The veterinary quarterly.
Publisher:
Published for the Royal Netherlands Veterinary Assn. by M. Nijhoff.. Abingdon, Oxfordshire : Taylor & Francis (2011)
Frequency: Quarterly
Country: England
Language: English
Author(s):
Koninklijke Nederlandse Maatschappij voor Diergeneeskunde.
Start Year:1979 -
ISSN:
0165-2176 (Print)
1875-5941 (Electronic)
0165-2176 (Linking)
1875-5941 (Electronic)
0165-2176 (Linking)
Impact Factor
6.4
2022
| NLM ID: | 7909485 |
| (DNLM): | V06055000(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 05393794 |
| Coden: | VEQUDU |
| LCCN: | sc 83003347 |
| Classification: | W1 VE9332F |
Differentiation and genomic and antigenic variation among fetal, respiratory, and neurological isolates from EHV1 and EHV4 infections in The Netherlands. Ten monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced against equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV1). Two appeared type-specific, while the other eight were directed against epitopes common to both EHV1 and EHV4. Two MAbs directed against the glycoprotein gp2 recognized linear epitopes, as demonstrated by Western blotting. With pools of type-specific MAbs, 282 field isolates were typed in an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA). From a total of 254 fetal or neonatal isolates, 244 (96%) were typed as EHV1, whereas 14 out of 15 (93%) respiratory tract isolates were typed as EHV4. Surprisingly, 3 out of 1...
Urinary concentration of corticoids in ponies with hyperlipoproteinaemia or hyperadrenocorticism. The urinary corticoid:creatinine (c:c) ratio was determined in ten pony mares suffering from hyperlipoproteinaemia. The mean (+/- sd) urinary c:c ratio of these ten ponies (47 +/- 31 x 10(-6)) was not significantly different from that of twelve pony mares with a pituitary pars intermedia adenoma (31 +/- 18 x 10(-6). The correlation between the urinary concentration of corticoids and plasma total lipids, and the correlation between the urinary c:c ratio and plasma total lipids in ponies with hyperlipoproteinaemia were not significant (P > 0.05; r = 0.53 and r = 0.008, respectively). Preliminary...
The use of a polypropylene mesh for treatment of ruptured collateral ligaments of the equine metatarsophalangeal joint: a report of two cases. The prognosis of ruptured collateral ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joint in horses is usually considered to be poor, especially for future athletic performance. The main problem is the development, due to joint instability, of osteoarthritis, which may result in persistent lameness. In this paper a surgical technique is described in which joint stabilisation is realised by using a polypropylene mesh as a substitute for the ruptured ligaments, with the subsequent application of a cast for 7 weeks. The technique was successfully performed in 2 horses with ruptured l...
Laminitis in the horse: a review. Laminitis has been a recognized disease since early Greek and Roman times, but it is still bothering both practitioners and scientists. In the last decade a lot of new fundamental research has been done to elucidate the pathogenesis of laminitis. New insights into the pathogenesis, the predisposing factors (including nutritional overload, endotoxaemia, shock, management, etcetera), clinical and radiological signs, differential diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of the disease are described. The data, however, are not always in agreement with each other, giving further proof of the complexity of...
Mortality supposedly due to intoxication by pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Heliotropium indicum in a horse population in Costa Rica: a case report. This article describes a case of massive mortality among horses which was probably due to intoxication by pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Heliotropium indicum. Over 4 years more than 75% of a population of about 110 horses on a farm in Costa Rica died after showing nervous neurological symptoms. Two clinical manifestations were encountered, an acute and a chronic one, both with a fatal outcome. Pathological findings in 2 horses coincided with those reported in the literature for intoxication by pyrrolizidine alkaloids and were not specific for VEE. However Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) was...
Electromyography in the horse in veterinary medicine and in veterinary research–a review. In veterinary practice electromyography is a useful diagnostic technique for differentiating neuropathies, junctionopathies, and myopathies. The electromyogram gives information on the state of activity of motor neurons at rest, in reflex contraction, and in voluntary contraction. As a research tool, the electromyogram can be used to understand the complexity of the neuromuscular system. It has applications in horses for assessing muscle activation patterns and for providing a more complete understanding of the pathology of the muscles and nerves.
