Omneity® Pellets
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Topic:Animal Health
Animal Health encompasses a broad range of topics focused on maintaining and improving the well-being of equine species. This field addresses various aspects of horse care, including disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of health conditions. Key areas of interest include equine nutrition, vaccination protocols, parasite control, dental care, and the management of chronic conditions such as laminitis and colic. Additionally, animal health research in horses investigates the impact of exercise and training on physical health, the role of genetics in disease susceptibility, and the development of new therapeutic approaches. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the latest advancements, challenges, and best practices in preserving and enhancing the health of horses.
Standing rectal and tail surgery. A variety of rectal, perirectal, and coccygeal surgeries can be performed in the standing equine patient if appropriate chemical and physical restraints are available and adequate regional anesthesia can be achieved. Some rectal tears and most rectal prolapses, mass lesions, perirectal abscesses, rectal biopsies, and selected injuries of the tail can be managed without prohibitive difficulty. Severe injuries that compromise the small colon cranial to the peritoneal reflection may require flank laparotomy, midline celiotomy, or humane euthanasia to manage the disease process effectively and app...
Standing musculoskeletal surgery. Indications for performing orthopedic surgery on the standing horse include inability to tolerate general anesthesia, risk of worsening an injury during recovery from anesthesia, and cost. The surgeon should be aware that performing surgery in the standing horse can be more demanding and require more experience than the same procedures when the time and convenience of general anesthesia are available. Improved sedatives and analgesics have allowed more latitude because the horses now are more tolerant than when older agents were used. Common sense should be applied to each situation before the...
Prevalence of virulent Rhodococcus equi in isolates from soil and feces of horses from horse-breeding farms with and without endemic infections. The prevalence of virulent Rhodococcus equi in isolates from soil and feces of foals on a farm with endemic R. equi infections was significantly higher than that of a farm with no history of the disease. Foals bred on a farm with the endemic disease might be constantly exposed to virulent R. equi in their environment.
An ultrasonographic off-set system for examination of equine tendons and ligaments. In a dorsal plane, an improved ultrasonographic off-set system was used to obtain serial ultrasonographic images with enhanced anatomic and pathologic detail of the tendons, ligaments, and associated structures of the limbs of 100 horses. The off-set provided good acoustic coupling between a linear array ultrasonographic transducer and the horse's skin. A water-soluble gel contained within the off-set had acoustic properties similar to those of mammalian soft tissues.
The decision process. Standing surgery versus general anesthesia and recumbency. The decision to perform a procedure in the standing patient rather than in a completely anesthetized patient depends on many factors, such as patient health, cost, time, facilities, and anesthetic expertise. Although the procedure often is technically easier to perform if the patient is anesthetized, cost and patient risk considerations may result in a decision to do the surgery standing. Surgical experience in performing procedures standing is important for a successful outcome.
Ophthalmic procedures and surgery in the standing horse. Although many ophthalmic procedures can be performed on the standing horse, the decision to perform a procedure under sedation rather than general anesthesia must be made on the basis of the temperament of the horse, severity of the injury, and skill of the veterinarian. For example, veterinarians who are not comfortable with small suture material may find accurate repair of an eyelid laceration easier after general anesthesia rather than attempting to handle this suture in a moving patient. Correct use of nerve blocks and topical anesthesia will greatly facilitate examination, diagnosis, and ...
Cardiovascular effects of low dose calcium chloride infusions during halothane anaesthesia in dorsally recumbent ventilated ponies. The effects of calcium chloride administered at low infusion rates on the cardiovascular depression and the blood calcium balance were studied during a constant halothane anaesthesia in dorsally recumbent ventilated ponies. A pronounced cardiopulmonary depression characterized by decreases of all cardiac parameters and lowering of the mean arterial blood pressure was observed after the initial anaesthetic stabilization period of 30 minutes in the ponies. A significant decrease in the total calcium plasma concentration together with a constant ionized and complexed calcium fraction was present ...
Cloning and characterization of gene TNF alpha encoding equine tumor necrosis factor alpha. We report the molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the equine gene encoding tumor necrosis factor alpha. The 2610-bp genomic sequence was derived from three overlapping polymerase chain reaction products.
Effect of an isoxsuprine-resin preparation on blood flow in the equine thoracic limb. The effects of an oral isoxsuprine-resin preparation on the blood flow in the thoracic limb of seven horses was determined by thermography. Treatment with the oral resin preparation resulted in increased skin temperatures compared with the non-medicated controls. The maximal temperature differences, 2.2 degrees C for the horses treated with 0.9 mg/kg and 1.8 degrees C for the horses treated with 1.2 mg/kg, occurred four hours after dosing. Plasma total isoxsuprine, determined in three horses, was detectable two hours after oral dosing and maximal eight hours after dosing, but free isoxsuprine ...
