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Equine veterinary journal.
Publisher:
Equine Veterinary Journal, Ltd. Hobokken, NJ : Wiley (2009)
Frequency: 8 issues per year, 2009-
Country: United States
Language: English
Author(s):
British Equine Veterinary Association.
Start Year:1968 -
ISSN:
0425-1644 (Print)
2042-3306 (Electronic)
0425-1644 (Linking)
2042-3306 (Electronic)
0425-1644 (Linking)
Impact Factor
2.2
2022
| NLM ID: | 173320 |
| (DNLM): | E11740000(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 01568146 |
| Coden: | EQVJAI |
| LCCN: | sn 83005310 |
| Classification: | W1 EQ967 |
Absence of detectable pharmacological effects after oral administration of isoxsuprine. Isoxsuprine is reported to be a peripheral vasodilator used in human and veterinary medicine to treat ischaemic vascular disease. In horses, it is generally administered orally to treat navicular disease and other lower limb problems. To define the scope and duration of its pharmacological responses after oral administration, 6 horses were dosed with isoxsuprine HCl (1.2 mg/kg bwt) q. 12 h for 8 days and then tested to assess the duration and extent of pharmacological actions. There was no significant difference between isoxsuprine and control treatment values for heart rate, spontaneous activ...
Effect of cisapride on gastric emptying in horses following endotoxin treatment. The effect of cisapride pretreatment on gastric emptying in horses was determined by measuring serum concentrations of acetaminophen, a drug known to be readily absorbed in the small intestine but not in the stomach. The time to reach maximum serum acetaminophen concentrations (Tmax), the maximum serum concentrations (Cmax) and the area under the serum acetaminophen concentration vs. time curves (AUC) were compared among treatment groups. In the first part of the study, the effect of orally administered cisapride (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg bwt) on gastric emptying was examined in 6 normal fasted ...
Acetaminophen as a marker of gastric emptying in ponies. Gastric emptying was evaluated in ponies using the acetaminophen (AP) method. Fifteen minutes after i.v. administration of metoclopramide, erythromycin, yohimbine, atropine or saline, the ponies were given AP by stomach tube. Blood samples for AP analysis were collected at baseline and 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 min after AP administration. Time to reach peak serum concentration (Tmax), maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and area under the AP serum concentration vs. time curve (AUC) were determined for each treatment group. In the control group, Tmax was 31 min and this decreased sign...
Quantification of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage with bronchoalveolar lavage. Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) causes serious economic losses in the horse racing industry. Endoscopic examination indicates that 40-90% of horses exhibit EIPH following sprint exercise, but the limitations of the endoscope prevent diagnosis in many horses. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was utilised to detect red blood cells (RBCs) in the terminal airways in 6 horses. Two lavages were performed at weekly intervals prior to exercise, one within 90 min after exercise, and 5 at weekly intervals after exercise. The horses were exercised strenuously at 12.5-14.6 m/s on a treadmill (3 ...
Increase in blood viscosity in the sprinting horse: can it account for the high pulmonary arterial pressure? Blood was taken from 49 Thoroughbred horses before and after racing at the track to determine if frusemide modified the apparent viscosity of the blood and to determine the effects of changes in shear rate and packed cell volume (PCV), associated with strenuous exercise, on apparent and relative viscosities. Small increases in apparent viscosity of the blood (at a specified PCV and shear rate) occurred in horses given frusemide compared to those receiving no frusemide; however, no differences were seen in relative viscosity. Although 2 groups of horses, those receiving frusemide before racing ...
Survey of anthelmintic resistance on Danish horse farms, using 5 different methods of calculating faecal egg count reduction. This study reports on the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in strongyles of horses in Denmark. Of 5 methods used for the calculation of faecal egg count reduction (FECR) the method recommended by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology, for the detection of resistance in sheep was the most sensitive procedure for detecting resistance. Using this method benzimidazole resistance was detected on 33 of 42 farms (79%) examined. Pyrantel was tested on 15 farms and FECR tests indicate resistance on 3 (30%) farms. On 2 farms on which resistance to pyrantel was detecte...
Water and electrolyte intake and output in conditioned Thoroughbred horses transported by road. The objectives of this trial were to measure the water and electrolyte intake and loss, of horses during road transportation in relatively hot environmental conditions. Six mature, Thoroughbred horses in full training were used in a balanced crossover design. The horses were conditioned on a treadmill for 6 weeks before the start of the trial in order to simulate the type of horse that is transported most often over long distances in South Africa. The horses were assigned randomly to one of 2 treatment groups. On a particular day 3 horses were transported, while the other horses served as cont...
