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Equine veterinary journal.
Publisher:
Equine Veterinary Journal, Ltd. Hobokken, NJ : Wiley (2009)
Frequency: 8 issues per year, 2009-
Country: United States
Language: English
Author(s):
British Equine Veterinary Association.
Start Year:1968 -
ISSN:
0425-1644 (Print)
2042-3306 (Electronic)
0425-1644 (Linking)
2042-3306 (Electronic)
0425-1644 (Linking)
Impact Factor
2.2
2022
| NLM ID: | 173320 |
| (DNLM): | E11740000(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 01568146 |
| Coden: | EQVJAI |
| LCCN: | sn 83005310 |
| Classification: | W1 EQ967 |
Serum amyloid A (SAA) as an aid in the management of infectious disease in the foal: comparison with total leucocyte count, neutrophil count and fibrinogen. Differentiation between infectious and noninfectious disease and rapid initiation of accurate treatment are essential in managing diseases in the neonatal and young foal. Identification of useful inflammatory markers for these purposes is, therefore, of great importance. The aim of this study was to compare the responses of the acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) with the responses of fibrinogen and total leucocyte and neutrophil counts in infectious diseases encountered in the young foal, and to assess whether SAA measurements give additional information useful in the management of thes...
Calcium homeostasis and intact plasma parathyroid hormone during exercise and training in young Standardbred horses. Physical exercise is known to affect calcium homeostasis in horses, but there is little information on the hormonal regulation of calcium metabolism during exercise. In order to evaluate the effects of exercise and training on calcium homeostasis and intact plasma parathyroid hormone, 7 untrained Standardbred horses were studied in a 6 week training programme. These horses were accustomed to running on the treadmill 3 weeks before onset of training and were exercised on a high-speed treadmill with an initial incremental standardised exercise test (SET 1: 6 incremental steps of 5 min duration e...
Foraging enrichment for stabled horses: effects on behaviour and selection. The restricted access to pasture experienced by many competition horses has been linked to the exhibition of stereotypic and redirected behaviour patterns. It has been suggested that racehorses provided with more than one source of forage are less likely to perform these patterns; however, the reasons for this are currently unclear. To investigate this in 4 replicated trials, up to 12 horses were introduced into each of 2 identical stables containing a single forage, or 6 forages for 5 min. To detect novelty effects, in the first and third trials the single forage was hay. In the second and fo...
Dynamics in serum of the inflammatory markers serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, fibrinogen and alpha2-globulins during induced noninfectious arthritis in the horse. Despite the importance of noninfectious joint diseases in equine medicine, little is known about the acute phase response which may be elicited if the local inflammatory process of noninfectious arthritis is sufficiently strong, Therefore the aim of this study was to monitor the systemic inflammatory response during experimentally-induced noninfectious arthritis by studying the dynamics in serum of the acute phase proteins serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, fibrinogen and alpha2-globulins. Twenty-four Standardbred horses, age 3-7 years, found healthy on thorough clinical, radiological, haemat...
Plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) concentrations and clinical response in horses treated for equine Cushing’s disease with cyproheptadine or pergolide. Plasma ACTH levels have been variable in horses with a positive clinical response for therapy for equine Cushing's Disease (ECD). Therefore, our purpose was to determine the value of monitoring plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) levels during treatment of equine Cushing's disease (ECD) with either cyproheptadine (n = 32) or pergolide (n = 10). First, we validated the chemiluminescent ACTH assay (specificity, precision, accuracy, intra-assay and interassay variations) and tested methods of handling the whole blood from the time of collection to when the ACTH was assayed. The sensitivity and spec...
In vitro evaluation of nonrigid support systems for the equine metacarpophalangeal joint. Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint extension is primarily resisted by the digital flexor tendons and suspensory ligament. A variety of external support techniques are used to protect these supporting structures from or after injury by resisting MCP joint extension, although not all are effective and/or practical for use in an exercising horse. In this study, 7 forelimbs were loaded in vitro to determine the effect of a simple gamgee bandage, a 3-layered bandage with and without a contoured palmar splint, a neoprene exercise boot, and an innovative carbon fibre composite exercise boot (Dalmar tend...
Expression of a 4-(hydroxy-3-nitro-phenyl) acetyl (NP) specific equi-murine IgE antibody that mediates histamine release in vitro and a type I skin reaction in vivo. Due to characteristic clinical signs, immunoglobulins of isotype E (IgE) are believed to be involved in several allergic diseases of the horse. To date, closer investigations have been hampered by the fact that neither purified equine IgE nor anti-equine IgE monoclonal antibodies were available for IgE isotype determination. As an approach to solve this problem, we constructed a stable cell line (EqE6) that expresses recombinant equi-murine IgE specific for 4-(hydroxy-3-nitro-phenyl) acetyl (NP). Biochemical analysis of the purified protein revealed a highly glycosilated IgE monomer of approxi...
