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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Fine mapping a quantitative trait locus on horse chromosome 2 associated with radiological signs of navicular disease in Hanoverian warmblood horses. Navicular disease or podotrochlosis is one of the main causes of progressive forelimb lameness in warmblood horses. The objective of this study was to refine a quantitative trait locus on horse chromosome 2 for radiological alterations in the contour of the navicular bone (RAC) in Hanoverian warmblood horses. Genotyping was performed in 192 Hanoverian warmblood horses from 17 paternal half-sib groups. The marker set was extended to 58 informative microsatellites including nine newly developed microsatellites. QTL for RAC could be delineated at 32.50-43.13 Mb and a further new QTL for RAC could...
Progesterone responses to intravenous and intrauterine infusions of prostaglandin F2alpha in mares. The hypotheses were tested that prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF) travels from the uterus to the ovaries via a systemic route in mares, as opposed to a local route in ruminants, and that one pulse of PGF produces only partial luteolysis. Intravenous (i.v.) and intrauterine (i.u.) infusions of PGF were performed 8 days after ovulation at a constant rate for 2 h. Plasma concentrations of PGF were assessed by assay of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha (PGFM). Total doses administered were as follows: 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg, i.v., PGF and 0 and 0.5 mg, i.u., PGF (n=4 mares per group). In addition, P...
Follicle suppression of circulating follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone before versus after emergence of the ovulatory wave in mares. The effect of the ovarian follicles on plasma concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) before versus after the expected emergence of the ovulatory follicular wave was studied on Days 0 to 18 (Day 0=ovulation) in four groups of mares (n=6/group). In addition to a control group, all follicles >/=6mm in diameter were ablated on Days 0.5, 6.5, or 12.5 in a herd of mares with reported emergence at 6mm of the future ovulatory follicle on mean Day 10.5. Concentrations of FSH were not different between the Day-0.5 or Day-6.5 ablation groups and the correspon...
Anthelmintic efficacies of a tablet formula of ivermectin-praziquantel on horses experimentally infected with three Strongylus species. In this blinded randomized and controlled study, the anthelmintic efficacy of a tablet formula of ivermectin-praziquantel was evaluated in horses experimentally infected with three species of Strongylus larvae. Eighteen previously dewormed horses were inoculated on study day 0 with third-stage larvae of Strongylus vulgaris, Strongylus equinus, and Strongylus edentatus. The horses were randomly allocated to three groups (n = 6): test-drug (tablet formula), positive-control (reference gel), and negative-control (placebo tablet). On day 56, the horses were treated once with the respective drugs. ...
Left ventricular radial and circumferential wall motion analysis in horses using strain, strain rate, and displacement by 2D speckle tracking. Noninvasive assessment of left-ventricular (LV) function is clinically relevant, but is incompletely studied in horses. Objective: To document the feasibility, describe the techniques, and determine the reliability of 2D speckle tracking (2DST) for characterization of LV radial and circumferential wall motion in horses. Methods: Three Standardbreds, 3 Thoroughbreds; age 8-14 years; body weight 517-606 kg. Methods: Observational study. Repeated 2-dimensional echocardiographic examinations were performed in unsedated horses by 2 observers and subsequently analyzed by 2DST. Test reliability was d...
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in hospitalized neonatal foals. Transient hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction occurs frequently in critically ill humans and impacts survival. The prevalence and impact of HPA axis dysfunction in critically ill neonatal foals are not well characterized. Objective: (1) HPA axis dysfunction occurs in hospitalized neonatal foals, and is characterized by inappropriately low basal serum cortisol concentration or inadequate cortisol response to exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); (2) hospitalized foals with HPA axis dysfunction have more severe disease and are less likely to survive than hospitalized fo...
A retrospective analysis of renal carcinoma in the horse. Renal carcinoma is a rare tumor of horses. Objective: Presenting complaints and clinical signs of this disease are vague and early diagnosis increases survival time. Methods: Data were collected from the medical records of 4 horses presented to Washington State University as well as the 23 previously published case reports of horses with renal carcinoma. Methods: Retrospective study. Results: Renal carcinoma affects horses of all ages with most cases observed in geldings and Thoroughbreds. The most common presenting complaints are nonspecific and usually do not occur until late in the course o...
Dimensions of diastemata and associated periodontal food pockets in donkey cheek teeth. Equine cheek teeth (CT) diastemata often cause deep periodontal food pocketing and are therefore regarded as a painful dental disorder of equidae. However there appears to be no information available on the size or shape of these diastemata. This post mortem study examined 16 donkey skulls (mean age = 32-years) containing 45 CT diastemata to define the anatomical shape and dimensions of these diastemata, and of the associated periodontal food pockets that occur with this disorder. Diastemata were found to more commonly involve mandibular (56.0%) compared with maxillary CT (44.0%), and 71.0% of...
