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Topic:Blood
The study of blood in horses encompasses the examination of its components, functions, and its role in equine health and disease. Blood consists of various elements, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, each serving specific functions such as oxygen transport, immune response, clotting, and nutrient distribution. Analyzing blood parameters can provide insights into the physiological and pathological states of horses. Common blood tests in equine medicine assess parameters like hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and white cell counts to monitor health status, diagnose conditions, and guide treatment decisions. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the composition, function, and clinical applications of blood analysis in horses.
Effects of chronic administration of a monoclonal antibody against human renin in the marmoset. In this study, the hypotensive efficacy of R-3-36-16, a monoclonal antibody against human kidney renin, was investigated during chronic administration to a primate. R-3-36-16 was given by continuous intraperitoneal infusion with osmotic minipumps to normotensive marmosets fed a low-sodium diet in doses of 30 or 300 micrograms/kg/day for 14 days. The lower dose had no effect on blood pressure (BP) or plasma renin activity (PRA). After two days of treatment, the higher dose reduced PRA by 57% and lowered BP by 13 +/- 7 mm Hg. Although the hypotensive response persisted after 14 days of treatment...
Erythrocyte agglutination associated with heparin treatment in three horses. In vitro erythrocyte agglutination developed in 3 hospitalized horses receiving heparin treatment. The agglutination caused artifactual decreases in erythrocyte counts and increases in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) values. Treatment of cell suspensions with trypsin eliminated the agglutination and the changes in erythrocyte count and MCV. Similar abnormalities in erythrocyte counts and MCV have been reported in healthy horses treated with heparin and have been cited as evidence of hemolysis and regenerative anemia.
Clinical survey of antibodies against red blood cells in horses after homologous blood transfusion. Serum samples of 20 horses were evaluated for antibodies against RBC after homologous blood transfusion. Transfusion-associated antibodies against RBC were detected in 10 horses. Antibodies recognizing horse blood group antigens Aa, Ae, Db, and Dc were identified. Antibodies against Aa were found in all samples from Aa-negative horses that were transfused with Aa-positive RBC. Antibodies against Aa persisted for at least 1 year after transfusion. Antibodies against Ae were detected in 7 of 8 horses transfused with Ae-positive RBC. Initial appearance and persistence of antibodies against Ae dif...
Effects of propranolol on cardiopulmonary function in the pony during submaximal exercise. Cardiopulmonary responses of four ponies were monitored during standard exercise tests (SET), before and after beta-adrenergic receptor blockade with propranolol. The SET consisted of four 5 min increments of increasing speed from 1.0 to 2.8 m/sec on a treadmill at a 7 degrees incline. Data were collected at rest, throughout the SET and recovery. Administration of propranolol to ponies at rest had no effect on cardiopulmonary function. During the SET, increases in heart rate, mean pulmonary artery flow velocity (an index of cardiac output) and right ventricular dP/dt (an index of myocardial co...
Study of arterial blood pressure in newborn foals using an electronic sphygmomanometer. An electronic sphygmomanometer which functions on oscillometric principles, was used to measure arterial blood pressure in foals. Its accuracy was assessed by comparison with results obtained by direct measurement in anaesthetised pony foals, aged 34 to 64 days. Correlations between data obtained by the two methods were highly significant but the sphygmomanometric readings were consistently lower than those obtained by direct measurement. An equation was derived from the pooled values for mean, systolic and diastolic pressure measurements. This was used as a correction factor when the oscillom...
Electronic measurement of erythrocyte volume and volume heterogeneity in horses during erythrocyte regeneration associated with experimental anemias. Anemia was induced in three groups of horses by moderate or severe acute hemorrhage, or by acetyl phenylhydrazine-induced hemolysis (Groups I, II, and III, respectively). Serial hemograms were done on a multichannel automated blood cell counter with histogram capability. Changes in hematocrit, mean cell volume, erythrocyte number, red cell distribution width (RDW), and standard deviation of erythrocyte volume were examined over time. Significant increases in mean cell volume were first detectable by days 17, 20, and 14 and reached maximum by days 43, 41, and 29, in Groups I, II, and III, respe...