In-shoe foot force sensor to assess hoof balance determined by radiographic method in ponies trotting on a treadmill. Adaptation of an in-foot shoe force sensor and the gait analysis system 'Fscan' makes it possible to monitor the distribution of the vertical forces under the equine foot in motion. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of two different trimmings on forces under the foot during the trot. The first one increased the height of the lateral hoof wall and the second one restored the mediolateral balance of the foot. These two trimmings were examined by using a radiographical method that quantifies the interphalangeal articular asymmetries due to asymmetrical bearing. The location of t...
Fertility of Shetland pony stallions used in different breeding systems: a retrospective study. In horses reproductive performance is usually expressed as the foaling rate. This rate ranges from 40% to 80%. Three major factors contribute to this variation namely, the stallion, the mare and management. In this study, the performance of Shetland ponies kept in three different breeding systems was investigated retrospectively. In one breeding system, the stud farmer travelled with his stallion (n = 9) to the mare (system 1) while in another system, the stallion (n = 3) stayed at the stud farm and the mares came to the stallion (system 2). The last system was pasture breeding (system 3; n = ...
Atrial fibrillation associated with central nervous symptoms and colic in a horse: a case of equine cardiomyopathy. A 18-year-old Dutch Warmblood mare was referred for colic. Upon arrival, lethargy, blindness, head pressing, ataxia, and circling were the main clinical signs. On rectal examination a hard mass and oedema around the cranial mesenteric artery were palpated. Plasma liver enzyme activities and the ammonia level were elevated. Atrial fibrillation with a pulse frequency of 36-52 beats per minute was noticed. On both sides a holosystolic murmer with the maximum intensity on the right side could be auscultated. Postmortem examination revealed eccentric hypertrophy of the right atrium and a pale spott...
The reappearance of strongyle eggs in the faeces of horses after treatment with moxidectin. The reappearance of strongyle eggs in the faeces of horses treated with moxidectin (0.4 mg/kg of body weight) was compared with that in the faeces of horses treated with ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg of body weight). The study was performed from December 1995 till June 1996. Horses were infected naturally in the preceding grazing period. Two groups of 24 horses each were treated with moxidectin and ivermectin respectively at week 0. No side effects were seen after treatment. Horses were housed from week -1 till week 17. From week 17 onwards the horses were on pasture. Faecal samples were taken from ea...
Parasites of stomach and small intestine of 70 horses slaughtered in The Netherlands. The prevalence of metazoan parasites in the stomach and small intestine was investigated in 70 horses slaughtered in the period February 1994-July 1994. Most horses were young (1.5-3 years) and in good condition. Trichostrongylus axei was the most prevalent parasite species in the stomach (51.4%), followed by Gasterophilus intestinalis (41.4%) and Habronema spp. (4.3%). In the small intestine, Parascaris equorum (28.6%) and Paranoplocephala mamillana (1.4%) were found. The mean worm burden of T. axei was 957 (max. 8502), of G. intestinalis 21 (max. 84), of Habronema spp. 3 (max. 5), and of P. ...
Airborne dust and aeroallergen concentrations in different sources of feed and bedding for horses. Standardized methods were used to make quantitative and qualitative assessments of respirable dust and aeroallergens in feed and bedding for horses. Concentrations of airborne dust were measured by using a Rion particle counter, and levels of major aeroallergens implicated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were measured by using an Andersen sampler. Laboratory conditions allowed comparison of the different sources of forage, supplements, and bedding without external influences such as ventilation, external temperature and horse activity affecting the result. Grass silages of approximate...
Acute colitis in adult horses. A review with emphasis on aetiology and pathogenesis. This review article describes the different aetiological agents known or suspected to cause colitis in the adult horse, namely Salmonella spp., Clostridium spp., Ehrlichia risticii, Cyathostomes, fungi, various antibiotics, drugs, and toxins, with emphasis on their mechanism of action. For each of the infectious agents, diagnostic procedures are indicated. The effects of endotoxin can be important in all forms of equine colitis.
Microphthalmia, brachygnathia superior, and palatocheiloschisis in a foal associated with griseofulvin administration to the mare during early pregnancy. An 18 year old Friesian mare was treated with griseofulvin for dermatomycosis in the second month of pregnancy. Pregnancy was uneventful and after 331 days a male foal was born. The foal showed bilateral microphthalmia, severe brachygnathia superior, and palatocheiloschisis. The lesions were incompatible with life and the animal was euthanized. As similar lesions have been described in other species associated with griseofulvin administration during pregnancy, and the development of the eyes and facial bones in the horse occurs in the second month of pregnancy, the lesions most likely can be a...
