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Topic:Clinical Pathology
Clinical pathology in horses involves the study and analysis of biological samples to diagnose and monitor diseases and health conditions. This discipline encompasses various laboratory tests and procedures that assess the physiological and biochemical status of equines. Common analyses include hematology, biochemistry, urinalysis, and cytology, each providing insights into different aspects of equine health. Hematology evaluates blood components, such as red and white blood cells and platelets, to identify conditions like anemia or infection. Biochemistry tests measure enzymes, electrolytes, and metabolites to assess organ function and metabolic status. Urinalysis examines urine samples for indicators of renal function and systemic diseases. Cytology involves the microscopic examination of cells from tissues or fluids to detect abnormalities. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, applications, and diagnostic value of clinical pathology in equine medicine.
Persistent hyperammonemia in two related Morgan weanlings. Persistent hyperammonemia was diagnosed in 2 Morgan fillies with clinical signs that developed early in the postweaning period. Diagnostic evaluation, including routine serum chemistries, CBC, liver biopsy, hepatic ultrasonography, liver function test, and necropsy findings did not support a toxic, developmental, or infectious cause. Abnormal serum amino acid and urine orotic acid concentrations suggest that the foals may have had an inherited disorders described in humans as hyperornithinemia, hyperammonemia, and homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome. The disorder is thought to be caused by a defe...
Hyaluronate concentration in tracheal lavage fluid from clinically normal horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. To establish concentration of hyaluronate (HA) in tracheal lavage fluid from healthy horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). ANIMALS AND SAMPLES: Tracheal lavage fluid samples (n = 42) from 18 horses, 11 with COPD, and 7 control horses. Methods: Clinical examination of the respiratory tract, tracheal lavage, and blood sample collection were performed on horses without clinical signs of respiratory tract disease and horses with clinical signs of COPD. In some horses, 1 to 5 repeated examinations were performed at 1-week intervals. Tracheal lavage fluid samples were ...
Gastric squamous cell carcinoma in three horses. Gastric squamous cell carcinoma was diagnosed in three horses. Clinical signs observed in all cases were weight loss, anorexia and lethargy. Respiratory signs were prominent in one case. All three horses had depressed albumin and elevated globulin and fibrinogen concentrations. Two horses were mildly anaemic. Inflammatory exudates were present in peritoneal cavities in all cases, and cytological evaluation provided a positive diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma in two cases. Pleural fluid samples taken from two cases were also classified as inflammatory exudates, but no neoplastic cells were ...
Magnesium toxicosis in two horses. Magnesium sulfate, a saline laxative, is often used for treatment of intestinal impactions in horses. Clinical signs of hypermagnesemia are an uncommon complication following oral administration of magnesium sulfate. Overdose of magnesium sulfate in combination with renal insufficiency, hypocalcemia, or compromise of intestinal integrity may predispose horses to magnesium toxicosis. Establishment of diuresis with fluids and IV administration of calcium may provide successful treatment of magnesium toxicosis in horses.
Incomplete nasomaxillary dysplasia in a foal. Atresia of the nasal punctum is the most common congenital anomaly for the equine nasolacrimal system. Nasomaxillary dysplasia has not been previously documented in foals, is of unknown etiology, and appears to be a rare condition. Conjunctivomaxillary sinostomy was successful in resolving the epiphora.
Results of a combined dexamethasone suppression/thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test in healthy horses and horses suspected to have a pars intermedia pituitary adenoma. To evaluate results of a combined dexamethasone suppression/thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test in horses suspected clinically to have a pars intermedia pituitary adenoma (PIPA). Methods: Case-control study. Methods: 7 healthy adult horses and 5 horses suspected to have a PIPA. Methods: A baseline blood sample was collected, and dexamethasone (40 micrograms/kg [18 micrograms/lb] of body weight, IV) was administered; a second blood sample was collected 3 hours later, and TRH (1.1 mg, IV) was administered; serial blood samples were collected 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes and 21...
