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ACS pharmacology & translational science2026; 9(5); 1037-1054; doi: 10.1021/acsptsci.5c00706

Overview of the Current Osteoarthritis Treatment in Veterinary Medicine and Future Directions.

Abstract: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic and progressive joint disease that can cause permanent loss of joint function. OA is highly prevalent in horses, dogs, and cats, affecting different joints and leading to reduced mobility and chronic pain. Different risk factors for animal OA have been identified, including trauma and breed. Inflammation is a hallmark of the disease, with various underlying mechanisms such as cyclooxygenase and metalloproteinase activation, nerve growth factor, cytokine, and prostaglandin upregulation, among others. Although disease complexity makes OA difficult to treat, enormous advances have been made in regard to therapeutic options, especially due to the identification and better understanding of the common mechanisms underlying human and animal disease. Indeed, to date, numerous therapies have been developed over the years and are available to treat animal OA, including COX inhibitors, PGE 4 receptor blockers, chondroprotective agents, biologicals, and medical devices for veterinary medicine, as well as those used to treat human disease. Herein, the different therapies available for animal OA, treatment regimens for each species, mechanisms of action, benefits, setbacks, and challenges for achieving a better quality of life and longevity for veterinary patients are presented and discussed.
© 2026 American Chemical Society.
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Publication Date: 2026-04-14 PubMed ID: 42130714PubMed Central: PMC13162164DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.5c00706Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Plain Language Overview

  • This research article reviews current treatments for osteoarthritis (OA) in animals like horses, dogs, and cats, outlining how the disease develops and progresses.
  • It also discusses existing therapies, their benefits and limitations, and future directions to improve management and quality of life for animals suffering from OA.

Introduction to Osteoarthritis in Veterinary Medicine

  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, progressive joint disease causing irreversible joint damage and loss of function.
  • It is common in veterinary species such as horses, dogs, and cats, affecting various joints with symptoms including reduced mobility and chronic pain.
  • Multiple risk factors contribute to OA development in animals, including physical trauma and specific breeds predisposed to joint diseases.

Pathophysiology and Mechanisms Involved

  • Inflammation plays a critical role as a hallmark of OA pathogenesis.
  • Key molecular players include:
    • Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which promote the production of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins.
    • Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enzymes involved in degrading cartilage extracellular matrix.
    • Nerve growth factor (NGF), which contributes to pain signaling.
    • Cytokines and prostaglandins that propagate inflammatory responses within the joint space.
  • Understanding these mechanisms has been essential to developing targeted therapies.

Current Therapeutic Approaches

  • Therapeutic options have expanded due to insights from both human and veterinary OA studies, focusing on similar underlying biological pathways.
  • Available treatments include:
    • COX inhibitors: Drugs that reduce inflammation by blocking cyclooxygenase enzymes and decreasing prostaglandin production.
    • Prostaglandin E4 (PGE4) receptor blockers: Target specific inflammatory pathways for pain relief.
    • Chondroprotective agents: Substances that help protect or restore cartilage health.
    • Biological therapies: Including novel agents such as monoclonal antibodies against NGF or cytokines.
    • Medical devices tailored for veterinary use to support joint function or deliver therapies directly.
  • Treatment regimens vary depending on the species affected and severity of OA.

Benefits, Limitations, and Challenges

  • Many treatments improve symptoms like pain and inflammation, enhancing mobility and quality of life.
  • Challenges include:
    • The chronic and progressive nature of OA making complete cure difficult.
    • Variable responses to therapy between individual animals and species.
    • Side effects or long-term safety concerns with certain medications like COX inhibitors.
    • Limited availability or cost constraints for some advanced biological treatments.
  • There is a continuing need to optimize therapeutic protocols for better efficacy and fewer adverse effects.

Future Directions and Research Needs

  • Future research is focused on:
    • Developing more targeted molecular therapies tailored to specific inflammatory mediators or pathways.
    • Improving understanding of genetic and environmental risk factors that contribute to OA in different species.
    • Exploring regenerative medicine approaches to repair or replace damaged joint tissue.
    • Enhancing delivery systems for drugs and biological agents to maximize effectiveness and minimize systemic effects.
    • Standardizing treatment regimens and outcome measures to better compare therapeutic success across studies.
  • The ultimate goal is to increase longevity and quality of life for veterinary patients through improved management of OA.

Cite This Article

APA
Quintão NLM, Moffa EB, Kroier M, Goldoni RC, Bundgaard L, Jensen AL, Fernandes ES. (2026). Overview of the Current Osteoarthritis Treatment in Veterinary Medicine and Future Directions. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci, 9(5), 1037-1054. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.5c00706

Publication

ACS pharmacology & translational science
ISSN: 2575-9108
NlmUniqueID: 101721411
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 9
Issue: 5
Pages: 1037-1054

Researcher Affiliations

Quintão, Nara L M
  • Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajai, Itajai, SC 88302-901, Brazil.
Moffa, Eduardo B
  • College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5E5, Canada.
Kroier, Maria
  • Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele 8830, Denmark.
Goldoni, Rodrigo C
  • Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajai, Itajai, SC 88302-901, Brazil.
Bundgaard, Louise
  • Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele 8830, Denmark.
Jensen, Asger L
  • Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele 8830, Denmark.
Fernandes, Elizabeth S
  • Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele 8830, Denmark.

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