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Frontiers in veterinary science2021; 8; 671330; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.671330

Validation of the Donkey Pain Scale (DOPS) for Assessing Postoperative Pain in Donkeys.

Abstract: This study aimed to validate a scale for assessing acute pain in donkeys. Forty-four adult donkeys underwent castration after sedation with intravenous (IV) xylazine, induction with guaifenesin and thiopental IV, local anesthetic block, and maintenance with isoflurane. The scale was constructed from a pilot study with four animals combined with algetic behaviors described for equines. After content validation, the scale was evaluated in 40 other donkeys by three blinded and one reference evaluator, by means of edited videos referring to the preoperative and postoperative periods: before anesthesia, 3-4 h after recovery from anesthesia, 5-6 h after recovery from anesthesia (2 h after analgesia with flunixin-1.1 mg/kg, dipyrone-10 mg/kg, and morphine-0.2 mg/kg) IV, and 24 h after recovery. Content validity, sensitivity, specificity, and responsiveness of behaviors were investigated to refine the scale. Intra- and inter-evaluator reliabilities were investigated by the weighted kappa coefficient, criterion validity by comparing the scale with the visual analog scale (VAS), internal consistency by Cronbach's α coefficient, item-total correlation by the Spearman coefficient, and intervention point for rescue analgesic by the receiver operating characteristics curve and Youden index. The scale showed very good intra-evaluator reliability (0.88-0.96), good to moderate (0.56-0.66) inter-evaluator reliability, responsiveness for all items, good criterion validity vs. VAS (0.75), acceptable internal consistency (0.64), adequate item-total correlation, except for head position and direction, and according to the principal component analysis, good association among items. The accuracy of the point for rescue analgesic was excellent (area under the curve = 0.91). The rescue analgesic score was ≥ 4 of 11 points. The scale can diagnose and quantify acute pain in donkeys submitted to castration, as the instrument is reliable and valid, with a defined intervention analgesic score.
Copyright © 2021 Oliveira, Paula, Mouta, Lima, Macêdo, Nunes, Trindade and Luna.
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Publication Date: 2021-06-11 PubMed ID: 34179164PubMed Central: PMC8225999DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.671330Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study validates the use of the Donkey Pain Scale (DOPS) in measuring acute pain in donkeys, specifically in relation to postoperative pain from castration. It concludes that the scale is a reliable and valid measurement tool.

Study Design and Methodology

  • The study involved 44 adult donkeys that underwent castration. The animals were anesthetized using intravenous xylazine, guaifenesin and thiopental. A local anesthetic block was applied and maintenance conducted with isoflurane.
  • The DOPS is created based on a pilot study with four donkeys along with behavior descriptors for pain in equines.
  • The scale is then validated content-wise and tested out on 40 other donkeys by three evaluators who were kept uninformed about the conditions of the study and one evaluator taken as a reference.
  • The evaluators observed videos capturing the donkeys’ behavior before the anesthesia and at different intervals after the recovery from anesthesia including following the administration of analgesia. The evaluation was done in an attempt to refine the scale.

Results and Findings

  • The scale revealed good reliability between the same evaluator and moderate to good reliability among different evaluators.
  • All items on the scale showed responsiveness, indicating the validity of the variables and their sensitivity to the condition being measured, i.e., pain.
  • The comparison of the scale with the visual analog scale (VAS) stating acceptable internal consistency and the validity of the scale in terms of its performance when compared with a reference standard.
  • Except for head position and direction, the other items on the scale showed adequate interaction with the total score.
  • The results of the principal component analysis pointed to a good association among items, suggesting that the scale can correctly identify underlying structures.
  • The point for providing donkeys with rescue analgesic was very accurately determined (area under the curve = 0.91) with the rescue analgesic score being ≥ 4 of 11 points, which can guide treatment decisions.

Conclusion

  • The study concludes by affirming that the DOPS can effectively diagnose and measure acute pain in donkeys that have undergone castration. The scale showing good reliability and validity with a clearly defined score for intervention with analgesics.

Cite This Article

APA
de Oliveira MGC, de Paula VV, Mouta AN, Lima IO, de Macêdo LB, Nunes TL, Trindade PHE, Luna SPL. (2021). Validation of the Donkey Pain Scale (DOPS) for Assessing Postoperative Pain in Donkeys. Front Vet Sci, 8, 671330. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.671330

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 8
Pages: 671330

Researcher Affiliations

de Oliveira, Maria Gláucia Carlos
  • Department of Animal Sciences, Semi-Árido Federal Rural University (UFERSA), Mossoró, Brazil.
de Paula, Valéria Veras
  • Department of Animal Sciences, Semi-Árido Federal Rural University (UFERSA), Mossoró, Brazil.
Mouta, Andressa Nunes
  • Department of Animal Sciences, Semi-Árido Federal Rural University (UFERSA), Mossoró, Brazil.
Lima, Isabelle de Oliveira
  • Department of Animal Sciences, Semi-Árido Federal Rural University (UFERSA), Mossoró, Brazil.
de Macêdo, Luã Barbalho
  • Department of Animal Sciences, Semi-Árido Federal Rural University (UFERSA), Mossoró, Brazil.
Nunes, Talyta Lins
  • Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil.
Trindade, Pedro Henrique Esteves
  • Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.
Luna, Stelio Pacca Loureiro
  • Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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  12. Trindade PHE, Mello JFSR, Silva NEOF, Luna SPL. Improving Ovine Behavioral Pain Diagnosis by Implementing Statistical Weightings Based on Logistic Regression and Random Forest Algorithms. Animals (Basel) 2022 Oct 26;12(21).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12212940pubmed: 36359065google scholar: lookup
  13. Haddad Pinho R, Luna SPL, Esteves Trindade PH, Augusto Justo A, Santilli Cima D, Werneck Fonseca M, Watanabe Minto B, Del Lama Rocha F, Miller A, Flecknell P, Leach MC. Validation of the rabbit pain behaviour scale (RPBS) to assess acute postoperative pain in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). PLoS One 2022;17(5):e0268973.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268973pubmed: 35617348google scholar: lookup
  14. Luna SPL, Trindade PHE, Monteiro BP, Crosignani N, Della Rocca G, Ruel HLM, Yamashita K, Kronen P, Tseng CT, Teixeira L, Steagall PV. Multilingual validation of the short form of the Unesp-Botucatu Feline Pain Scale (UFEPS-SF). PeerJ 2022;10:e13134.
    doi: 10.7717/peerj.13134pubmed: 35345592google scholar: lookup
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