Comparison of the sedative effects of medetomidine and xylazine in horses. The sedative effects in horses of the new alpha 2 agonist medetomidine were compared with those of xylazine. Four ponies and one horse were treated on separate occasions with two doses of medetomidine (5 micrograms/kg bodyweight and 10 micrograms/kg bodyweight) and with one dose of xylazine (1 mg/kg bodyweight) given by intravenous injection. Medetomidine at 10 micrograms/kg was similar to 1 mg/kg xylazine in its sedative effect but produced more severe and more prolonged ataxia, and one animal fell over during the study. Medetomidine at 5 micrograms/kg produced less sedation but a similar deg...
Ultrasonic determination of fetal gender in horses and cattle under farm conditions. Accuracy of transrectal ultrasonic diagnosis of fetal gender by identifying and locating the genital tubercle was assessed in 85 horses and 102 dairy heifers and cows. Examinations were made once (horses and cattle) under farm conditions (cattle) on approximately Days 50 to 100. Definite diagnosis was made by removal of fetuses (horses) or after calving or abortion (cattle). In both species and both parities, accuracy was 100% (109 109 totaled over both species) when the certainty level recorded at the time of examination was 95 or 99%. At the lower levels of certainty (65 to 80%, 85 to 90%), ...
Plasma beta-endorphin and adrenocorticotrophin in young horses in training. A controlled period of submaximal exercise on a treadmill was used as a standardised stress test in 6 young horses to monitor the effects of training. Circulating plasma concentrations of immunoreactive beta-endorphin (IR beta-EP) were measured before, during and after the exercise period. The stress test was conducted on 3 occasions during an intensive training program lasting 14 weeks. In week 3 a marked increase in plasma IR beta-EP (P = 0.003) was demonstrated as a result of training, but by the last exercise test performed in week 9 no significant increase in plasma IR beta-EP concentrati...
The present status of BCG treatment in the veterinary practice. Horses with sarcoids, cows with ocular squamous cell carcinoma and dogs with mammary tumors were treated with intralesional injection of Bacillus Calmette Guérin. This treatment appeared to be effective in most cases of equine sarcoids, in 50 - 60% of the cows with ocular squamous cell carcinoma and was not effective in dogs with mammary tumors.
Expression of procoagulant activity by equine lung macrophages: stimulation by blood lymphocytes. Increases in procoagulant activities (PCA) in equine lung macrophages were induced by non-adherent blood lymphocytes which were prestimulated with phytohaemagglutinin for 48 to 72 hours or by supernatants harvested from prestimulated blood lymphocyte cultures. However, prestimulated lymphocyte suspensions themselves expressed PCA which was most probably derived from contaminating monocytes. Because non-adherent cells from lymphocyte suspensions may have attached to adherent macrophages, cells within lymphocyte suspensions might have contributed to the PCAs expressed by lymphocyte-stimulated lu...
Risk factors associated with injuries in thoroughbred horses. A case-control study was conducted on Thoroughbred horses to identify factors associated with the risk of breakdown on racetracks. A total of 310 cases (breakdowns) were identified from the Horse Identification Department records kept by the chief examining veterinarian of New York Racing Association. For each case, two control horses were selected randomly from the Daily Racing Form Inc. records. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify and quantify the risk of factors associated with breakdown, while simultaneously controlling for the effect of other putative factors. Facto...
Pharmacologic treatment of priapism in two horses. Benztropine mesylate was used successfully to treat priapism that developed during anesthesia in 2 horses. After IV injection, there was a rapid resolution of signs in both horses, and no side effects were observed. The choice of an effective method to treat priapism is challenging because precise causes in most patients have not been well-defined. Benztropine mesylate is a synthetic compound resulting from the combination of the active portions of atropine and diphenhydramine, and is believed effective because of its central acetyl-choline-antagonizing properties.
Effect of storage on measurement of ionized calcium and acid-base variables in equine, bovine, ovine, and canine venous blood. The stability of blood ionized calcium (Ca2+) and acid-base variables in equine, bovine, ovine, and canine venous blood samples (n = 15, in each group) stored at 4 C for 3, 6, 9, 24, or 48 hours was studied. Variables included blood Ca2+ and standard ionized calcium (Ca2+ corrected to pH 7.4) concentrations, pH, blood carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions, base excess, bicarbonate concentration, and total carbon dioxide content. Results indicate that storage of blood samples at 4 C for up to 48 hours, despite appreciable acid-base changes, is associated with less than 1.5% change in equine, bovin...