Serum gentamicin concentrations in compromised neonatal foals. Twenty-one compromised neonatal foals hospitalised at the Rural Veterinary Centre (RVC) during 1993 were studied to determine i) serum gentamicin concentrations obtained when gentamicin was administered at 3.3 mg/kg bwt twice daily i.m.; ii) factors which contributed to inter-foal variation in serum gentamicin concentrations achieved and iii) clinical efficacy of gentamicin therapy in foals with confirmed septicaemia. Septicaemia was confirmed in 7 foals with positive blood cultures and suspected in 8 foals with a sepsis score > 11. Peak serum concentrations (Ps) were > 6 microg/ml in al...
Ex vivo simulation of in vivo strain distributions in the equine metacarpus. The objective of this study was to examine several simple ex vivo loading conditions for the equine metacarpus, and to evaluate their ability to reproduce the mid-diaphyseal bone surface strain distributions previously reported in vivo at the walk and trot. Distributed axial compressive loads, and 9 different axial compressive point loads at -7.5 kN and -15 kN were applied to metacarpal-distal carpal bone preparations from 6 Thoroughbred horses, aged 1-5 years. The resulting dorsal, medial, palmar, and lateral mid-diaphyseal bone surface axial and shear strains were compared with previously re...
Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) in horses results from locomotory impact induced trauma–a novel, unifying concept. Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) in horses, although of major welfare and economic importance worldwide, is of uncertain cause. It is accepted that the dorsocaudal region of the lung is particularly prone to the condition, but present theories of causation cannot satisfactorily explain the mechanism or pattern of occurrence. We propose that EIPH results from locomotory impact induced trauma; the mechanism being similar to that producing lung tissue damage following thoracic impact injury. In impact injury, the localised impulsive load on the chest wall is transmitted by pressure w...
Effect of copper supplementation on copper status of pregnant mares and foals. Pregnant Thoroughbred mares (n = 21) were grazed on tall fescue pasture containing 4.4-8.6 mg Cu/kg dry matter (DM). Twelve mares were supplemented with approximately 0.5 mg Cu/kg liveweight (LW)/day as copper sulphate for the final 13-25 weeks gestation. Plasma copper concentration declined during the third trimester for all mares and was not affected by copper supplementation. Liver copper concentration of mares and foals was determined when the foals were 4-10-days-old. Copper supplementation of the mares tended to increase mare liver copper concentration (P<0.08) and increased foal live...
Electromyographic activity of the long digital extensor muscle in the exercising Thoroughbred horse. Surface electrodes were used to record electromyographic (EMG) activity of the long digital extensor muscle on the right hindlimb of 8 Thoroughbred horses for 8 s at the walk and 8 s at the trot before (unfatigued) and after (fatigued) an exercise test. The exercise test was performed on a motorised treadmill set on a 10% grade. Each test started at a speed of 6 m/s which was increased by 1 m/s each minute until the horse fatigued as indicated by its inability to keep pace with the treadmill with minimal encouragement. Observations were made on the horses prior to conditioning (untrained state...
Epiglottic retroversion as a cause of upper airway obstruction in two horses. Many disorders of the upper respiratory tract which cause severe
respiratory compromise and poor performance have been
described in the equine athlete (Williams et al. 1990; Morris 1991;
King et al. 1994). Until recently, the diagnosis of upper respiratory
tract dysfunction was based on observations made during resting
endoscopic examination; and conclusions regarding the extent and
exact nature of the dysfunction during exercise were often
inaccurate. This report describes 2 horses presented to the George
D. Widener Hospital in which no significant abnormalities were
noted during res...
Gross, histological and histomorphometric features of the navicular bone and related structures in the horse. Forelimb navicular bones and associated soft tissues were collected from 3 groups of horses and subjected to pathological examinations. The groups consisted of 38 horses with clinical navicular disease (ND) and 2 control groups, with no history of forelimb lameness, consisting of 25 age-matched mature horses (A-MC) and 9 immature horses (IC). Histological and histomorphometric studies were performed on tissue samples from 10 ND, 10 A-MC and 5 IC horses. Gross changes seen only in ND horses included: full thickness defects in the palmar surface fibrocartilage, palmar cortex erosion, medullary l...
