Veterinary parasitology.
Publisher:
Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co.. Amsterdam : Elsevier
Frequency: Monthly, 2019-
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Start Year:1975 -
ISSN:
0304-4017 (Print)
1873-2550 (Electronic)
0304-4017 (Linking)
1873-2550 (Electronic)
0304-4017 (Linking)
Impact Factor
2.6
2022
| NLM ID: | 7602745 |
| (DNLM): | V05960000(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 01939255 |
| Coden: | VPARDI |
| Classification: | W1 VE933U |
Observations on the prevalence of trypanosomosis in small ruminants, equines and cattle, in relation to tsetse challenge, in The Gambia. The prevalence of trypanosome infections in Djallonké sheep and West African Dwarf goats at different sites in The Gambia showed a significant, positive correlation with contemporary assessments of tsetse challenge. A similar correlation was observed in village N'Dama cattle which showed comparable prevalence values in the same areas. Trypanosome prevalences also tended to be higher in horses and donkeys in areas with high tsetse challenge compared with sites with relatively few flies. A ranking of the numbers of tsetse blood-meals from cattle, small ruminants and equines (1:0.06: > 0.03) ...
Critical test evaluation (1977-1992) of drug efficacy against endoparasites featuring benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles (population S) in Shetland ponies. Several compounds (n = 13 single or combinations; most at therapeutic dosages) were evaluated between 1977 and 1992 in critical tests (n = 91) against benzimidazole (BZ) resistant small strongyles (Population S) and several other species of internal parasites in Shetland ponies, mostly under 1 year old. The closed breeding herd, from which the test ponies were selected, had been treated every 8 weeks with cambendazole (CBZ) for 4 years (1974-1978) and oxibendazole (OBZ) for 14 years (1978-1992). Published field test data (1974-1992) on older ponies in the herd showed BZ resistance of small str...
A study (1977-1992) of population dynamics of endoparasites featuring benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles (population S) in Shetland ponies. Critical tests (91) were done between 1977 and 1992 in Shetland ponies to evaluate drug susceptibility and population dynamics (present paper) of endoparasites. The test ponies, most less than 1 year old, were from a herd where older animals were treated every 8 weeks initially with cambendazole (CBZ) (1974-1978) and then with oxibendazole (OBZ) (1978-1992). Previous field test data (1974-1992) on older ponies in the breeding herd indicated the presence of benzimidazole (BZ) resistant small strongyles. Data on population dynamics from the present critical tests indicated that 28 species of sma...
Use of two in vitro methods for the detection of benzimidazole resistance in equine small strongyles (Cyathostoma spp.). Ten stables were included in a study to evaluate two in vitro methods for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomes by comparing a faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) to a larval development assay (LDA) and an egg hatch assay (EHA). The LDA was used in seven stables and EHA in the last three. On the basis of FECR values, resistance to benzimidazoles was detected in eight of the ten small strongyle populations. Resistance to pyrantel pamoate and ivermectin was not detected. The mean concentrations that inhibited hatching in 50% of the eggs (EC50), using thiabendazole (TBZ) in...
Comparison of moxidectin oral gel and ivermectin oral paste against a spectrum of internal parasites of ponies with special attention to encysted cyathostome larvae. Two dosages of moxidectin oral gel were evaluated and compared to a therapeutic dose of ivermectin oral paste in the control of a spectrum of gastrointestinal parasites of ponies naturally infected in southern Louisiana or Mississippi. Thirty-two mixed-breed ponies ranging in age from one to 21 years were used in this controlled test. Eight weeks prior to the experiment, ponies grazing on contaminated pasture were moved to a paddock and fed a pelleted ration, thus reducing or eliminating the potential for additional infection and ensuring the existence of a population of encysted larvae. Ponie...
Nested polymerase chain reaction for detection of Ehrlichia equi genomic DNA in horses and ticks (Ixodes pacificus). A nested polymerase chain reaction for detecting Ehrlichia equi in horses and ticks (Ixodes pacificus) was developed. A major second-round PCR product of 928 bp could be readily visualized in ethidium bromide-stained agarose minigels. An internal probe was used to verify the identity of the amplified product by non-radioactive (digoxigenin-based) Southern blotting; additional confirmation was provided by DNA sequence analysis. A dilution study testing the sensitivity of the PCR indicated that DNA derived from 3 infected neutrophils was sufficient to generate a PCR signal. The specificity of t...