Electromagnetic stimulation of bone repair: a histomorphometric study. The effect of pulsing electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on bone repair was studied in principal metacarpal bones of eight adult male horses: Six horses were treated with PEMFs, and two horses were untreated. In treated horses, Helmholtz coils were applied during a 60-day period to the left metacarpal bones, bored with eight holes of equal diameter and depth, from the middiaphysis toward the distal metaphysis. Eight equal holes bored in the right metacarpal, surrounded by unactivated Helmholtz coils, were taken as controls. The two untreated horses were taken as additional control. The results of ...
Heterotopic transfer of fresh and cryopreserved autogenous articular cartilage in the horse. Two 10 mm thick osteochondral grafts were harvested from the lateral aspect of the lateral trochlear ridge of the left talus in each of 10 anesthetized horses. The grafts were frozen in a 7.5% DMSO solution and stored in liquid nitrogen. The horses were anesthetized again on day 14 and the thawed grafts were press-fitted into drill holes in the trochlear ridges of the right stifle. A fresh graft was transferred from the right hock to the left stifle. To control for the effects of surgery, another fresh graft was transferred from the right stifle to the left stifle. The result was two grafts in...
The influence of detomidine and epinephrine on heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and cardiac arrhythmia in horses. Detomidine (10 micrograms/kg and 20 micrograms/kg) was administered to seven horses with and without epinephrine infusion (0.1 microgram/kg/min) from 5 minutes before to 5 minutes after detomidine injection. One or more single supraventricular premature heartbeats were observed in three horses after detomidine administration. Epinephrine infusion did not modify the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in detomidine-treated horses at the doses tested. Relatively high momentary peak systolic pressures were registered in some horses after detomidine administration during epinephrine infusion. The hig...
Time of embryo transport through the mare oviduct. The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the time of embryo transport through the mare oviduct, 2) to determine whether equine embryos increase in diameter prior to the time of oviductal transport, and 3) to assess the stage of equine embryonic development at the time of oviductal transport. The time of oviductal transport (interval from ovulation to uterine entry) was estimated by collecting embryos from the mare oviduct or uterus at 2-hour intervals from 120 to 168 h postovulation. The time of oviductal transport was 130 to 142 h, since 9 9 embryos were located in the oviduct from 1...
Actinobacillus spp. and related bacteria in infected wounds of humans bitten by horses and sheep. We describe the isolation of Actinobacillus lignieresii and an A. equuli-like bacterium from an infected horse-bite wound in a 22-year-old stable foreman and A. suis from a bite injury in a 35-year-old man who had been attacked by a horse. A. lignieresii was also isolated in pure culture from an infected sheep-bite wound in a rural worker. These species of the genus Actinobacillus are primarily associated with animals and animal diseases and are rarely isolated from humans. The purpose of this report is to raise awareness of the possible occurrence of Actinobacillus spp. in bite wounds inflict...
A technique for transrectal ultrasonography of stallions during ejaculation. A technique was developed in which the accessory sex glands of stallions were visualized with transrectal ultrasonography during ejaculation. The technique was judged to be effective, since 10 of 11 stallions were trained to tolerate transrectal ultrasonography during ejaculation; they ejaculated during 195 of 200 attempts, and acceptable visualization of their accessory sex glands and excurrent ducts occurred during 97 of 195 ejaculations. Sixty-five percent (89 136 ) of the recordings were successful for stallions that weighed more than 300 kg, whereas 14% (8 59 ) of the recordings were succ...
The body condition of feral ponies on Assateague Island. The summer body condition of 47 adult feral ponies on Assateague Island (off the coast of Maryland, USA) was assessed in June 1988 using a visual body condition scoring system. Winter body condition for 36 of the ponies was assessed in February and March, 1989. The ponies were categorised by gender, reproductive status and location on the island, and body condition scores of the ponies in each category were then compared by statistical analyses. No significant seasonal differences were found in the body conditions of the ponies. However, body condition of stallions was better than that of mare...
Femoral head ostectomy in horses and cattle. Femoral head ostectomy was performed in six horses, three ponies, and four cattle for treatment of fractures of the femoral capital physis, coxofemoral luxation, fractured acetabulum, or severe degenerative joint disease. The procedures were performed via a cranial approach that did not involve osteotomy of the greater trochanter. A dorsal approach for femoral head ostectomy via osteotomy of the greater trochanter was evaluated in three healthy adult ponies. Three animals (2 ponies, 1 calf) were euthanatized within a month and one horse was euthanatized at year 2 due to postoperative complicat...
T-plate repair of fracture of the nasal bones in a horse. A 5-hole T-plate was used to repair an unstable compound depression fracture of the nasal bones in a horse. Substantial bone loss was evident as a result of severe trauma. Satisfactory bone healing, facial contour, and airway function were achieved. The use of a T-plate can be an alternative means of repair of a nasal bone fracture in a situation in which instability and/or bone loss exists.
