Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2026; 16(11); 1626; doi: 10.3390/ani16111626

The Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Horses’ Nutrition-A Review.

Abstract: This narrative review presents examples of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in horse nutrition. Fats are essential in equine nutrition, serving not only as an energy source but also as functional components influencing health. Among them, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly EPA and DHA, play a key role in modulating inflammatory and metabolic processes. This review summarizes their effects on respiratory health, equine metabolic syndrome (EMS), musculoskeletal function, reproduction, and early development. Omega-3 supplementation has been shown to support airway inflammation in horses, especially when combined with low-dust management practices. In EMS, these fatty acids support insulin regulation and reduce systemic inflammation, although they are not curative. In the musculoskeletal system, omega-3s help limit inflammation and cartilage degradation. Their reproductive benefits include improved semen quality in stallions and enhanced fatty acid profiles in mare's milk, supporting foal development. The proposed mechanisms of omega-3 fatty acids' effect are also provided. Overall, omega-3 fatty acids are a valuable supplement in equine functional nutrition and disease management.

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Publication Date: 2026-05-27 PubMed ID: 42278060DOI: 10.3390/ani16111626Google Scholar: Lookup

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Overview

This review article discusses the importance and benefits of supplementing omega-3 fatty acids in horse nutrition.
It highlights how omega-3s contribute to equine health by impacting inflammation, metabolism, respiratory function, musculoskeletal health, reproduction, and early development.

Introduction to Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Equine Nutrition

Fats are essential in horse diets, providing energy and playing functional roles beyond basic nutrition.
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) are key components influencing horse health.
These fatty acids interact with the body’s inflammatory and metabolic pathways to modulate disease processes.

Effects on Respiratory Health

Omega-3 supplementation supports the management of airway inflammation in horses.
The benefits are enhanced when combined with management strategies that reduce dust exposure.
This combination helps maintain respiratory health, which is critical in performance and general well-being.

Impacts on Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS)

EMS, a condition marked by insulin dysregulation and inflammation, can be managed partially with omega-3 supplementation.
Omega-3 fatty acids help regulate insulin levels and reduce systemic inflammation associated with EMS.
While supplementation is beneficial, omega-3s are not a cure but rather a supportive nutritional strategy.

Benefits for Musculoskeletal Function

These fatty acids help reduce inflammation in musculoskeletal tissues.
They contribute to decreasing cartilage degradation, potentially slowing the progression of joint diseases.
This is particularly important for athletic horses and those with joint health challenges.

Reproductive Advantages and Early Development

In stallions, omega-3 supplementation is linked to improved semen quality, enhancing reproductive efficiency.
In mares, omega-3 fatty acids improve the fatty acid profile of milk, which supports the optimal growth and development of foals.
This early developmental support can have long-term health and performance benefits.

Mechanisms of Action

Omega-3 fatty acids influence inflammatory processes by modulating eicosanoid pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory mediator production.
They support metabolic balance by aiding insulin sensitivity and regulating lipid metabolism.
These mechanisms collectively contribute to improved systemic health and disease resistance.

Conclusion

Omega-3 fatty acids play a valuable role in equine functional nutrition and disease management.
Supplementation can enhance respiratory, metabolic, musculoskeletal, and reproductive health in horses.
Integration of omega-3s into horse diets should be considered as part of holistic health management strategies.