Topic:Acetate
Acetate is a short-chain fatty acid that plays a vital role in equine energy metabolism and digestive function. In horses, it is produced during the fermentation of fibrous feeds in the hindgut, serving as a key energy source that influences overall performance and health. In equine research, acetate is measured as a biomarker because its levels provide insight into the efficiency of hindgut fermentation. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that examine the production, absorption, and metabolic effects of acetate in horses.
Simultaneous quantification and confirmation of oxycodone and its metabolites in equine urine using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Oxycodone, an opioid commonly used to treat pain in humans, has the potential to be abused in racehorses to enhance their performance. To understand the pharmacokinetics of oxycodone and its metabolites in horses, as well as to detect the illegal use of oxycodone in racehorses, a method for quantification and confirmation of oxycodone and its metabolites is needed. In this study, we developed and validated an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method that can simultaneously quantify and confirm oxycodone and eight metabolites in equine urine. Sa...
Diet modulates strongyle infection and microbiota in the large intestine of horses. The use of anthelminthic drugs has several drawbacks, including the selection of resistant parasite strains. Alternative avenues to mitigate the negative effects of helminth infection involve dietary interventions that might affect resistance and/or tolerance by improving host immunity, modulating the microbiota, or exerting direct anthelmintic effects. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of diet on strongyle infection in horses, specifically through immune-mediated, microbiota-mediated, or direct anthelmintic effects. Horses that were naturally infected with strongyles were fed eit...
Intra-articular triamcinolone acetonide injection results in increases in systemic insulin and glucose concentrations in horses without insulin dysregulation. Corticosteroids are a commonly used, inexpensive intra-articular treatment for osteoarthritis which may increase the risk for laminitis in horses due, in part, to hyperinsulinaemia. Humans with metabolic syndrome experience increases in insulin and glucose concentrations post-injection, but responses in horses are unknown. Objective: To determine the effect of a single intra-articular (IA) dose of triamcinolone acetate (TA) on blood insulin and glucose concentrations. Methods: Before-after study. Methods: Ten horses with normal insulin regulation as assessed by an oral sugar test received 18â€...
Concentration Dependent Influence of Lipopolysaccharides on Separation of Hoof Explants and Supernatant Lactic Acid Concentration in an Ex Vivo/In Vitro Laminitis Model. Laminitis is one of the most common diseases in horses. It is not only painful for the animal, but also has a significant financial impact on the equine industry. This multifactorial disease affects the connective tissue of the hoof. However, the pathogenesis of laminitis is still not fully understood. Endotoxins, also known as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and bacterial exotoxins seem to play an important role during the development of laminitis. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of increasing LPS concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 100 μg/mL) on cell viability of isolated epide...
Bacterial carbohydrate-degrading capacity in foal faeces: changes from birth to pre-weaning and the impact of maternal supplementation with fermented feed products. The present study aimed at (1) describing age-related changes in faecal bacterial functional groups involved in carbohydrate degradation and in their activities in foals (n 10) from birth (day (d) 0) to 6 months (d180) and (2) investigating the effect of maternal supplementation (five mares per treatment) from d - 45 to d60 with fermented feed products on response trends over time of the foal bacterial carbohydratedegrading capacity. Maternal supplementation with fermented feed products stimulated foal growth from d0 to d60 and had an impact on the establishment of some digestive bacterial gro...
Age-dependent regulation of sodium-potassium adenosinetriphosphatase and sodium-hydrogen exchanger mRNAs in equine nonglandular mucosa. To determine whether expression of mRNA for sodium-potassium adenosine-triphosphatase (NAKA) and sodium-hydrogen exchanger (NHE) in samples of the nonglandular portion of the equine gastric mucosa was altered by exposure to volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in an acidic environment. Methods: 10 horses (5 or = 12 years old). Methods: Samples of the nonglandular portion of the gastric mucosa were collected and exposed in Ussing chambers to Ringer's solution (control samples), Ringer's solution containing a mixture of VFAs (pH, 1.5 or 4.0), or Ringer's solution containing acetic acid (pH, 1.5 or 4.0)....
1H NMR investigation of normal and osteo-arthritic synovial fluid in the horse. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) has been successfully used in the study of many biological fluids. The data presented here report on the metabolic profiles of normal equine synovial fluids compared with osteoarthritic (OA) fluids. Twenty-five OA synovial fluid samples and eight normal ones were collected from the forelimb fetlock joint in 22 horses, aged between five and 24 years. 1H NMR spectroscopy was carried out with a Bruker Avance DRX 500 equiped with a cryo-magnet working at 11 Tesla, and 'Mestre-C 4.9.9.6' software was used to analyze the spectra. The study assessed the...
Effect of yeast culture on in vitro fermentation of a high-concentrate or high-fiber diet using equine fecal inoculum in a Daisy II incubator. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of a closed system, fermentation apparatus (Daisy II incubator) and determine the effects of a yeast culture (YC) preparation (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on in vitro microbial populations, diet digestion, and fermentation patterns in horses. In Exp. 1, 4 mature horses were fed a pelleted concentrate and alfalfa cubes in a 50:50 (%, as-fed) ratio. Fecal samples were taken from each horse to form the inoculum and placed in 4 separate incubation vessels. Twenty nylon bags (10 with 0.25 g and 10 with 0.50 g of the total mixed diet) were placed in e...