Tachykinin receptors in the equine pelvic flexure. Tachykinins, of which substance P (SP) is the prototype, are neuropeptides which are widely distributed in the nervous systems. In the equine gut, SP is present in enteric nerves and is a powerful constrictor of enteric muscle; in other species, SP is also known to have potent vasodilatory and pro-inflammatory effects. The specific effects of SP are determined by the subtype of receptor present in the target tissue. There are 3 known subtypes of tachykinin receptors, distinguished by their relative affinities for SP and other tachykinins. The distribution of SP binding sites in the equine pelv...
Abdominal surgery in foals: a review of 119 cases (1977-1994). The case records of 119 young horses (all less than age one year) that underwent an exploratory celiotomy during a 17 year period were examined to determine the surgical findings, short- and long-term outcome, and prevalence of small intestinal disease compared to previous reports in the mature horse. Physical and laboratory values were compared for long-term survivors vs. nonsurvivors and the frequency of post operative intra-abdominal adhesions was determined. The most common cause for exploratory celiotomy was small intestinal strangulation, followed by enteritis and uroperitoneum. Six hors...
Metabolic response in skeletal muscle fibres of standardbred trotters after racing. Histochemical and biochemical analyses were performed on muscle biopsies obtained after racing from the gluteus muscle of 18 standardbred trotters. Fibre type composition and enzyme activities varied among the horses. The percentage of type IIB fibres showed a positive correlation to the lactate dehydrogenase activity and a negative correlation to the citrate synthase activity. ATP concentrations in whole muscle after racing showed a negative correlation to both lactate and IMP concentrations. Within individual fibres, ATP concentrations varied markedly, with some type II fibres having values ...
Anesthetic potency of desflurane in the horse: determination of the minimum alveolar concentration. To determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of desflurane (DES) in the horse. Methods: Prospective study. Methods: Six healthy adult horses (three males and three females) weighing 370 +/- 16 kg and aged 9 +/- 2 years old. Methods: Anesthesia was induced with DES vaporized in oxygen via a face mask connected to a large-animal, semiclosed anesthetic circle system. The horses were endotracheally intubated and positioned in right lateral recumbency. Inspired and end-tidal DES were monitored using a calibrated Ohmeda RGM 5250 multigas analyzer (Ohmeda-BOC, Spain). The MAC of desflurane t...
Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in standing horses. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using laparoscopy to remove cryptorchid testes from standing horses. Methods: Prospective clinical study. Methods: Eleven client-owned horses ranging in age from 4 months to 2 years. Methods: Abdominal insufflation was initiated and maintained using a 20 F insufflation tube, attached via a stopcock, to the low pressure regulator on a standard carbon dioxide pressure tank. After trocar and laparoscope placement in the ipsilateral flank the testes were identified. Local anesthesia of the structures to be manipulated was administered t...
[Borna disease virus. An etiological agent in neuropsychiatric diseases?]. Borna disease virus has long been recognized as a cause of sporadic cases and epidemics of meningoencephalomyelitis in horses and sheep in southern parts of Germany. however, sero-epidemiological surveillances indicate that Borna disease virus has a global distribution in horses, without the recognition of clinical manifestations associated with the infection, in other parts of the world. During the past five years evidence has been presented suggesting that humans also can become infected with this virus or a closely related virus. A significantly increased sero-prevalence is seen in patient ...
Acute hemorrhagic pulmonary infarction and necrotizing pneumonia in horses: 21 cases (1967-1993). To characterize history, clinical signs, and pathologic findings in horses with histologically confirmed acute hemorrhagic pulmonary infarction and necrotizing pneumonia. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 21 horses. Results: 19 of the 21 horses were Thoroughbred racehorses in training. Eighteen horses had had strenuous exercise immediately prior to onset of illness. Fifteen horses had a serosanguineous nasal discharge during hospitalization. Seventeen horses had radiographic evidence of pulmonary consolidation and pleural effusion. Nine of 14 horses had ultrasonographic evidence of large ...
Acquired B lymphocyte deficiency and chronic enterocolitis in a 3-year-old quarter horse. This case report describes a 3-year-old American Quarter Horse with acquired immunodeficiency. Clinical signs included chronic diarrhea due to Salmonella typhimurium and bacterial pneumonia. Characterization of the immunodeficiency involved in vivo phytohemagglutinin (PHA) intradermal testing, in vitro lymphocyte proliferation in response to concanavalin A, immunofluorescence flow cytometry data on blood lymphocytes, serum protein electrophoresis and immunoglobulin (Ig) quantification. A diagnosis of B lymphocyte deficiency with resulting deficiencies in serum IgG, IgA and IgM and a concurrent...