Evaluation of a combined laser Doppler flowmetry and iontophoresis technique for the assessment of equine cutaneous microvascular function. A combined laser Doppler flowmetry and iontophoresis (LDFI) technique, used routinely to assess human microvascular function, was evaluated as a noninvasive technique for assessment of equine microvascular function, to facilitate the study of diseases such as laminitis. Baseline and vasoactive agonist-induced (acetylcholine and nitroprusside) microvascular flux was quantified at 2 sites (on the dorsal pastern adjacent to the coronary band and over the gluteals) in 6 clinically normal horses on 5 or 6 separate occasions under standardised conditions. Both agonists significantly increased microv...
Intradermal skin tests in equine dermatology: a study of 83 horses. Allergic diseases are often diagnosed clinically in the horse without performing diagnostic tests. The purpose of this work was to contribute to the validation of intradermal skin tests in the horse. Eighty-three horses, 14 showing skin or respiratory signs of supposed allergic origin, were subjected to an intradermal skin test using 6 different allergens, positive and negative controls. The tests were read for all animals after 20 min, and for 29 horses after 1 and 4 h. Additionally, 19 horses were tested a few months apart. The comparison after 20 min of the cutaneous reactions to allergens ...
The effects of xylazine, detomidine, acepromazine and butorphanol on equine solid phase gastric emptying rate. The aim of this study was to measure the effects of specific commonly used sedative protocols on equine solid phase gastric emptying rate, using the 13C-octanoic acid breath test (13C-OABT). The gastric emptying of a standard 13C-labelled test meal was measured once weekly in 8 mature horses over two 4 week treatment periods. Each horse acted as its own control. In treatment Period 1, saline (2 ml i.v.), xylazine (0.5 mg/kg i.v.), detomidine (0.01 mg/kg i.v.) or detomidine/butorphanol combination (0.01/0.02 mg/kg i.v.) was administered in randomised order after ingestion of the test meal. Duri...
Comparison of lithium dilution and thermodilution cardiac output measurements in anaesthetised neonatal foals. Knowledge of cardiac output is expected to help guide the treatment of hypotension associated with critical illness and/or anaesthesia in neonatal foals. However, a practical and safe method of measuring cardiac output has not been described for the foal. Lithum dilution, a new method of cardiac output determination not requiring cardiac catheterisation, has recently been reported in mature horses. We compared this method to thermodilution in isoflurane-anaesthetised foals age 30-42 h and found good agreement between the 2 methods in a range of cardiac outputs 5.4-20.4 l/min. The lithium dilut...
Longitudinal development of kinematics in shetland ponies and the influence of feeding and training regimes. Nowadays, ponies are used more and more for competitive equine sports, driving and racing. The locomotor performance of ponies, however, has been evaluated in only a few kinematic and kinetic studies. To compare the longitudinal development of locomotor characteristics in the pony to the same process in the horse, the kinematics of 23 Shetland ponies were recorded at the trot on a treadmill (3 m/s) at ages 4 and 30 months using a modified CODA-3 apparatus. Furthermore, the influence of specific feeding and training regimes on this development was evaluated. It appeared that stride and stance d...
Quantitative detection of atropine-delayed gastric emptying in the horse by the 13C-octanoic acid breath test. The 13C-octanoic acid breath test has been correlated significantly to radioscintigraphy for measurement of gastric emptying indices in healthy horses. The objective of this study was to investigate the validity of the test for measurement of equine delayed gastric emptying, prior to its potential clinical application for this purpose. A model of atropine-induced gastroparesis was used. Gastric emptying rate was measured twice in 8 horses using concurrent radioscintigraphy and/or breath test after treatment i.v. with either atropine (0.035 mg/kg bwt) or saline in randomised order. Analysis of ...
Distribution and numbers of mucous glands in the horse trachea. Horses commonly suffer from respiratory diseases associated with excess secretions in the airway lumen, some of which are presumably derived from airway mucous glands. However, these structures have been little investigated in the horse. Accordingly, we describe here the number, distribution and size of equine tracheal mucous glands, and compare the data with similar information for other mammalian species. Two types of gland acini were present. In the thick connective tissue, up to 400 microm beneath the epithelium, gland acini were grouped in thin sheets that, in cross-section, averaged 20 m...
High volume continuous venovenous haemofiltration (HV-CVVH) in an equine endotoxaemic shock model. Equine acute abdominal disease is often associated with shock. Important aspects in the onset of this complication include hypovolaemia, the translocation of endotoxins from the gut and the subsequent activation of the cytokine network. The clinical efficacy of high volume continuous venovenous haemofiltration (HV-CVVH) and the clearance of cytokines were therefore investigated in an equine endotoxaemic model. Ten male Shetland ponies received a slow infusion of LPS (2 microg/kg bwt) under general anaesthesia. The treatment group (n = 5) received HV-CVVH (2 ml/kg bwt/min) using a 75 kD polymet...
Factors associated with development of ileal impaction in horses with surgical colic: 78 cases (1986-2000). Deal impaction is prevalent in the south-eastern USA, where feeding of Coastal Bermuda hay has been implicated as a risk factor. Alternatively, infection with the tapeworm Anoplocephala perfoliata has been identified as a risk factor for ileal impaction in the UK. We hypothesised that feeding Coastal Bermuda hay and failure to administer routinely an anthelmintic with efficacy against tapeworms would place horses at risk of developing ileal impaction in the USA. Seventy-eight horses, with surgically confirmed ileal impaction and 100 horses admitted for colic that did not have an ileal impactio...