Ctenocephalides felis flea infestation in horses. The horses were in two stables: in the first stable they were kept together with sheep and in the second stable they were kept together with goats. All horses in both stables were diagnosed as being infested with the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis felis. Foals were severely infested, whereas adult horses were only moderately infested.
Use of excretory/secretory antigens for the serodiagnosis of Anoplocephala perfoliata cestodosis. Whole worm extract (WWE) and excretory/secretory (E/S) antigens of Anoplocephala perfoliata were characterised by SDS-PAGE and their use in the serodiagnosis of equine cestodosis was evaluated. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to compare WWE and E/S antigen as the capture layer in an antibody capture ELISA. E/S antigen gave the best differentiation between sera from tapeworm-positive and tapeworm-negative horses. The E/S-ELISA was optimised and validated against sera from horses of known tapeworm status. This assay gave a diagnostic sensitivity of 68% (n = 38) and a specif...
Predacious activity of the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans against cyathostome larvae in faeces after passage through the gastrointestinal tract of horses. This study was undertaken to examine the potential of the nematode-trapping microfungus Duddingtonia flagrans to survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract of horses and subsequently to destroy free-living stages of cyathostomes in faecal cultures. Three different oral dose levels were tested, two horses being used for each level. Faeces were collected twice daily and the numbers of parasite eggs per gram of faeces were determined. The numbers of infective third stage larvae which developed in faecal cultures were determined after the cultures had been incubated for 2 weeks at 24 degre...
Outbreak of trypanosomosis due to Trypanosoma evansi in horses of Pantanal Mato-grossense, Brazil. This paper reports an outbreak of trypanosomosis due to Trypanosoma evansi in horses of the Pantanal Mato-grossense region of Brazil. Forty-eight horses died (51% mortality) and abortion in one mare was recorded. The clinical signs observed were fever, anemia, conjunctivitis, edema of the legs and lower parts of the body, progressive weakness, loss of condition, and loss of appetite. The diagnosis was confirmed by morphological and biometrical studies.
Controlled efficacy study of the bioequivalence of Strongid C and generic pyrantel tartrate in horses. The bioequivalence of Strongid C and generic pyrantel tartrate was determined in a controlled study using 30 horses with naturally acquired endoparasitic infections. Three horses were randomly allocated to each of ten replicates based on quantitative nematode and ascarid egg counts and fecal larvae culture results. Horses within each replicate were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. Horses in Treatment Group 1 received only oats; horses in Treatment Group 2 received generic pyrantel tartrate pellets (2.65 mg pyrantel tartrate kg-1) mixed with oats; horses in Treatment Group 3 ...
Dose titration of moxidectin oral gel against migrating Strongylus vulgaris and Parascaris equorum larvae in pony foals. Moxidectin was tested for efficacy in ponies against experimental infections of 56 day Strongylus vulgaris larvae and 11 day Parascaris equorum larvae. Three dosages of moxidectin were tested: 300 micrograms per kg live body weight, 400 micrograms per kg, and 500 micrograms per kg, and the vehicle served as control. Ponies were first infected with 600 S. vulgaris third-stage larvae (L3) on Experiment Day 0 and then with 3000 embryonated P. equorum eggs on Day 45. Moxidectin treatments were administered on Day 56 and necropsy examinations were performed on Day 91. Strongylus vulgaris fourth-sta...
Dose titration of moxidectin oral gel against gastrointestinal parasites of ponies. Moxidectin was tested as an oral gel formulation during a controlled test performed to evaluate dosages against equine gastrointestinal parasites. Four groups of ten ponies were used. Ponies ranged from 1 to 20 years of age and were naturally infected in southern Louisiana or Mississippi. Fecal exams and fecal cultures were performed on all ponies to determine the strongyle egg counts and the percent distributions of large and small strongyles. Following these determinations, ponies were allocated to replicates of four ponies to provide an even distribution of strongyle infection, age, weight ...
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies to Anoplocephala perfoliata in horse sera. A scolex antigen of the horse tapeworm Anoplocephala perfoliata containing at least 14 different proteins was employed in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibodies to A. perfoliata in equine sera. The assay was applied to sera from 426 slaughtered horses with different numbers of worms and with varying degrees of intestinal lesions. As measured by the ELISA, there was a very strong effect on the antibody levels both from the number of tapeworms present and from the intestinal lesion score. However, considerable individual variation was observed between horses wit...
