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PloS one2015; 10(10); e0140670; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140670

Routes of Hendra Virus Excretion in Naturally-Infected Flying-Foxes: Implications for Viral Transmission and Spillover Risk.

Abstract: Pteropid bats or flying-foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) are the natural host of Hendra virus (HeV) which sporadically causes fatal disease in horses and humans in eastern Australia. While there is strong evidence that urine is an important infectious medium that likely drives bat to bat transmission and bat to horse transmission, there is uncertainty about the relative importance of alternative routes of excretion such as nasal and oral secretions, and faeces. Identifying the potential routes of HeV excretion in flying-foxes is important to effectively mitigate equine exposure risk at the bat-horse interface, and in determining transmission rates in host-pathogen models. The aim of this study was to identify the major routes of HeV excretion in naturally infected flying-foxes, and secondarily, to identify between-species variation in excretion prevalence. A total of 2840 flying-foxes from three of the four Australian mainland species (Pteropus alecto, P. poliocephalus and P. scapulatus) were captured and sampled at multiple roost locations in the eastern states of Queensland and New South Wales between 2012 and 2014. A range of biological samples (urine and serum, and urogenital, nasal, oral and rectal swabs) were collected from anaesthetized bats, and tested for HeV RNA using a qRT-PCR assay targeting the M gene. Forty-two P. alecto (n = 1410) had HeV RNA detected in at least one sample, and yielded a total of 78 positive samples, at an overall detection rate of 1.76% across all samples tested in this species (78/4436). The rate of detection, and the amount of viral RNA, was highest in urine samples (>serum, packed haemocytes >faecal >nasal >oral), identifying urine as the most plausible source of infection for flying-foxes and for horses. Detection in a urine sample was more efficient than detection in urogenital swabs, identifying the former as the preferred diagnostic sample. The detection of HeV RNA in serum is consistent with haematogenous spread, and with hypothesised latency and recrudesence in flying-foxes. There were no detections in P. poliocephalus (n = 1168 animals; n = 2958 samples) or P. scapulatus (n = 262 animals; n = 985 samples), suggesting (consistent with other recent studies) that these species are epidemiologically less important than P. alecto in HeV infection dynamics. The study is unprecedented in terms of the individual animal approach, the large sample size, and the use of a molecular assay to directly determine infection status. These features provide a high level of confidence in the veracity of our findings, and a sound basis from which to more precisely target equine risk mitigation strategies.
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Publication Date: 2015-10-15 PubMed ID: 26469523PubMed Central: PMC4607162DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140670Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article focuses on investigating the major routes of Hendra virus (HeV) excretion in flying-foxes and the potential difference across species. The highest presence and amount of the virus were detected in the urine of the Pteropus alecto species, making it the most plausible infection source.

Objective and Background

  • The research aimed to identify the primary routes of Hendra virus excretion in naturally infected flying-foxes and study the difference in excretion prevalence among species.
  • Flying-foxes are the natural host of Hendra virus, a sporadic cause of fatal disease in horses and humans in Eastern Australia.
  • The prevalent belief is that urine is a significant infectious medium driving bat-to-bat and bat-to-horse transmission. However, the relative importance of other excretion routes like nasal and oral secretions, and faeces, is not well-known.
  • Understanding HeV excretion routes in flying-foxes is crucial to effectively mitigate equine exposure risk and determine transmission rates in host-pathogen models.

Methodology

  • The researchers captured and sampled 2840 flying-foxes from three of the four Australian mainland species (Pteropus alecto, P. poliocephalus, and P. scapulatus).
  • Collection took place at multiple roost locations in the Eastern states of Queensland and New South Wales between 2012 and 2014.
  • The team collected various biological samples (urine, serum, urogenital, nasal, oral, and rectal swabs) from anaesthetized bats.
  • Using a qRT-PCR assay, they tested these samples for HeV RNA.

Findings

  • Out of 1410 P. alecto, 42 had detectable HeV RNA in at least one sample, procuring a total of 78 positive samples. This yielded a detection rate of 1.76% across all samples tested in this species.
  • The highest rate of detection and the most viral RNA was found in urine samples. This was followed by serum, then packed haemocytes, faecal, nasal, and oral samples, hence establishing urine as the most likely source of infection.
  • The detection of HeV RNA in urine was more efficient than in urogenital swabs, implying urine as the preferred diagnostic sample.
  • There were no detections in P. poliocephalus or P. scapulatus species, supporting previous studies suggesting these species are epidemiologically less significant than P. alecto in HeV infection dynamics.

Conclusion

  • The study’s approach, large sample size, and use of a molecular assay to directly determine infection status make it a pioneering study in this field.
  • These factors provide an elevated confidence level in the findings and a solid foundation to more accurately target equine risk mitigation strategies.

Cite This Article

APA
Edson D, Field H, McMichael L, Vidgen M, Goldspink L, Broos A, Melville D, Kristoffersen J, de Jong C, McLaughlin A, Davis R, Kung N, Jordan D, Kirkland P, Smith C. (2015). Routes of Hendra Virus Excretion in Naturally-Infected Flying-Foxes: Implications for Viral Transmission and Spillover Risk. PLoS One, 10(10), e0140670. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140670

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 10
Pages: e0140670
PII: e0140670

Researcher Affiliations

Edson, Daniel
  • Queensland Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
Field, Hume
  • Queensland Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America.
McMichael, Lee
  • Queensland Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
Vidgen, Miranda
  • Queensland Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
Goldspink, Lauren
  • Queensland Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
Broos, Alice
  • Queensland Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
Melville, Deb
  • Queensland Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
Kristoffersen, Joanna
  • Queensland Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
de Jong, Carol
  • Queensland Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
McLaughlin, Amanda
  • Queensland Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
Davis, Rodney
  • Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW, Australia.
Kung, Nina
  • Queensland Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
Jordan, David
  • Wollongbar Primary Industries Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, NSW, Australia.
Kirkland, Peter
  • Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW, Australia.
Smith, Craig
  • Queensland Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Australia
  • Chiroptera / classification
  • Chiroptera / virology
  • Feces / virology
  • Female
  • Hendra Virus / genetics
  • Hendra Virus / isolation & purification
  • Henipavirus Infections / transmission
  • Henipavirus Infections / veterinary
  • Henipavirus Infections / virology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Male
  • Mouth / virology
  • Nose / virology
  • Rectum / virology
  • Serum / virology
  • Species Specificity
  • Urine / virology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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Citations

This article has been cited 58 times.
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