Heparinised blood ionised calcium concentrations in horses with colic or diarrhoea compared to normal subjects. Our objectives were to 1) establish ionised calcium (ICa), C-terminal PTH and biologically active PTH (intact molecule) concentrations in blood from normal horses, 2) examine the stability of ionised calcium and acid-base values in stored equine heparinised blood and serum and 3) check the applicability of the formulas based on these parameters in certain disease states. Mean +/- s.d. % ionised calcium in heparinised blood of normal Warmbloods was 51 +/- 2.7 (n = 20) of total calcium, range 1.45-1.75 mmol/l (n = 15) at Michigan State University and 1.43-1.69 mmol/l (n = 20) at Utrecht Universi...
Equine surgical colic: risk factors for postoperative complications. The reason for undertaking this study was that postoperative complications of colic surgery lead to patient discomfort, prolonged hospitalisation and increased cost. Potential risk factors for the 6 most common postoperative complications (jugular thrombosis, ileus, re-laparotomy, wound suppuration, incisional herniation and colic) were evaluated using multivariable models. Jugular thrombosis was associated significantly with heart rate greater than 60 beats/min and with increased packed cell volume (PCV) at admission. The risk of postoperative ileus also increased with increasing PCV at admis...
Regulation of equine lymphocyte beta-adrenoceptors under the influence of clenbuterol and dexamethasone. In 12 healthy horses, the effects of the beta2-agonist clenbuterol and the glucocorticoid dexamethasone on the lymphocyte beta2-adrenoceptor density and affinity (determined by (-)-[125I]-iodocyanopindolol binding) as well as its responsiveness (assessed by lymphocyte cyclic AMP [cAMP] responses to 10 micromol/l (-)-isoprenaline) were studied. Clenbuterol treatment, 2 x 0.8 microg/kg/day i.v. for 12 days, decreased significantly ICYP binding sites by approximately 30-40%; concomitantly, lymphocyte cAMP response to (-)-isoprenaline was reduced. After withdrawal of clenbuterol, beta2-adrenocepto...
Chronic pulmonary disease with radiographic interstitial opacity (interstitial pneumonia) in foals. Twelve foals, age 3-9 months, examined at The Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital between 1995 and 2000 were diagnosed with chronic pulmonary disease associated with marked interstitial opacity on radiographic examination. The most characteristic features were a history of respiratory disease of 1-3 months duration, marked clinical signs of respiratory disease, failure to yield a consistent pathogen from tracheobronchial aspirates and a predominantly interstitial pattern on thoracic radiographs. We attributed these signs to chronic interstitial pneumonia. Foals were treated with...
Comparison of endoscopic, necropsy and histology scoring of equine gastric ulcers. Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) represents a major health problem in performance horses. Much debate exists regarding endoscopic gastric ulcer scoring systems and their ability accurately to predict severity or depth of gastric ulcers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of an endoscopist to count gastric ulcers and predict gastric ulcer severity or depth using 2 endoscopic scoring systems and compare them to the same gastric ulcers see on necropsy and histopathology. Endoscopic examination of the stomach was performed under general anaesthesia on 23 mixed breed yearling...
The effects of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors on bile-injured and normal equine colon. A potential adverse effect of cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]) in horses is colitis. In addition, we have previously shown an important role for COX-produced prostanoids in recovery of ischaemic-injured equine jejunum. It was hypothesised that the nonselective COX inhibitor flunixin would retard repair of bile-injured colon by preventing production of reparative prostaglandins, whereas the selective COX-2 inhibitor, etodolac would not inhibit repair as a result of continued COX-1 activity. Segments of the pelvic flexure were exposed to 1.5 mmol/l...
Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin C1, C1a and C2 in horses after single intravenous dose. Gentamicin pharmacokinetics has not been studied in horses. Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin C1, C1a and C2 components following i.v. administration of total gentamicin at 6.6 mg/kg bwt to 6 healthy mature horses was determined. Significant differences in clearance, half-life (t 1/2), and mean residence time (MRT) between the gentamicin Cia and the 2 other components were found. The total body clearance (CL) of gentamicin C1a was 1.62 +/- 0.50 ml/min x kg and similar to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) reported for horses. The CL of gentamicin C1 and C2 were 1.03 +/- 0.08 ml/min x kg and 1.1...
Spectrophotometric assessment of peritoneal fluid haemoglobin in colic horses: an aid to selecting medical vs. surgical treatment. In a case-control study in colic horses the ability of spectrophotometric measurement of the haemoglobin concentration in the peritoneal fluid supernatant and visual assessment of the colour of peritoneal fluid supernatant to differentiate between surgical and medical treatment of colic was assessed. Based on previous studies, which have found anda association between peritoneal fluid colour and the kind of treatment required, our hypothesis was that the peritoneal fluid haemoglobin concentration would be higher in horses requiring surgical intervention than in horses amenable to medical treat...
