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Equine veterinary journal2026; doi: 10.1002/evj.70167

Proteomic signatures of equine dental tooth tissues in ageing and disease.

Abstract: Ageing and dental disease in horses lead to structural and functional deterioration of dental tissues, yet their molecular signatures remain poorly characterised. Understanding how these processes alter the protein composition of enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp is essential for improving equine oral health and identifying biomarkers of degeneration. Objective: To characterise the proteomic profiles of equine dental tissues and determine age- and disease-associated changes, with the aim of identifying proteins consistently altered across conditions. Methods: Ex vivo proteomic study. Methods: Fifteen equine cheek teeth were allocated to three groups (n = 5/group): mature adult, old and diseased. Label-free quantitative mass spectrometry was used to profile proteins across enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp. Differential abundance analysis and clustering assessed age- and disease-related effects. A Shiny-based interactive tool was developed for data exploration. Results: A total of 1950 proteins were identified, with 58% unique to dental pulp. Ageing affected 329 proteins across all tissues, while disease impacted 379. Ageing consistently disrupted extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis in hard tissues. Cementum demonstrated increased catabolic markers the metalloproteinases -2 and -13. In dentin, the mineralisation protein dentin sialophosphoprotein was significantly reduced with age. Altered proteins in diseased pulp demonstrated predicted inhibition of ECM organisation (z-score = -3.05, p = 0.032) and elastic fibre formation (z-score = -2.82, p = 0.0033), while retinoic acid receptor activation was increased (z-score = 2.11, p = 0.006). Similarity analysis revealed overlapping molecular responses between ageing and disease. Conclusions: Small sample size and inclusion of only cheek teeth limit generalisability. Proteomic findings require functional validation. Conclusions: Ageing and disease induce distinct yet overlapping proteomic alterations in equine dental tissues, primarily affecting ECM homeostasis. A subset of consistently altered proteins may serve as targets for regenerative strategies, with implications for improving equine dental health and welfare.
© 2026 The Author(s). Equine Veterinary Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of EVJ Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2026-05-15 PubMed ID: 42141522DOI: 10.1002/evj.70167Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Objective Overview

  • This research investigates how ageing and dental disease affect the protein composition of different equine dental tissues—enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp.
  • The goal is to identify specific protein changes associated with ageing and disease to improve understanding of equine oral health and to find potential biomarkers for dental degeneration.

Introduction and Background

  • Dental tissues in horses deteriorate structurally and functionally due to ageing and disease.
  • Despite this, the detailed molecular (proteomic) changes—particularly protein composition shifts—in these tissues haven’t been well characterized.
  • Understanding these changes may help in identifying biomarkers (molecular signs) that signal degeneration and guide treatments.
  • The tissues studied are:
    • Enamel – the hard outer surface
    • Dentin – the dense tissue beneath enamel
    • Cementum – the calcified layer covering the tooth root
    • Pulp – the soft innermost tissue containing nerves and blood vessels

Study Objective

  • Characterize the proteomic profiles (detailed protein composition) of the four equine dental tissues.
  • Determine how these protein profiles change with age and dental disease.
  • Identify specific proteins that consistently change under both conditions, which could serve as biomarkers or therapeutic targets.

Methods

  • Fifteen equine cheek teeth were collected and divided into three groups based on age and health status:
    • Mature adult group (5 samples)
    • Old age group (5 samples)
    • Diseased teeth group (5 samples)
  • Proteins from enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp were extracted and analyzed using label-free quantitative mass spectrometry, which quantifies proteins based on their mass and abundance without labeling.
  • Data analysis included:
    • Differential abundance analysis – to identify proteins whose concentrations changed significantly between groups.
    • Clustering analysis – to detect patterns and relationships among protein changes.
    • Similarity analysis – to compare protein changes between ageing and diseased samples.
  • A Shiny-based interactive tool was developed for easy exploration of the proteomic data, enabling researchers to view and analyze protein changes interactively.

Key Results

  • A total of 1950 proteins were identified across all dental tissues.
    • 58% of these proteins were found solely in the dental pulp, indicating high proteomic complexity in this tissue.
  • Ageing was associated with changes in 329 proteins distributed across the tissues.
  • Disease status affected 379 proteins, indicating a broad impact of dental pathology on the proteome.
  • Specific findings in hard dental tissues (enamel, dentin, cementum):
    • Ageing disrupted extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis — the balance and maintenance of proteins providing structural support.
    • Cementum showed increased levels of metalloproteinases -2 and -13, enzymes that break down ECM components, suggesting enhanced tissue breakdown with age.
    • In dentin, levels of dentin sialophosphoprotein, a key protein involved in dentin mineralization, significantly decreased with age, which may affect tooth strength.
  • In diseased pulp tissue:
    • Proteins involved in ECM organization and elastic fiber formation were predicted to be inhibited, indicating structural weakening of pulp tissue.
    • Retinoic acid receptor activation was increased, which might suggest altered cellular signaling or repair processes.
  • Similarity analysis revealed overlap in the molecular responses between ageing and disease, implying some common pathways or processes are affected by both conditions.

Conclusions and Implications

  • Both ageing and disease induce changes in the protein composition of equine dental tissues, with many alterations relating to extracellular matrix regulation and tissue integrity.
  • Although distinct changes were noted in ageing versus disease, there is considerable overlap in affected proteins, highlighting potential shared mechanisms of tissue degeneration.
  • A subset of proteins consistently altered across conditions might serve as useful biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring equine dental health or as targets for regenerative therapies.
  • Limitations of the study include the small sample size and focus solely on cheek teeth, which may restrict applicability to all horse teeth or populations.
  • Further studies, especially functional validations of the identified proteins, are necessary to confirm their roles and therapeutic potential.
  • Overall, the findings contribute to understanding equine dental ageing and pathology at the molecular level, offering avenues to improve dental care and welfare in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Jensen A, Zambouli DE, Gringel I, Nugent Z, Yamamoto K, Cooper L, Peffers AJ, Rocchigiani G, Peffers MJ. (2026). Proteomic signatures of equine dental tooth tissues in ageing and disease. Equine Vet J. https://doi.org/10.1002/evj.70167

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English

Researcher Affiliations

Jensen, Anders
  • Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Zambouli, Danae Emilie
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Gringel, Iris
  • Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Nugent, Zoe
  • Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Yamamoto, Kazuhiro
  • Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Cooper, Lee
  • Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Peffers, Andrew J
  • North Wales Equine Dental Practice, Bryn Common, Ffrith, UK.
Rocchigiani, Guido
  • Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK.
Peffers, Mandy J
  • Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.

Grant Funding

  • Dunhill Medical Trust
  • G2029 / Horse Trust

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