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Acta veterinaria Scandinavica2020; 62(1); 17; doi: 10.1186/s13028-020-00515-5

The influence of equine body weight gain on inflammatory cytokine expressions of adipose tissue in response to endotoxin challenge.

Abstract: Human obesity is linked with systemic inflammation. However, it is still controversial if equines produce more inflammatory cytokines with increasing body weight and if the production of those show breed type specific patterns. The main objective of this study was to determine if diet induced obesity is associated with increased inflammatory signatures in adipose tissue of equines and if a breed predisposition exists between ponies and horses. Additionally, we aimed to identify adipose tissue depot differences in inflammatory cytokine expression. Nineteen healthy, non-overweight and metabolically healthy equines received a hypercaloric diet for 2 years. Body weight, body condition score and cresty neck score were assessed weekly throughout the study. At three time points, insulin sensitivity was determined by a combined glucose-insulin test. Adipose tissue samples were collected from two intra-abdominal and two subcutaneous depots under general anesthesia at each time point after an endotoxin trigger. In the adipose tissue samples levels of CD68 mRNA (a marker of macrophage infiltration) and pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα) were analyzed with RT-qPCR. As markers of lipid metabolism mRNA levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) were determined with RT-qPCR. Results: CD68 mRNA levels increased with body weight gain in several adipose tissue (AT) depots (Wilcoxon signed rank test with Bonferroni correction; retroperitoneal AT horses: P = 0.023, mesocolonial AT horses: P = 0.023, subcutaneous tail head AT ponies: P = 0.015). In both abdominal depots CD68 mRNA levels were higher than in subcutaneous adipose tissue depots (Kruskal-Wallis-ANOVA with Bonferroni correction: P < 0.05). No breed related differences were found. Pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα levels were higher in subcutaneous depots compared to abdominal depots after body weight gain. IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα mRNA levels of mesocolon adipose tissue were higher in obese horses compared to obese ponies (Mann-Whitney-U test; IL-1β: P = 0.006; IL-6: P = 0.003; TNFα: P = 0.049). In general, horses had higher FABP4 and LPL mRNA levels compared to ponies in neck AT and tail AT at all time points. Conclusions: Our findings suggest an increased invasion of macrophages in intra-abdominal adipose tissue with increasing body weight gain in equines in combination with a low dose endotoxin stimulus. This might predispose equines to obesity related comorbidities. In obese horses mesocolon adipose tissue showed higher inflammatory cytokine expression compared to obese ponies. Additionally, subcutaneous adipose tissue expressed more pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to intra-abdominal adipose tissue. Horses had higher FABP4 and LPL mRNA levels in selected AT depots which may indicate a higher fat storage capacity than in ponies. The differences in lipid storage might be associated with a higher susceptibility to obesity-related comorbidities in ponies in comparison to horses.
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Publication Date: 2020-04-22 PubMed ID: 32321549PubMed Central: PMC7178607DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-00515-5Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study investigates how increased body weight affects inflammatory responses in horses and ponies, finding that weight gain likely exacerbates inflammation in these animals. It also identifies variations between horse and pony breeds in their inflammatory reactions and lipid storage.

Objective and Methodology

  • The research sets out to determine whether a high-calorie diet could induce obesity and therefore increase inflammatory signatures in equine adipose tissues. It also aims to figure out if there’s any breed-specific predisposition between horses and ponies.
  • Nineteen non-overweight, metabolically healthy ponies and horses were part of the experiment. They were given a hypercaloric diet for 2 years, and their body weight, body condition, and cresty neck score were regularly monitored.
  • For insulin sensitivity checks, a glucose-insulin test was conducted three times during the experiment. Adipose tissues were sampled from the animals under anesthesia after they were triggered with endotoxin.
  • The acquired samples underwent testing with RT-qPCR to quantify levels of CD68 mRNA (a macrophage infiltration marker), pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα), and markers of lipid metabolism mRNA (Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL) and Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 (FABP4)).

Findings and Conclusion

  • The study found that weight gain correlated with increased CD68 mRNA levels in the adipose tissue of the monitored animals. In both abdominal depots, these levels were higher than in subcutaneous tissues.
  • All breeds presented a similar pattern; however, pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs were higher in subcutaneous tissues than in abdominal tissues after weight gain.
  • Obese horses exhibited higher IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα mRNA levels in mesocolon adipose tissue compared to obese ponies, suggesting a higher inflammatory response in horses lacking in ponies.
  • In terms of lipid storage, horses showed higher FABP4 and LPL mRNA levels than ponies in the neck and tail adipose tissues at all times, implying a superior fat storage capacity in horses.
  • The study concluded that weight gain might increase the occurrence of macrophages in intra-abdominal adipose tissue, thus potentially predisposing ponies and horses to obesity-related illnesses. The variations in lipid storage capacity may be related to a higher susceptibility to such illnesses in ponies compared to horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Blaue D, Schedlbauer C, Starzonek J, Gittel C, Brehm W, Blüher M, Pfeffer M, Vervuert I. (2020). The influence of equine body weight gain on inflammatory cytokine expressions of adipose tissue in response to endotoxin challenge. Acta Vet Scand, 62(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-020-00515-5

Publication

Acta veterinaria Scandinavica
ISSN: 1751-0147
NlmUniqueID: 0370400
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 62
Issue: 1
Pages: 17
PII: 17

Researcher Affiliations

Blaue, Dominique
  • Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 9, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
Schedlbauer, Carola
  • Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 9, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
Starzonek, Janine
  • Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 9, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
Gittel, Claudia
  • Department for Horses, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
Brehm, Walter
  • Department for Horses, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
Blüher, Matthias
  • Department of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
Pfeffer, Martin
  • Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
Vervuert, Ingrid
  • Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 9, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. ingrid.vervuert@vetmed.uni-leipzig.de.

MeSH Terms

  • Adipose Tissue / drug effects
  • Adipose Tissue / metabolism
  • Animals
  • Antigens, CD / genetics
  • Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / genetics
  • Cytokines / genetics
  • Diet / veterinary
  • Endotoxins / pharmacology
  • Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins / genetics
  • Gene Expression Regulation / drug effects
  • Gene Expression Regulation / physiology
  • Horses / physiology
  • Lipoprotein Lipase / genetics
  • Obesity / veterinary
  • RNA, Messenger / genetics
  • Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • Weight Gain / physiology

Grant Funding

  • VE 225/9-1 / Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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