[Pregnancy diagnosis in thoroughbred mares using radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme immunoassay (kit) and ultrasound echography (scanning)]. On the basis of progesterone determination on plasma or blood after RIA and the kit method respectively and consecutive scanning performed on a total number of 31 mares the following features were demonstrated: The overall material shows that in 20 mares (64.5%) embryonic vesicles were demonstrated. Of these mares 16 have conceived after service in the 1st estrous cycle and 3 mares in the 2nd estrous cycle. 18 mares were scanned in the time interval 13th-26th day after the latest service, while 2 mares were scanned on day 46 and 41 respectively. A total of 14 scanning positive mares were exami...
Single step purification procedure for the rapid separation of equine leucocytes. Percoll gradients have been used to separate relatively pure populations of viable equine polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear (MN) cells. In preliminary studies, a continuous density gradient of 70% Percoll solution was used to separate two distinct leucocyte-rich bands. After measurement of the density of each band on the continuous gradient, discontinuous Percoll gradients, using 60% and 75% Percoll solutions, were used to provide a rapid means of separating PMN and MN cells. The yield of viable cells per ml of blood was 3.0 X 10(6) and 3.2 X 10(6) for MN and PMN cells, respectively. Cor...
Prekallikrein deficiency in a family of miniature horses. Two sibling miniature horses, a male and a female, had a normal 1-stage prothrombin time and a prolonged activated-partial thromboplastin time (APTT). The addition of as little as 5% of a normal equine plasma pool to the plasma samples of both horses shortened their prolonged APTT to within normal limits. Coagulation factor analysis revealed deficiencies in factor XII (12 and 13 U/dl, control population 77 to 128 U/dl), when determined with a feline factor XII-deficient plasma substrate, but normal concentrations (119 and 96 U/dl) when a human factor XII-deficient plasma substrate was used. De...
Changes in equine metabolic characteristics due to exercise fatigue. Eight horses exercised to fatigue were used to characterize the resulting changes in blood pH, in blood lactate, free fatty acid, bicarbonate, and ammonia concentrations, and in muscle glycogen concentrations. The exercise test was conducted at a speed of 4.5 m/s on a motorized equine treadmill set at a 9% grade. At fatigue, all variables differed significantly (P less than 0.05) from base-line values. Heart rate averaged 191.1 +/- 6.5 beats/min at fatigue, and the plasma lactate concentrations increased from 7.8 +/- 0.95 mg/dl to 94.3 +/- 19.2 mg/dl. Ammonia concentrations increased from 66.7...
Pharmacokinetic adjustment of gentamicin dosing in horses with sepsis. Serum gentamicin concentrations were measured and pharmacokinetic values were calculated for 12 equine patients receiving parenteral gentamicin therapy. Horses were selected for monitoring of gentamicin pharmacokinetics if they met several criteria of high risk for gentamicin-induced toxicosis. Two blood samples were obtained, one immediately before gentamicin dosing and one at 1 hour after dosing. Gentamicin serum concentrations were analyzed and dosage adjustments were made on the basis of calculated one-compartment pharmacokinetic values. Nine of the 12 horses required dosage adjustment to ...
Quantitative buffy coat analysis of blood collected from dogs, cats, and horses. Using quantitative buffy coat analysis (QBCA), rapid and accurate measurements can be made of the erythrocyte PCV, total WBC count, and platelet count, and the leukocyte population can be differentiated into total granulocytes (including quantitation of eosinophils), and lymphocytes and monocytes. The QBCA is performed by placing a blood sample (50 to 111 microliters) into a high-precision-bore microhematocrit tube that contains a freely moving, closely fitting, cylindrical plastic float. After centrifugation for 5 minutes, the buffy coat components separate by density. The plastic cylinder fl...
Endocrinologic, hematologic, and heart rate changes in swimming horses. Two identical experiments, using Standardbred and Thoroughbred horses (experiment A, n = 31; experiment B, n = 17) on a swimming regimen, were performed 1 week apart to evaluate short-term heart rate, hematologic, and endocrinologic changes. Horses were placed in 4 categories based on duration of swimming (1 to 5, greater than 5 to 10, greater than 10 to 15, and greater than 15 minutes). Heart rate, PCV, and plasma concentrations of total protein, cortisol triiodothyronine, thyroxine, insulin, and glucose of each horse were evaluated before, immediately after, and 1 hour after swimming. For ex...
