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The equine Hendra virus vaccine remains a highly effective preventative measure against infection in horses and humans: ‘The imperative to develop a human vaccine for the Hendra virus in Australia’.
Abstract: No abstract available
Publication Date: 2016-05-04 PubMed ID: 27151273PubMed Central: PMC4858501DOI: 10.3402/iee.v6.31658Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Letter
Summary
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This research counteracts an article proposing that the Hendra virus (HeV) is rapidly mutating, rendering the current equine HeV vaccine ineffective and changing human clinical syndromes. The researchers refute these claims as lacking scientific evidence, arguing that the HeV genome demonstrates minimal variability as observed in both flying-foxes and horses. Moreover, they contend that there have been no instances of HeV infections in vaccinated horses, endorsing the efficacy and safety of the equine HeV vaccine. They also denounce the idea of HeV altering clinically in humans and searching for new host species.
The Hendra Virus and its Mutation Rate
- Contrary to the claims of Zahoor and Mudie that the Hendra virus is rapidly mutating, the authors argue that there is no scientific basis for this assertion. They point out that the Hendra virus has shown minimal variability—less than 1%—at both the nucleotide and amino acid levels.
- They dispute the claim of mutation by citing primary research showing that the Hendra virus is highly stable, with instances of the same variant being detected at different locations simultaneously and consistently over twelve years.
Efficacy of the Equine Hendra Virus Vaccine
- The authors challenge the allegation that the equine Hendra virus vaccine is losing its effectiveness. They maintain there is no evidence to indicate this and suggest that sustained occurrences of equine Hendra virus are due to horse owners’ failure to inoculate their animals, rather than reduced vaccine efficacy.
- The evidence to support the effectiveness and safety of the vaccine is clear – no cases of Hendra virus have been observed in vaccinated horses, and both government and animal health authorities strongly recommend the use of the vaccine as an effective risk-reduction measure.
Change in Clinical Patterns in Human HeV Infection
- Referring to claims that human HeV infection is evolving, the authors argue that there is no outstanding evidence to support this. The limited number of recognized human cases share clinical features, but the sample size is too small to establish changes over time.
Infection of New Species
- The authors also refute the assertion that HeV is venturing into new hosts. They clarify that the broad host range of HeV in experimental studies is well-established and that the few observed cases of natural HeV infection in dogs were most likely due to exposure to infected horses or contaminated material from these horses.
Expansion of HeV Infection
- Finally, the authors counter the perception that HeV infections are expanding to locations beyond typical bat migration boundaries. They cite several recent publications indicating that the spatial occurrence of equine HeV cases aligns with the distribution of its known carriers – black and spectacled flying-foxes.
Cite This Article
APA
Peel AJ, Field HE, Reid PA, Plowright RK, Broder CC, Skerratt LF, Hayman DT, Restif O, Taylor M, Martin G, Crameri G, Smith I, Baker M, Marsh GA, Barr J, Breed AC, Wood JL, Dhand N, Toribio JA, Cunningham AA, Fulton I, Bryden WL, Secombe C, Wang LF.
(2016).
The equine Hendra virus vaccine remains a highly effective preventative measure against infection in horses and humans: ‘The imperative to develop a human vaccine for the Hendra virus in Australia’.
Infect Ecol Epidemiol, 6, 31658.
https://doi.org/10.3402/iee.v6.31658 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA.
- Australian Veterinary Association Representative, Queensland Government Hendra virus Interagency Technical Working Group, Brisbane, Australia.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
- mEpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Surrey, United Kingdom.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, NW1 4RY London, United Kingdom.
- President Equine Veterinarians Australia, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.
- Equine Research Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia.
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
References
This article includes 19 references
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- Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority. Summary of adverse experience reports made to the APVMA about Hendra virus vaccine. 2015. [Online]. APVMA. Available from: http://apvma.gov.au/node/15786 [cited 18 December 2015]
- Hendra Virus Interagency Working Group (Biosecurity Queensland, Australian Veterinary Association, Queensland Health, Workplace Health & Safety Queensland) Hendra virus infection prevention advice. 2014. Available from: https://www.health.qld.gov.au/ph/documents/cdb/hev-inf-prev-adv.pdf [cited 18 December 2015]
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- Edson D, Field H, McMichael L, Vidgen M, Goldspink L, Broos A. Routes of Hendra virus excretion in naturally-infected flying-foxes: implications for viral transmission and spillover risk. PLoS One 2015;10:e0140670.
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Citations
This article has been cited 4 times.- Plowright RK, Hudson PJ. From Protein to Pandemic: The Transdisciplinary Approach Needed to Prevent Spillover and the Next Pandemic. Viruses 2021 Jul 2;13(7).
- Goyen KA, Wright JD, Cunneen A, Henning J. Playing with fire - What is influencing horse owners' decisions to not vaccinate their horses against deadly Hendra virus infection?. PLoS One 2017;12(6):e0180062.
- Hotard AL, He B, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF, Lo MK. 4'-Azidocytidine (R1479) inhibits henipaviruses and other paramyxoviruses with high potency. Antiviral Res 2017 Aug;144:147-152.
- Thibault PA, Watkinson RE, Moreira-Soto A, Drexler JF, Lee B. Zoonotic Potential of Emerging Paramyxoviruses: Knowns and Unknowns. Adv Virus Res 2017;98:1-55.
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