Impact of mixed strongyle infections in foals after one month on pasture. Twelve Standardbred foals (age 3-6 months), with little previous exposure to parasites, were allocated to 2 groups and put onto pasture with low (Group L) or high (Group H) levels of larval contamination of large strongyles and cyathostomes. After 4 weeks grazing in September, the foals were housed indoors until necropsy 15 weeks later. Foals in Group H became clinically more affected than those of Group L in that they showed loss of vigour, weight gain depression, intermittent soft faeces and inappetence. One foal of Group H had persistent diarrhoea and was subjected to euthanasia 12 weeks af...
Quantitative assessment of motor neuron loss in equine motor neuron disease (EMND). The mean number of motor neurons was assessed in the C7 spinal cord segment of 5 EMND and 5 control horses. Mean number per section in EMND horses was reduced significantly (P<0.001). The mean neuronal loss was estimated at 31%. Each of the 5 affected horses had a mean neuronal count below the 95% confidence interval for control horses. The statistically significant difference between the 2 groups was consistent in the cranial, middle and caudal thirds of the C7 segment (P<0.001). The results of regression analysis indicated an association between neuronal reduction in EMND horses and th...
Effect of copper supplementation on the evidence of developmental orthopaedic disease in pasture-fed New Zealand Thoroughbreds. The effect of copper status on the evidence of bone and cartilage lesions was investigated in 21 Thoroughbred foals. The foals and their dams were grazed on pasture containing 4.4-8.6 mg Cu/kg dry matter (DM). Four treatment groups were created by randomly allocating mares and their foals to either copper supplemented (0.5 mg Cu/kg liveweight (LW)/day), or control (pasture only) groups. This experimental design allowed the effect of copper supplementation of mare and foal to be examined independently. Parameters of bone and cartilage development were assessed in the foals both in vivo, and at ...
Reconstruction of the jugular vein in horses with post thrombophlebitis stenosis using saphenous vein graft. A surgical technique is described in which a saphenous vein graft is used to reconstruct the jugular vein in horses with facial oedema due to post thrombophlebitic stenosis of the jugular vein. The saphenous vein was harvested from the contralateral limb and implanted in the occluded vein by 2 side-to-end anastomoses. Intra- and post operatively anticoagulative medication was administered. In 2 out of 3 patients the reconstruction resulted in a permanent patent graft and resolution of the facial oedema. In one patient the graft thrombosed.
Effect of copper supplementation on the copper status of pasture-fed young Thoroughbreds. The effect of copper supplementation of pasture fed mares and foals on the copper status of the foals, in terms of plasma, soft tissue and bone copper concentrations and caeruloplasmin activity, was investigated. Twenty-one Thoroughbred foals from either control mares (n = 9), or copper-supplemented mares (n = 12) were divided randomly into control (pasture only, n = 10) or supplemented (pasture and oral copper sulphate, n = 11) groups. The pasture diet was grazed by all animals, and contained 4.4-8.6 mg Cu/kg dry matter (DM). The copper supplement for the mares contained copper sulphate equiv...
Fluid administration attenuates the haemodynamic effect of frusemide in running horses. The effect of blood volume repletion after frusemide administration on the right atrial and pulmonary artery pressure responses of horses to exercise has not been reported. We examined right atrial and pulmonary artery pressure and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentration (ANP) responses to an incremental exercise test in 6 Standardbred mares. Horses were treated, in a 3 way cross over design, with isotonic saline, frusemide (1 mg/kg bwt, i.v.), and frusemide followed 3 h later by lactated Ringer's solution (12 ml/kg bwt, i.v.). Three and a half hours after saline or frusemide administr...
Tapeworm infection is a significant risk factor for spasmodic colic and ileal impaction colic in the horse. The association between the equine intestinal tapeworm Anoplocephala perfoliata and specific types of intestinal disease was investigated by matched case-control study using coprological and serological diagnosis. We have previously shown that the host IgG(T) response to 12/13 kDa antigens of A. perfoliata correlates well with infection intensity, therefore this antibody response was used to investigate the risk of colic at different levels of parasite infection intensity. One hundred and three spasmodic colic cases with an equal number of controls matched for age, breed and gender, and 20 ile...
Cortisol, peptides and catecholamines in cerebrospinal fluid, pituitary effluent and peripheral blood of ponies. Cannulation of the pituitary effluent in horses is a useful method for investigating the release of pituitary hormones in loco (Irvine and Alexander 1987). Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and arginine vasopression (AVP) concentrations in plasma collected from the intercavemous sinus, which receives all the pituitary outflow, were several times greater than those measured in peripheral plasma (Redekopp et at 1986). However, no studies evaluating the pituitary contribution to endogenous opioid secretion have been reported in the equine species. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) directly reflects CNS ...