Characterization of muscarinic receptors in equine tracheal smooth muscle in vitro. This study was undertaken to assess the importance of muscarinic receptor subtypes in equine airway disease. Smooth muscle strips from the mid-cervical portion of the trachea of horses were placed in tissue baths and isometric contractile force was measured. Active force was measured in response to metacholine and the selective muscarinic receptor agonists McN-A-343 (M1-selective) and pilocarpine (M2-selective) in cumulative concentrations (10(-9)M through 10(-3)M), with and without preincubation with three or four concentrations of the selective muscarinic receptor antagonists pirenzepine (M1...
Intramuscular bioavailability of ketoprofen lysine salt in horses. Lysine salts are often used in human pharmaceuticals to increase the solubility and absorption of acidic drugs when these are administered parenterally. In this study the intramuscular bioavailability of ketoprofen administered as the lysine salt was evaluated in horses (n = 5) treated intravenously and intramuscularly (2.2 mg/kg active substance) in a cross-over study. The absorption rate of ketoprofen administered as the lysine salt was rather low: the mean residence time increased from 31.7 min after IV injection to 128.9 min (after IM injection), and the bioavailability was high (mean 92.4...
Monoclonal gammopathy in a Dutch warmblood mare. A 15-year-old Dutch warmblood mare was presented because of lethargy, which had been present for several weeks, and severe anaemia. Total protein was high and serum electrophoresis revealed a monoclonal peak in the alpha-2 region. Monoclonal immunoglobulin, IgG(T), was detected by immuno-electrophoresis in serum and urine. Postmortem examination revealed a relatively large number of plasmacytoid cells in the bone marrow and a monotonous population of plasmacytoid cells in the spleen. These findings are suggestive of a plasma cell myeloma.
A survey of horses with acute diarrhoea: diagnosis, assessment of the prognosis, and comparison of two antibiotic therapies. Twenty horses, ponies, and foals referred with acute diarrhoea were divided at random into two treatment groups. One group was treated intravenously with trimethoprim/ sulfadiazine and the other group with ampicillin/gentamicin. Both groups were given the same standardized symptomatic therapy. All animals were evaluated clinically and 5 variables (general impression, heart rate, rectal temperature, appetite, and consistency of the faeces) were estimated on a five point scale (0-4). Jugular blood samples were taken at admittance and at regular intervals for routine screening. Three blood variab...
Data on the prevalence of tapeworm infestations in horses in The Netherlands. The prevalence of tapeworm infestations was investigated in 70 horses slaughtered in the period February 1994-July 1994. Most horses were half-breed, young (1.5-3 years), and in good condition. They were bought for slaughter by dealers on local markets, and their treatment history was therefore unknown. Tapeworm infestations were seen in 16 horses (23%). Fifteen (21%) had an infection with Anoplocephala perfoliata. One horse had a single specimen of Paranoplocephala mamillana. The average number of A. perfoliata was 45 and the highest number was 508.
Equine arteritis virus: a review of clinical features and management aspects. Sero-epidemiological surveys have revealed that equine arteritis virus (EAV) is prevalent in most European countries. The virus causes sporadic cases of respiratory disease and abortion in horses, the incidence of which has increased in recent years. Mares and geldings eliminate virus after acute infection, but 30% to 60% of stallions become persistently infected. In these animals, EAV is maintained within the reproductive tract and is shed continuously in the semen. Persistent infection with EAV in stallions has no negative consequences for fertility but mares inseminated with virus-contamina...
A mare with colic caused by an ovarian tumour. An 11-year-old Arabian mare had sudden signs of colic 10 days post partum. Rectal examination revealed a large mass in the abdomen. The mare was successfully operated on for a granulosa cell tumour of 31.5 kg. The large abdominal wound healed by primary intention.
Comparison of the reappearance of strongyle eggs on foals, yearlings and adult horses after treatment with ivermectin or pyrantel. The reappearance of strongyle eggs in faeces after treatment with ivermectin or pyrantel embonate was investigated in 22 foals, 36 yearlings, and 45 adult horses on five Dutch horse farms. The results confirmed earlier studies which showed an egg reappearance period of 9 and 6 weeks after ivermectin and pyrantel treatment, respectively. There were no differences between the egg reappearance periods of foals, yearlings, and adult horses. The mean egg counts of the yearlings were, however, consistently higher than the mean egg counts of the adult horses and foals in both ivermectin- and pyrantel...