The pathogenic effects of experimental cyathostome infections in ponies. Nine pony breed foals were reared indoors, then allocated to one of three groups infected with either 3.9 million (Group A) or 3.15 million (Group B) cold-conditioned third stage cyathostome larvae or kept as uninfected controls (Group C). The larvae were administered as a 'trickle' infection of 150000 larvae per dose, three times weekly. Blood biochemical and haematological analyses were performed weekly and faecal worm egg counts bi-weekly. Complete parasitological examinations were performed on all ponies at various times post-initial infection (PI): one infected animal at 9 weeks PI, four ...
Varices with thrombosis in the cervix and uterus of a mare. Cervical and uterine varices with thrombosis were observed at the necropsy of a virgin 16-year-old Peruvian Paso that had previous episodes of hemorrhage from the uterus. Practitioners and pathologists should be alert to the possibility of ruptured varices in mares with hemorrhage into the uterus or from the vulva.
Pharmacological characterization of adrenoceptors in horse corpus cavernosum penis. 1. The presence and types of alpha and beta-adrenoceptors in the corpus cavernosum of the horse were studied in vitro by using selected ligands of adrenoceptors and isometric tension recording. 2. Noradrenaline and phenylephrine induced concentration-dependent contractions in corpus cavernosum preparations. B-HT 920 had no effect. 3. Phentolamine and prazosin produced a shift to the right of the dose-response curve of noradrenaline, while the alpha(2)-antagonist, rauwolscine had no effect on the response to noradrenaline. Phenylephrine-evoked contractions of corporal strips were significantly ...
Effect of sodium bicarbonate administration on blood constituents of horses. To describe changes in blood constituents of horses after oral and i.v. administration of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), and to determine whether the changes are dose dependent. Methods: 6 adult Standardbred mares. Methods: 3 oral doses (1,500, 1,000, and 250 mg/kg of body weight) or 1 intravenous dose (250 mg/kg, 5% solution) of NaHCO3 in 3 L of water, or water (3 L orally), were given to the mares; then changes in blood constituents were measured. Access to food and water was denied during the experiment. Blood samples were collected immediately before treatment and at hourly intervals for 12 ...
Effect of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on secretion patterns and rates of corticotrophin-releasing hormone, arginine vasopressin and adrenocorticotrophin in horses. To study the effect of hypoglycaemia on secretion rates of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), arginine vasopressin (AVP) and ACTH in a non-ruminant species, a non-surgical method was used to collect pituitary venous (PitVen) blood every 0.5 or 1 min from seven horses before and after insulin administration (0.4 U/kg i.v.). To assess the effect of PitVen cannulation on results, peripheral hormones were also measured before and after insulin in five horses without PitVen cannulae. Insulin administration lowered plasma glucose in all horses (P < 0.0001; paired t-test). Cortisol concentrat...
Enzyme immunoassay for measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in serum. We developed a rapid, competitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] in serum. The EIA was based upon 25(OH)D3-3-hemisuccinate covalently coupled to secondary amino groups grafted onto the polystyrene surface of microtiter wells. Optimal coupling conditions were established, and we found that inclusion of 40 mumol/L chloramine T, an agent not previously described for use in coupling to these plates, resulted in both more reproducible coupling as well as more than a twofold increase in the coupling efficiency. Before EIA, 25(OH)D3 was extracted from the serum...
Design complexity and fracture control in the equine hoof wall. Morphological and mechanical studies were conducted on samples of equine hoof wall to help elucidate the relationship between form and function of this complex, hierarchically organized structure. Morphological findings indicated a dependence of tubule size, shape and helical alignment of intermediate filaments (IFs) within the lamellae on the position through the wall thickness. The plane of the intertubular IFs changed from perpendicular to the tubule axis in the inner wall to almost parallel to the tubule axis in the outer wall. Morphological data predicted the existence of three crack dive...