Fructooligosaccharide supplementation in the yearling horse: effects on fecal pH, microbial content, and volatile fatty acid concentrations. Short-chain fructooligosaccharides (FOS) were supplemented to the diets of nine quarter horses ranging in age from 489 to 539 d with initial BW averaging 400.6 +/- 21.2 kg. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of dietary FOS on the fecal responses in terms of pH, the microbial population, and VFA concentrations. The horses were used in a 3 x 3 replicated Latin square design, fed according to NRC requirements, and their individual diets were supplemented with no FOS (CON), 8 g of FOS/d (LOW), or 24 g of FOS/d (HIGH) over three 10-d feeding periods. On the last 3 d of each ...
Effects of hydrochloric, acetic, butyric, and propionic acids on pathogenesis of ulcers in the nonglandular portion of the stomach of horses. To identify the pathogenesis of gastric ulcers by comparing injury to the nonglandular gastric mucosa of horses caused by hydrochloric acid (HCl) or volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Methods: Gastric tissues from 30 horses. Methods: Nonglandular gastric mucosa was studied by use of Ussing chambers. Short-circuit current (Isc) and potential difference were measured and electrical resistance calculated for tissues after addition of HCl and VFAs to normal Ringer's solution (NRS). Tissues were examined histologically. Results: Mucosa exposed to HCl in NRS (pH, 1.5) had a significant decrease in Isc, co...
Unidirectional fluxes of short-chain fatty acids across segments of the large intestine in pig, sheep and pony compared with guinea pig. Unidirectional fluxes of short-chain fatty acids across pig, sheep and pony caecum, proximal and distal colon were studied under short-circuit current conditions in Ussing chambers. Findings are compared with results from guinea pig. Marked species differences are apparent; highest mucosal-to-serosal fluxes of acetate, propionate and butyrate were seen in guinea pig, lower values in pig and smallest fluxes in sheep and pony. Segmental differences between caecum, proximal and distal colon exist mainly in guinea pig and are less developed in pig, sheep and pony. Inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange by ...
Nutrient utilisation by the hindlimb of thoroughbred horses at rest. Nutrient uptake by the hindlimb was investigated utilising the arteriovenous difference technique in 5 Thoroughbred horses fed to maintenance a diet of 100% roughage or 52% oat grain and 48% roughage. Arterial blood was obtained from a catheter inserted into the carotid artery while venous blood was simultaneously collected from a catheter placed into the iliac vein via the medial saphenous vein. The arteriovenous difference for glucose was significant and represented a mean extraction of 10 +/- 1% with no effect of diet. If fully oxidised, glucose uptake (corrected for lactate and pyruvate ar...
A comparison of drug binding sites on mammalian albumins. The fluorescent probes warfarin and dansylsarcosine are known to selectively interact with binding sites I and II, respectively, on human albumin. This paper investigates whether similar binding sites exist on bovine, dog, horse, sheep and rat albumins. Binding sites on albumins were studied by: (1) displacement of warfarin and dansylsarcosine by site I (phenylbutazone) and site II (diazepam) selective ligands; (2) the effects of non-esterified fatty acids (carbon chain lengths: C5-C20) and changes in pH (6-9) on the fluorescence of warfarin and dansylsarcosine; and (3) the ability of site sel...
Contribution of whole blood L-lactate, pyruvate, D-lactate, acetoacetate, and 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations to the plasma anion gap in horses with intestinal disorders. Increased anion gap (AG) was due, in part, to L-lactic acidosis in 14 of 14 horses with intestinal disorders. In a few horses, increased whole blood concentrations of D-lactate made a minor contribution to the AG. However, the increase in AG was often greater than the sum of the increases in these 2 acid anions. This unexplained increase was not a result of increases in whole blood pyruvate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, or acetoacetate concentrations or serum albumin or phosphate concentrations. Identification of other anions causing increased AG could lead to better understanding, diagnosis, and treatm...
Comparison of acetate and glucose incorporation into rat and horse skin lipids. The relative efficiency of acetate and glucose as substrates for the biosynthesis of lipids in the skin of the rat and horse was examined using in vivo pulse labelling of skin with [1-14C]acetate and [U-14C]glucose by intradermal injections. The resulting radiolabelled lipids were recovered in the rat by punch biopsy as well as by daily, long-term skin surface lipid collections and in the horse by punch biopsy of the injection sites. The lipids were examined by liquid scintillation and by a combination of thin-layer chromatography and autoradiography. In both species the recovery of radiolabel...
Effect of diet on cecal pH and feeding behavior of horses. Three cecal-fistulated horses were used in a 3 × 3 latin square experiment to determine the influence of diet and of cecal infusions of Na2C03 on cecal fermentation and feeding behavior. The three treatments were hay, concentrate and concentrate plus hourly infusions of Na2CO3. Cecal fluid samples and cecal pH readings were taken at zero through 11 hr following feeding at the end of each experimental period, and animal activity was measured by the use of a movie camera set to take 5 sec of film every 5 minutes. Cecal pH was significantly lower at 4, 5 and 6 hr following feeding for the horses...