Computerized ECG recording in horses during a standardized exercise test. In the horse, it is important to make a reliable ECG recording during exercise as cardiac arrhythmia is one of the possible causes of poor performance. The purpose of the present study was to obtain a satisfactory, standardized method for ECG recording by computer during a standardized treadmill exercise test and to evaluate the procedure both in healthy and in diseased horses. Ten experienced healthy research horses were used to develop and adapt the original method (for humans) of computerized ECG recording with the Cardio Perfect software program and to obtain reference values for heart rat...
Load redistribution after desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon in adult horses. An analysis of joint moments was used to study the biomechanical implications, load redistribution and kinematic pattern following desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (AL) in adult horses. Recordings of 6 sound horses were made before and 10 days after desmotomy of the AL of the right forelimb at the walk and the trot. Kinematic recordings of the right forelimb and the left distal forelimb were made using the CODA-3 system. Kinetic recordings of the ground reaction forces in both forelimbs were made using a Kistler force plate simultaneously with the kinematic...
Thrombosis of the aorta and the caudal arteries in the horse; additional diagnostics and a new surgical treatment. The prognosis of aortic-iliac thrombosis (TAI) is usually considered to be poor, although affected horses are reported to have recovered following treatment with sodium gluconate. This paper presents some diagnostic techniques to monitor the development of hypoxemia in the diseased limb and to visualise the extension of the thrombosis into the femoral artery. Also, a surgical technique using a Fogarty thrombectomy catheter for partial or total removal of thrombi to restore blood flow, is described. One horse recovered completely, allowing it to resume its former career, the other horse improve...
Biomechanical effects of rocker-toed shoes in sound horses. In many Western European countries rocker-toed shoes are applied routinely in sound horses. This is in contrast to most Anglo-Saxon countries where rocker-toed shoes are used almost exclusively for corrective or orthopaedic shoeing. The purposes of rocker-toed shoes are to hasten or facilitate breakover, or to encourage breakover to occur at the centre of the toe. This study compares the biomechanical effects of rocker-toed shoes with standard flat shoes in twelve sound Dutch warmblood horses, using a modified CODA-3 gait analysis system and a force plate. The variables analysed were speed of ...
Total replacement of the metatarsophalangeal joint in the horse. A single pilot study. In this paper the successful replacement of an equine metatarsophalangeal joint by a human total condylar knee prosthesis is reported. In the period of observation following implantation of the endoprosthesis the experimental animal showed almost no lameness when exercised at walk, bearing weight on the operated limb. Flexion and extension of the joint were markedly reduced. The clinical and histological observations clearly support further investigation into the equine metatarsophalangeal joint replacement by an endoprosthesis.
Bioavailability of pivampicillin and ampicillin trihydrate administered as an oral paste in horses. Pivampicillin was administered as an oral paste to five healthy adult horses, and an oral paste with ampicillin trihydrate was administered to three horses. Pivampicillin was administered to both starved and fed horses, ampicillin trihydrate was administered to fed horses only. The dose of pivampicillin was 19.9 mg/kg, and the dose of ampicillin trihydrate was 17 mg/kg. Both doses are equivalent on a molecular basis to 15 mg/kg ampicillin. Ampicillin concentrations in plasma were determined up to 24 hours after administration. After administration of pivampicillin to starved and fed horses the...
Are kinematics of the walk related to the locomotion of a warmblood horse at the trot? In purchase examinations or at studbook selection sales the locomotor apparatus of horses is judged both at walk and trot. To evaluate whether kinematics of the walk are related to the locomotion at the trot, fore and hind limb movements of a group of 24 26-month-old warmbloods were recorded at walk and trot on a treadmill (1.6 and 4 m/s) using a modified CODA-3 gait analysis system. The intralimb coordination patterns at walk and trot were compared, and temporal and spatial variables of these gaits were related. Stride and stance durations (s) were shorter at the trot, while the stance distan...
The diagnostic nerve block of the sesamoidean nerve: desensitized structures and possible clinical applications. The sesamoidean nerve branches from the palmar nerve and runs towards the proximal sesamoid bone. To study the structures innervated by this nerve, a technique for blocking it was developed. The effect of this nerve block was determined in ponies with an induced lameness located in the lateral proximal sesamoid bone (5 ponies) or in the distal part of the lateral branch of the suspensory ligament (5 ponies), and in 10 horses with clinical sesamoidosis. A lameness provoked by the implantation of an expansion plug in the proximal sesamoid bone could, to a large extent, be anaesthetized by a sesa...