Epidemiological aspects of equine babesioses in a herd of horses in Brazil. Epidemiological studies of Babesia equi and B. caballi were undertaken in a herd of 120 pastured horses in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The area where the horses were held was shown to be highly endemic for both Babesia spp., i.e. the prevalence of B. equi antibodies in horses aged 6 months or older ranged from 90.6% to 100% as determined by the immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) test, and the prevalence of B. caballi antibodies as determined by Western blot ranged from 59.4% to 65.5%. From the herd, 20 foals and their dams were selected to estimate the degree of tick infestation and the foals were ...
The prevalence and abundance of internal parasites in working horses autopsied in Poland. The digestive tracts of 50 working horses from private farms in Poland were examined. Thirty-seven nematode species, two tapeworm species and one species of botfly were recovered. The most prevalent small strongyle species were Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus goldi, Cylicostephanus longibursatus, Cyathostomum coronatum, Cylicostephanus calicatus, Cylicocyclus leptostomus and Cylicostephanus minutus. Thirteen cyathostome species showed a site preference in the ventral colon, five in the dorsal colon and three in the caecum. One species, Cylicocyclus triramosus, wa...
Recent developments in elucidating tick vector relationships for anaplasmosis and equine piroplasmosis. This brief review focuses first on several epidemiologically relevant aspects of anaplasmosis, including: (1) the role of male ticks as intrastadial, biological vectors of Anaplasma through interhost transfer; (2) the application of molecular diagnostic assays in assessing tick vector competence and evaluating the role of chronically infected carrier cattle as sources of Anaplasma marginale infection in vector ticks; (3) opportunities provided by a recently developed in vitro tick feeding system in quantitating studies of tick-hemoparasite-host interactions. Lastly, current knowledge of the st...
Polyclonal antibody-based antigen-detection immunoassay for diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi in buffaloes and horses. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed for the detection of Trypanosoma evansi antigens in serum samples of field cases of buffaloes and horses in northern India. In 323 naturally infected/suspected buffaloes, circulating antigenaemia was detected in 180 (55.72%), whereas parasitaemia by wet blood smear examination was found in 62 (19.19%) only. The antigen-ELISA was positive in 47 of the 62 parasitologically proven cases and in 86 of the 116 cases with anti-trypanosome antibodies detected by ELISA. Of the 80 horses examined antigen-ELISA was positive in 45 (56.75%) sera. Th...
Activity of praziquantel (0.5 mg kg-1) against Anoplocephala perfoliata (Cestoda) in equids. Praziquantel injectable formulation was administered at 0.5 mg k-1 per os to 24 equids naturally infected with 1-183 (average 40) Anoplocephala perfoliata. Drug activity was evaluated by a modified critical test method with necropsy 24 h after treatment. There was variable efficacy of 0-100% (aggregate average 85%); for 18 equids, 93-100%, for three equids, 70-85%, and for three equids, 0-20%.
Equine parafilariosis in Iran. From March to September 1991, horses (n = 1567), donkeys (n = 112) and mules (n = 96) were examined for equine parafilariosis by random sampling from different areas of Iran. The clinical signs of equine parafilariosis were observed in 136 cases of two northern areas (1.4% and 41.3% infection rate) and one northeastern area (6.3% infection rate). Most of the infected cases were confirmed by laboratory findings. All infected cases were followed up to establish the epidemiological features. The results suggest that there is one enzootic area in Iran, the Caspian coast and Persian Turkman steppes...
In vitro assessment of two species of nematophagous fungi (Arthrobotrys oligospora and Arthrobotrys flagrans) to control the development of infective cyathostome larvae from naturally infected horses. The ability of two species of nematophagous fungi, Arthrobotrys oligospora and Arthrobotrys flagrans (syn. Trichothecium flagrans, Duddingtonia flagrans), to control the development of infective larvae in feces from naturally infected horses was assessed in vitro. The horses were from a farm where it had been previously established that cyathostomes accounted for 100% of the strongyle egg output. The feces from these naturally infected horses were mixed with spores of each fungal species at four concentrations: 0 (control), 1, 10, and 100 spores per egg. Five replicates for each group were inc...
Comparison of daily and monthly pyrantel treatment in yearling thoroughbreds and the protective effect of strategic medication of mares on their foals. Studies on a Thoroughbred breeding farm in Ohio were done to: (1) compare the effects of daily administration of pyrantel tartrate feed pellets with monthly administration of a pyrantel pamoate paste to yearling horses (21 January-3 September); (2) assess the effects of daily pyrantel tartrate given strategically in spring/summer to foaling mares (1 April-16 August) and given for a prolonged period to barren mares (21 January-3 September); (3) determine if strategic medication of foaling mares with daily pyrantel tartrate protected their foals until weaning. There were no differences in cyatho...
