PII: 159

Researcher Affiliations

Bruno, Luigi
  • Department of Prevention, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (A.S.L.) Napoli 3 Sud, 80053 Castellammare di Stabia, Italy.
Nappo, Maria Anna
  • Department of Prevention, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (A.S.L.) Napoli 3 Sud, 80053 Castellammare di Stabia, Italy.
Ferrari, Luca
  • Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
Di Lecce, Rosanna
  • Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
Guarnieri, Chiara
  • Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
Cantoni, Anna Maria
  • Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
Corradi, Attilio
  • Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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