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Topic:Clinical Findings
Clinical findings in horses encompass a range of observable signs and symptoms identified during veterinary examinations that contribute to diagnosing and managing equine health conditions. These findings can include physical observations, such as changes in behavior, posture, or gait, as well as physiological measurements like heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature. Diagnostics may also involve laboratory tests, imaging, and other diagnostic procedures to assess organ function and detect abnormalities. Recognizing and interpreting clinical findings are essential components of veterinary practice, aiding in the identification of diseases, monitoring treatment progress, and guiding therapeutic interventions. This page brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, interpretations, and implications of clinical findings in the context of equine health care.
The significance of routine radiographic findings with respect to subsequent racing performance and longevity in standardbred trotters. A retrospective cohort study was made of the racing performance of trotters which had been subjected routinely to radiography before they started training and racing. Sixty-one per cent (148) of the 243 horses, foaled in 3 consecutive years, had one or more abnormal findings categorised into 5 relevant groups based on radiography, of which osteochondrosis (OCD) was the most specific diagnosis. Parameters used to reflect racing performance were: proportion of horses starting in races, number of starts per year, earnings per year, earnings per start and racing longevity. No significant associati...
Clinical and laboratory alterations in horses during immunization with snake venoms for the production of polyvalent (Crotalinae) antivenom. Six horses were immunized with the venoms of Bothrops asper, Crotalus durissus durissus and Lachesis muta stenophrys for the production of polyvalent (Crotalinae) antivenom. During the immunization, clinical and laboratory alterations were evaluated in these animals, and the development of humoral immune response was followed. Only moderate local tissue changes (edema, abscesses, fistules and fibrosis) were observed in these animals, whereas no systemic alterations occurred. Regarding laboratory tests, there was a drop in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit, together with an increment in t...
[Poisoning of horses by the bark of the false acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia)]. The present study describes the poisoning due to Robinia pseudoacacia in two horses. One of the horses showed mainly intestinal symptoms such as decreased intestinal motility and obstipation of the pelvic flexure. In the second animal central nervous symptoms were predominant. It showed intermittent phases of somnolence alternating with phases of excitation and head pressing. In addition mydriasis and a lacking menace response could be observed. Sensation to the head and the spinal reflexes were reduced. Symptomatic treatment was initiated in both animals and recovery occurred within 2 days.
Quantitative two-dimensional echocardiography in the horse: a review. Quantitative two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) was introduced into equine cardiology in the early 1990s. At first, linear and area dimensions and left ventricular volume were validated by the comparison of parameters determined during in vitro 2DE and autopsy measurements. Based on these studies, tomographic planes and intracardiac reference points for in vivo measurements were established and 2DE values have been determined for healthy adult horses by various authors. These data were similar to each other and proved to be comparable with M-mode echocardiography measurements. However, dif...
Electrically induced blink reflex in horses. The electrically induced blink reflex was studied electromyographically in 21 healthy adult, detomidine-sedated horses. Using surface electrodes, the supraorbital nerve was electrically stimulated at the supraorbital foramen. The responses were recorded from the ipsilateral and contralateral orbicularis oculi muscles with concentric needle electrodes inserted in the lateral aspect of the ventral eyelids. Ipsilateral and contralateral recordings were made on successive stimulations of the same side of the face, maintaining a constant stimulus intensity. The electromyographically recorded respon...
[Course of blood levels of calcium, inorganic phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone and calcidiol (25-OH-D3) in one and two year old thoroughbred horses]. The present study was aimed to determine the contents of calcium, inorganic phosphate, parathormon, 25-OH-D3 and the activity of alkaline phosphatase in the plasma of one- and two-years-old thoroughbred horses. Data were obtained monthly from 44 one-year-old thoroughbred of 4 different studs from May during grazing-season and from October during stable-, resp. training-season up to april of the following year. Calcium, inorganic phosphate and the activity of alkaline phosphatase were measured with a photometric method and the concentration of PTH and 25-OH-D3 were determined with a radioimmuno...
Endodontic therapy and surgical excision of a chronic suppurative osteomyelitic lesion in a horse: a case report. A 22-year-old thoroughbred gelding was presented for evaluation and treatment of chronic dental disease. The horse had a history of quidding and abnormal bite behavior. Intraoral examination revealed signs of chronic generalized gingival inflammation and severe dental caries affecting the maxillary and mandibular incisor teeth. Treatment was provided on two separate visits over an interval of four months. The first visit consisted of the surgical extraction of three unrestorable incisor teeth and restoration of six carious maxillary incisor teeth. The second visit consisted of conventional end...