Survey in central Kentucky for prevalence of Anoplocephala perfoliata in horses at necropsy in 1992. A total of 118 horses was examined at necropsy in central Kentucky for the tapeworm Anoplocephala perfoliata. The examination period was between 28 August and 21 December 1992. Prevalence was 64% for Thoroughbreds (n = 81 examined) and 54% for non-Thoroughbreds (n = 37 examined). The number of tapeworms per infected horse varied from one to 853. Data on infections are categorized by breed, sex (n = 38 males, 8 geldings, and 72 females), age (1-31 years), and month of necropsy of the horses.
Comparative efficacy of moxidectin and ivermectin against hypobiotic and encysted cyathostomes and other equine parasites. Efficacies of moxidectin and ivermectin were compared in four groups of eight ponies with natural parasite infections: placebo (Control), oral moxidectin gel at 0.3 mg kg-1 of body weight (Mox 0.3), oral moxidectin gel at 0.4 mg kg-1 of body weight (Mox 0.4), and oral ivermectin paste at 0.2 mg kg-1 of body weight (Ivermectin). Fecal samples were taken 0 and 2 weeks after treatment. Animals were necropsied and worms were collected 2 weeks after treatment. Moxidectin and ivermectin showed similar efficacy (99%) against adult cyathostomes, Strongylus spp., Triodontophorus spp. and Habronema musc...
Transmission of some species of internal parasites in horses born in 1990, 1991, and 1992 in the same pasture on a farm in central Kentucky. Studies were conducted on transmission of natural infections of several species of internal parasites in horses born and kept on the same pasture on a farm in central Kentucky. Data for the first year (1989) of a 4 year study on this farm have been published recently. The present research represents the second (1990), third (1991), and fourth (1992) years of the investigation. The number of animals (n = 28) examined varied from eight born in 1990 to ten each born in 1991 and 1992. For each year, examination was made of one horse per month, beginning in June of the year of birth and extending t...
Control of cambendazole-resistant small strongyles (Population S) with oxibendazole in a pony band: an 8 year field test (1984-1992). Studies in a band of ponies harboring Population S benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles were initiated in 1974 and have continued for 18 years. Treatment (bimonthly) was with cambendazole for the first 4 years and with oxibendazole (OBZ) for the next 14 years. Data on the first 10 years have been published. The present investigation includes the last 8 years (4 October 1984-11 September 1992), which are the seventh through fourteenth years, of treatment with OBZ. Pre- and posttreatment mean counts of strongyle eggs (epg) and larvae (lpg) per gram of feces were determined biweekly during th...
Characterisation of proteolytic activity of excretory-secretory products from adult Strongylus vulgaris. An excretory-secretory (ES) preparation derived from adult Strongylus vulgaris in vitro was assessed for proteolytic activity using azocasein and synthetic, fluorogenic, peptide substrates. Fractionation was by molecular sieve fast protein liquid chromatography (molecular sieve FPLC) and resolution by gelatin-substrate sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (gelatin-substrate SDS-PAGE). The cysteine proteinase activator, dithiothreitol (DTT), enhanced azocaseinolysis and hydrolysis of carbobenzoxy-phenylalanyl-arginine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin (Z-Phe-Arg-NMec) by the ES pre...
Production and characterization of monospecific adult worm infections of Strongylus vulgaris and Strongylus edentatus in ponies. Since 1978, 20 surgical implantations of either Strongylus vulgaris or Strongylus edentatus have been performed in our laboratory for the purpose of obtaining single species cultures of these parasites. Following surgical implantation peak EPG values of 13-327 (S. vulgaris) and 363-1284 (S. edentatus) generally occurred during the first 3 weeks post-implantation. Duration of infections was as long as 5 years. Successful outcome of such surgeries appears to be related to the total number of parasites used (> or = 38) and the ratio of female to male worms implanted (1:1 or 2:1).
Natural infections of Strongyloides westeri: prevalence in horse foals on several farms in central Kentucky in 1992. During the period 28 February-1 July 1992, fecal samples were collected and examined for eggs of Strongyloides westeri once from each of 382 horse foals (364 Thoroughbreds, 16 Standardbreds, one Lippizaner, and one draft-type horse) in central Kentucky. Ages of the foals at the time of sampling ranged from 7 to 63 days (mean 22 days). The nine farms in the study were considered to have overall excellent deworming programs. None of the foals had been treated with an antiparasitic compound before the study. Eggs of S. westeri were found in 6% (22 of 382) of the foals on 78% (7 of 9) of the farms...