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Acta biomaterialia2018; 70; 281-292; doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.01.034

Structure and collagen crimp patterns of functionally distinct equine tendons, revealed by quantitative polarised light microscopy (qPLM).

Abstract: Structure-function relationships in tendons are directly influenced by the arrangement of collagen fibres. However, the details of such arrangements in functionally distinct tendons remain obscure. This study demonstrates the use of quantitative polarised light microscopy (qPLM) to identify structural differences in two major tendon compartments at the mesoscale: fascicles and interfascicular matrix (IFM). It contrasts functionally distinct positional and energy storing tendons, and considers changes with age. Of particular note, the technique facilitates the analysis of crimp parameters, in which cutting direction artefact can be accounted for and eliminated, enabling the first detailed analysis of crimp parameters across functionally distinct tendons. IFM shows lower birefringence (0.0013 ± 0.0001 [-]), as compared to fascicles (0.0044 ± 0.0005 [-]), indicating that the volume fraction of fibres must be substantially lower in the IFM. Interestingly, no evidence of distinct fibre directional dispersions between equine energy storing superficial digital flexor tendons (SDFTs) and positional common digital extensor tendons (CDETs) were noted, suggesting either more subtle structural differences between tendon types or changes focused in the non-collagenous components. By contrast, collagen crimp characteristics are strongly tendon type specific, indicating crimp specialisation is crucial in the respective mechanical function. SDFTs showed much finer crimp (21.1 ± 5.5 µm) than positional CDETs (135.4 ± 20.1 µm). Further, tendon crimp was finer in injured tendon, as compared to its healthy equivalents. Crimp angle differed strongly between tendon types as well, with average of 6.5 ± 1.4° in SDFTs and 13.1 ± 2.0° in CDETs, highlighting a substantially tighter crimp in the SDFT, likely contributing to its effective recoil capacity. This is the first study to quantify birefringence in fascicles and interfascicular matrix of functionally distinct energy storing and positional tendons. It adopts a novel method - quantitative polarised light microscopy (qPLM) to measure collagen crimp angle, avoiding artefacts related to the direction of histological sectioning, and provides the first direct comparison of crimp characteristics of functionally distinct tendons of various ages. A comparison of matched picrosirius red stained and unstained tendons sections identified non-homogenous staining effects, and leads us to recommend that only unstained sections are analysed in the quantitative manner. qPLM is successfully used to assess birefringence in soft tissue sections, offering a promising tool for investigating the structural arrangements of fibres in (soft) tissues and other composite materials.
Copyright © 2018 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Publication Date: 2018-02-02 PubMed ID: 29409868PubMed Central: PMC5894809DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.01.034Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research study used a novel technique called quantitative polarised light microscopy to explore the structural differences in various types of equine tendons. The study found that the composition and pattern of collagen fibers, specifically their crimp features, play a significant role in a tendon’s mechanical function.

Research Method

  • The study used a method called quantitative polarised light microscopy (qPLM) to examine structural variations in two primary parts of tendons – the fascicles and the interfascicular matrix (IFM).
  • Different types of tendons were evaluated, particularly positional and energy storing tendons, and their changes with age were also considered.
  • This technique allowed the researchers to effectively analyze elements like the crimp parameters without distortions resulting from the direction of the section cut.

Findings

  • The IFM showed a lower birefringence compared to the fascicles, indicating that the proportion of fibers is significantly less in the IFM.
  • No significant variation was discovered in fiber directional dispersions between energy-storing superficial digital flexor tendons (SDFTs) and positional common digital extensor tendons (CDETs), suggesting that the differences might be primarily in the non-collagenous components or are more subtle in nature.
  • The study showed that collagen crimp features vary greatly depending on tendon type, indicating that crimp specificity is instrumental in determining mechanical function.
  • SDFTs demonstrated a much finer crimp than CDETs. Moreover, injured tendons had a finer crimp than healthy tendons.
  • The average crimp angle also varied between the two types of tendons, with SDFTs exhibiting a tighter crimp, which likely influences its effective recoil capacity.

Significance of the study

  • This research is the first of its kind to quantify birefringence in fascicles and the interfascicular matrix of distinct energy storing and positional tendons.
  • The study provides the first direct comparison of crimp characteristics of different types of tendons at varying ages.
  • The research recommends that only unstained samples should be examined quantitatively, due to non-homogenous staining effects detected in matched picrosirius red staining and unstained tendon sections.
  • Overall, the study confirms that qPLM is an effective tool for studying birefringence in soft tissues and offers potential for investigating structural arrangements of fibers in tissues and composite materials.

Cite This Article

APA
Spiesz EM, Thorpe CT, Thurner PJ, Screen HRC. (2018). Structure and collagen crimp patterns of functionally distinct equine tendons, revealed by quantitative polarised light microscopy (qPLM). Acta Biomater, 70, 281-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.01.034

Publication

Acta biomaterialia
ISSN: 1878-7568
NlmUniqueID: 101233144
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 70
Pages: 281-292
PII: S1742-7061(18)30045-X

Researcher Affiliations

Spiesz, Ewa M
  • School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom; Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands. Electronic address: e.m.spiesz@tudelft.nl.
Thorpe, Chavaunne T
  • School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom; Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom. Electronic address: cthorpe@rvc.ac.uk.
Thurner, Philipp J
  • Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: pthurner@ilsb.tuwien.ac.at.
Screen, Hazel R C
  • School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom. Electronic address: h.r.c.screen@qmul.ac.uk.

MeSH Terms

  • Aging / metabolism
  • Animals
  • Collagen / metabolism
  • Horses
  • Microscopy, Polarization
  • Tendons / metabolism

Grant Funding

  • 20262 / Versus Arthritis
  • 20262 / Arthritis Research UK

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Citations

This article has been cited 19 times.
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