Alterations in equine guttural pouch morphology with head position: observations using a new technique for producing accurate casts. An improved technique for preparing casts of the equine guttural pouch is described. The new technique is simplified and inexpensive in comparison to previous techniques and produces highly accurate anatomic models which are both durable and flexible. Methods: Silicone rubber bathtub caulk was injected into the guttural pouches of horse cadavers. The silicone was allowed to cure overnight, and casts were removed by dissection. The new technique was then used to evaluate changes in the shape of the guttural pouch with changes in head position. Results: With flexion of the atlanto-occipital join...
Cardiovascular causes of exercise intolerance. Exercise intolerance, due to cardiovascular disease in horses, may be caused by cardiac arrhythmias, valvular regurgitation, congenital abnormalities, myocardial dysfunction, pericardial disease, and vascular thrombosis. The most common cardiovascular cause of exercise intolerance in horses is atrial fibrillation. Cardiovascular abnormalities such as cardiac arrhythmias or murmurs, however, are common in athletic horses and are not always associated with exercise intolerance. Use of an electrocardiography (during rest and exercise) and echocardiography may be necessary to better determine the ...
[Immunopathology of Borna disease in the horse: clinical, virological and neuropathologic findings]. Tissues from nine horses and one donkey suffering from natural Borna disease were investigated. Clinically, all animals demonstrated progressive reduced mentation and aggravating gait disturbances. During the clinical course anorexia and progressive loss of proprioception were observed. Cranial nerve failure was accompanied by signs of pharyngeal paralysis, sialorrhea, bruxism, and by blindness. Virologically, infectious virus was detected in the brain of all animals investigated but was not found regularly in all areas of the brain. However, in all cases, infectivity was found in the thalamus...
Treatment of a comminuted frontal-plane fracture of the distal phalanx in a horse. Successful treatment of a comminuted frontal plane fracture of the distal phalanx in a horse is described. The bone fractured through the solar canal, close to the insertion of the deep digital flexor tendon. A hoof case was used to reduce bending and tensile stresses on the solar surface by limiting expansion of the hoof wall during weightbearing. In addition, the heel was elevated, using 3 degrees wedge pads incorporated within the hoof cast, to reduce distraction at the fracture site caused by the pull of the deep digital flexor tendon. Two casts were used over a 4-month period. Complete ra...
Use of diagnostic ultrasonography in horses with signs of acute abdominal pain. To evaluate the use of abdominal ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool in horses with signs of colic. Methods: Prospective study. Methods: 226 horses with signs of acute abdominal pain were compared to 20 clinical normal horses. Methods: The following were performed in horses with signs of colic: physical examination, CBC, abdominal fluid analysis, placement of a nasogastric tube to obtain gastric reflux, abdominal palpation per rectum, and ultrasonography of the abdomen. Results of ultrasonography were compared with the surgical, necropsy, or medical findings. Results: Ultrasonography of horse...
The role of computed tomography in evaluation of subchondral osseous lesions in seven horses with chronic synovitis. Seven horses with severe, persistent lameness of sudden onset were evaluated with scintigraphy and/or computed tomography. The lameness was localised to the front fetlock joint in 2 horses and to the tibiotarsal joint in 5 horses. Five of the horses had a history of intra-articular injections of the involved joint prior to presentation. All horses had effusion of the affected joint and were positive to flexion tests. Intraarticular anaesthesia eliminated or improved the lameness in 4 cases and a nerve conduction block proximal to the affected joint improved the lameness in another. Cytology ex...
Replication of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in the testes and epididymides of ponies and venereal shedding of infectious virus. Six Welsh Mountain pony colts were infected intranasally with the Ab4 isolate of EHV-1. Clinical and virological monitoring demonstrated mild upper respiratory tract disease, with nasal shedding of virus and establishment of a cell-associated viraemia. Detailed pathological examination of the urogenital tract was performed post mortem on days 4-9 post-infection (PI). EHV-1 was isolated from the epididymis on day 8 and the testis on day 9 PI, with viral replication in endothelial cells of these organs and an associated necrotizing vasculitis and thrombosis. Productive viral infection of germina...
Cutaneous leishmaniasis in two horses. This report contains the clinical, histologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic findings in two cases of equine cutaneous leishmaniasis. Nodular, sometimes crusty or ulcerated lesions were confined to the pinna and adjacent neck in both animals. The dermal inflammatory infiltrate was lymphohistiocytic in horse No. 1 and pyogranulomatous with formation of tuberculoid granulomas in horse No. 2. Numerous Leishmania organisms were found within macrophages in both animals. There was moderate to intense and specific reaction by immunoperoxidase using a polyclonal antiserum against Leish...