Experimental Babesia equi infection in mature horses. Nine 4-year-old Arabian geldings were experimentally infected with Babesia equi of European origin. All horses developed detectable parasitemia an average of 30 days after they were inoculated, which was accompanied by a decrease in PCV. The infections were generally mild with no animal deaths. All horses became serologically positive by the indirect fluorescent antibody test within an average of 23 days after they were inoculated and by the complement-fixation test 30 days after they were inoculated.
Blood flow to the respiratory and limb muscles and to abdominal organs during maximal exertion in ponies. Using radionuclide-labelled microspheres, 15 micron in diameter, we studied blood flow in the respiratory muscles (diaphragm and intercostal muscles), abdominal organs (adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, spleen and the small and large intestines), muscles of propulsion (gluteus medius and biceps femoris), and other working (triceps brachii and longissimus dorsi lumborum) and non-working (temporal and masseter) muscles of ponies at rest and during maximal exercise performed on a treadmill. During maximal exercise heart rate, whole body O2 consumption, cardiac output and mean aortic pressure inc...
Clinicopathologic study of horses surviving pyrrolizidine alkaloid (Senecio vulgaris) toxicosis. Twenty horses of various ages had inadvertently ingested alfalfa hay contaminated with Senecio vulgaris. Among them, 4 died of liver disease. Blood was collected from affected horses at monthly intervals for 7 months and at the 9th and 14th months. The following serum enzymes and chemical items were assayed: aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, BUN, glucose, cholesterol, inorganic phosphate, calcium, total protein, and albumin. Amino acid profiles, conjugated bile acids, sulfobromophthalein...
Blood vitamin and choline concentrations in healthy domestic cats, dogs, and horses. Blood concentrations of thiamin, biotin, nicotinates, pantothenates, folates, riboflavin, vitamins A, B6, B12, C, E, beta-carotene and choline were analyzed in healthy animals (23 horses, 25 dogs, and 29 cats). B-Complex vitamins and choline also were analyzed in the liver of the dogs and cats. Vitamin concentrations in the blood and livers of dogs were similar; however, blood vitamin A and beta-carotene concentrations were lower in the cat than in the dog. Horses had a higher B12 blood concentration than did the dogs and cats. These data can be useful for detecting overt and hidden vitamin de...
Serum and urinary biochemistry and enzyme changes in ponies with acute renal failure. Serum and urinary biochemical changes were recorded in 5 ponies in which acute tubular nephrosis had been induced over 5 days with mercuric chloride and potassium dichromate. Serum osmolality, the serum concentrations of urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, potassium and chloride, and blood pH and blood gases were measured daily for 14 days or until humane euthanasia was performed. Levels of the same substances were quantitated daily in urine. In addition, routine urinalyses and determination of urinary gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity were performed on each sample. Changes in the value...
Haemostatic abnormalities in horses with colic–their prognostic value. The incidence and nature of coagulation abnormalities in horses presented with colic and the possible prognostic value of these abnormalities was investigated. A coagulogram was performed on each of 24 adult Thoroughbred or Standardbred horses. A coagulogram consisted of measurements of eight parameters; platelet count, plasma fibrinogen, plasma antithrombin III (AT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), prothrombin time (PT), thrombin clotting time (TCT), soluble fibrin monomer (SFM) and fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). Retrospective determination of the cause of the colic and outc...
Right heart pressures and blood-gas tensions in ponies during exercise and laryngeal hemiplegia. Right atrial, right ventricular, and pulmonary artery pressures, along with change in pleural pressure, were determined with catheter-tipped micromanometers in two groups of ponies at rest, as well as during moderate (trot; heart rate = 180 beats . min-1) and severe (gallop; heart rate = 220 beats . min-1) exercise performed on a treadmill. Group A (n = 8) ponies served as controls, and group B ponies (n = 6) had laryngeal hemiplegia (LH) induced by sectioning the left recurrent laryngeal nerve 20-29 days before the study. It was observed that LH ponies could not gallop for more than 45-90 s. ...
Effect of furosemide administration on systemic circulation of ponies during severe exercise. Systemic distribution of blood flow was studied in 11 healthy adult grade ponies, using radionuclide-labeled microspheres (15 micron diameter) that were injected into the left ventricle. Measurements were made at rest, during severe exercise (SE) without furosemide, as well as during SE at 10 minutes and 120 minutes after furosemide administration (1.0 mg/kg, IV). During SE, heart rate, cardiac output, mean aortic pressure, and whole body O2 consumption were 220 +/- 4 beats/min, 720 +/- 44 ml/min/kg, 169 +/- 4 mm of Hg, and 126 +/- 9 ml of O2/min/kg, respectively. With SE performed after furos...
Androgen and estradiol effects on gonadotropin secretion and response to GnRH in ovariectomized pony mares. In Exp. 1, 16 long-term ovariectomized pony mares were used to determine the effects of treatment with estradiol benzoate (EB) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) benzoate alone, and in combination, on secretion of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in daily blood samples and after three consecutive injections of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Administration of EB alone, or in combination with DHT, every other day for 11 d reduced (P less than .05) concentrations of FSH and increased (P less than .05) concentrations of LH in daily blood samples, and increased (P ...
Regional brain blood flow and O2 delivery during severe exertion in the pony. Regional distribution of brain blood flow (radionuclide labelled 15 microns diameter microspheres) and O2 supply were studied in 11 healthy adult grade ponies at rest and during severe exercise (SE) performed on a treadmill (heart rate = 220 +/- 4 beats X min-1; VO2 = 126 +/- 9 ml X min-1 X kg-1). During SE, the mean aortic pressure increased to 169 +/- 4 mm Hg and the pHa, PaCO2 and PaO2 were 7.213 +/- 0.010, 30 +/- 1 mm Hg and 85 +/- 4 mm Hg, respectively. The hemoglobin concentration increased by 59.6% with SE. Whereas blood flow increased in the cerebellar gray matter (96%), pons (39.5%) a...
Comparison of the haemogram between three-year-old Thoroughbred stayers and sprinters. Results of blood counts have been analysed in three-year-old racehorses in training comprising 77 colt stayers, 27 colt sprinters, 61 filly stayers and 35 filly sprinters. The distributions of haemoglobin, erythrocyte count and haematocrit were significantly higher in colt stayers compared to the other three groups. In fillies these values were also significantly higher in stayers compared to sprinters. The erythrocyte count was significantly higher in filly stayers compared to colt sprinters but there were no significant differences between haemoglobin or haematocrit values in these groups. N...
Vasodilator reserve in respiratory muscles during maximal exertion in ponies. Eight healthy adult grade ponies were studied at rest as well as during maximal exertion carried out with and without adenosine infusion (3 microM X kg-1 X min-1 into the pulmonary artery) on a treadmill to compare levels of blood flow in respiratory muscles with those in other vigorously working muscles and to ascertain whether there remained any unutilized vasodilator reserve in respiratory muscles of maximally exercising ponies. Radionuclide-labeled 15-micron-diam microspheres, injected into the left ventricle, were used to study tissue blood flows. During maximal exertion, there were incre...
Effects of warfarin on blood rheology in navicular disease. A preliminary investigation has been undertaken of blood rheology in horses and ponies, its variation in navicular disease and the changes following treatment with warfarin. Erythrocyte flexibility, measured by a centrifuge packing technique, is higher in horses (30 per cent min-1) than in ponies (23.8 per cent min-1). There are corresponding differences in blood viscosity. The high erythrocyte flexibility in horses is caused by an unknown factor present in plasma. The erythrocyte flexibility in horses with navicular disease is even higher, at 38.5 per cent min-1. Treatment with warfarin reduc...
Corynebacterium equi Infections in Horses, 1958-1984: A Review of 131 Cases. Of 131 cases of Corynebacterium equi infection in horses submitted for necropsy to the Ontario Veterinary College or Veterinary Laboratory Services, OMAF, Guelph, Ontario from 1958 to 1984, 115 were diagnosed as suppurative pneumonia, and of these 55 had associated ulcerative enterocolitis. Only five animals had intestinal involvement without pulmonary lesions. The remaining 11 cases included arthritis/cellulitis, skin abscesses and submandibular lymphadenitis. While the lung, intestine and associated lymph nodes yielded C. equi most frequently, in 21% of cases C. equi was also cultured from p...