Effects of road transport on indices of stress in horses. Stress associated with road transport is believed to be a significant contributor to the pathogenesis of post transport respiratory disease in horses. To determine the effects of road transport on pulmonary function, pulmonary aerosol clearance rates were measured in 4 horses 24 h before, and immediately after, 24 h of road transport by delivering aerosolised 99mtechnetium-labelled diethylenetriaminepentacetate (99mTc-DTPA) to the lungs and monitoring its washout. Each horse was transported twice, once while the trailer was equipped with a leaf-spring suspension and bias-ply tyres (trailer's o...
Antagonistic effects of atipamezole on medetomidine-induced sedation in horses. The antagonistic effects of atipamezole (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 micrograms/kg i.v.) on medetomidine (10 micrograms/kg i.v.)-induced sedation were evaluated in horses. Although 20 and 40 micrograms/kg of atipamezole were not sufficient to reverse the sedation, 60 micrograms/kg did effectively reverse the sedation. Atipamezole at 80 micrograms/kg was more potent, and significantly shortened the duration of sedation without any apparent side effects, but a higher dose of 100 micrograms/kg was not more effective than 80 micrograms/kg. The possible use of atipamezole as a reversal agent may enhanc...
Peritoneal fluid analysis in peripartum mares. To characterize, in mares, changes in peritoneal fluid that occurred within the first 7 days after routine foaling. Methods: Prospective observational trial. Methods: 15 mares. Methods: Abdominocentesis was performed within 10 days before foaling and again 12 hours, 3 days, and 7 days after each horse foaled. Data recorded for each sample included total nucleated cell count, differential cell count, specific gravity, fibrinogen concentration, and total protein concentration. Smears of each sample were examined by a single clinical pathologist. Results: There were not any significant difference...
[Experience with the use of a blood culture system for demonstration of clinically relevant bacteria in veterinary medicine diagnosis]. 268 diagnostic samples from dogs, cats, horses and cattle were examined in a commercially available blood culture system. Samples of blood, liquor, ascites, thorax punctate, synovia and urine were examined with a blood culture system (Oxoid) over a period of two years in cooperation with the veterinary clinical institutes of internal medicine and surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich and different veterinarians. It was shown that this blood culture system, which has been initially developed for the requirements of human bacteriology, can be used for isolation of clinical important mic...
Eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis in seven horses. Eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis was diagnosed in 7 horses at The Ohio State University between 1976 and 1994. All horses had moderate-to-severe blepharospasm, chemosis, and conjunctival hyperemia; epiphora; and extensive yellow-to-white caseous mucoid discharge. Corneal ulcers associated with this disease were perilimbal and extended centrally. All ulcers were covered with a white necrotic plaque firmly attached to the underlying cornea. Other ophthalmic abnormalities were not detected. Corneal scrapings examined cytologically contained numerous eosinophils interspersed between epithelial ce...
Clinical and pathological aspects of an outbreak of equine leukoencephalomalacia in Spain. In 1988 an outbreak of leukoencephalomalacia was diagnosed in equids that had eaten corn with a pinkish fungal growth. The fungus was then identified as Fusarium moniliforme. The main symptoms observed appeared acutely and were overexcitement, blindness, incoordination, facial paralysis and death within 24 h. The main pathological changes were restricted to the central nervous system. Macroscopically they consisted of hyperemia and haemorrhages, the consistency was friable and the gyri were somewhat flattened. Microscopically, the lesions were profuse and had extensive haemorrhages, and numero...
Laparoscopic ovariectomy in two horses with granulosa cell tumors. Two mares were admitted for ovariectomy of unilateral granulosa cell tumors. Both mares were ovariectomized (1 unilateral and 1 bilateral) by use of a ventral abdominal laparoscopic technique. This approach required tilting the operative table 30 degrees to elevate the pelvis and to allow observation of the ovaries. Using a single laparoscopic portal and 3 to 4 instrument portals, a triangulation technique was used. The ovarian pedicles were isolated and secured via loop ligation. The ovaries then were divided from the ligated pedicle and placed within specimen bags for extraction. The specime...
An evaluation of the use of cisapride in horses with chronic grass sickness (equine dysautonomia). A clinical trial was carried out to determine the effect of cisapride on rate of passage of digesta and clinical parameters in horses with chronic grass sickness. Sixteen horses were given intramuscular cisapride (0.1 mg kg-1 three times daily) (group I), and 15 received oral cisapride (0.8 mg kg-1 three times daily) (group O). A liquid-phase marker (cobalt-EDTA) and a solid-phase marker (polystyrene pellets) were given by stomach tube at the beginning of each of three consecutive 7 day periods, i.e., before, during and after cisapride therapy. Seven horses in each group completed the rate of ...