Assessment of pregnancy in the late-gestation mare using digital infrared thermography. The objective of this study was to investigate use of digital infrared thermal imaging (DITI) to determine whether surface temperature gradient differences exist between pregnant and nonpregnant mares as a noncontact method to determine pregnancy status. On the day measurements were collected, each pregnant mare (n=10; beginning at 292.4+/-1.4 d of gestation) was paired with a nonpregnant mare (n=17). Ambient temperature, DITI measurements (left and right flank, wither temperatures [i.e., animal surface control] and background temperature), and rectal temperatures were obtained every 7 d for 5...
Laboratory findings in respiratory fluids of the poorly-performing horse. Any disorder impairing a performance horse's ability to ventilate its lungs and exchange oxygen compromises exercise performance in any discipline. Since bronchoalveolar lavage was described in horses in the early 1980s, laboratory evaluation of respiratory fluids, along with clinical and functional assessment of the respiratory system, has become a relevant step in the diagnosis of respiratory disease affecting performance. The aim of this review is to provide objective information to assist clinicians in interpreting laboratory findings by (1) summarising published cytological references val...
Mechanical recovery of inhibited cyathostomin larvae from equine intestinal tissue. The Stomacher is very widely used in food and medical research for extracting tissues. To determine whether nematode larvae were disrupted by the Stomacher, L3 larvae of Haemonchus contortus were homogenised for up to 40 min at full power but no larval disruption occurred. Therefore, tissue from the mucosa and submucosa of the caecum of horses collected from a licenced abattoir was treated to determine whether inhibited cyathostomin larvae could be extracted. The optimum time on full power for a 10-g sample was 20 min, and in three out of five caecal samples from different horses, significantl...
Evaluation of discriminant analysis based on dorsoventral symmetry indices to quantify hindlimb lameness during over ground locomotion in the horse. Advances in gait analysis techniques have led to assessment tools that can aid in detecting and quantifying lameness; here, bilateral tubera coxae and pelvic movement during over ground locomotion are compared in order to investigate a practical method to assess hindlimb lameness in the horse. Objective: To evaluate which parameters from anatomical landmarks on trunk and proximal hindlimbs are the best indicators of degree and side of hindlimb lameness. Methods: Fifteen horses (age 11-23 years, 6 nonlame and 9 unilaterally hindlimb lame horses 1/10 to 2/10 lame) were fitted with 4 inertial sen...
Influence of different exercise regimes on the proximal hoof circumference in young Thoroughbred horses. Most lameness in horses relates to foot problems and may be associated with changes in hoof shape, but there is a lack of information on the influence of normal exercise on hoof shape. Objective: To investigate the effect of training on proximal hoof circumference in young Thoroughbred racehorses being prepared for racing. Methods: Thirty-seven young Thoroughbred racehorses were included in this study. Front hoof circumference immediately below the coronary band was measured weekly with a measuring tape in all horses present at the stable. Most horses accomplished a minimum of 2 training perio...
The effects of limb posture on relationships between in vitro radial hoof strain, load and joint angles. Radial strain in normal hooves has been found to vary with strain gauge location, limb posture and sample limb but reported magnitudes were considered to be low. More accurate measurement of radial strain may enhance the understanding of hoof function. Objective: To explore in vitro radial hoof strain in relation other kinetic and kinematic variables that may be related. Methods: Five normal forelimbs were removed at the proximal articular surface of the third metacarpal bone (McIII). The limbs were loaded using a modified Instron test machine. Six calibrated infrared cameras captured movement...
In vitro evaluation of metacarpophalangeal joint loading during simulated walk. Insight into the loading pattern of the articular cartilage surface during the complete stride is important as biomechanical factors play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of joint trauma and osteoarthritis (OA). Objective: To determine the loading pattern in the equine MCP articulation in vitro during simulated walk. Methods: Eight cadaveric limbs from mature Dutch Warmblood horses were loaded in a pneumatic loading device in 6 different positions (A1-A6). The pressure distribution on the articular surface of the proximal phalanx (P1) was measured at 7 sites (S1-7) using intra-articularly pl...
Horizontal moment around the hoof’s centre of pressure during walking in a straight line. Joint congruity and ligaments restrain the distal limb joints from excessive motion in the transverse and frontal planes, but the magnitudes and direction of the horizontal twisting moments around the hoof's centre of pressure (CoP) that induce these motions are unknown. Objective: To quantify the horizontal moment around the vertical axis through the hoof's CoP at walk, and to determine whether these are symmetric. Methods: Nine sound Thoroughbred horses (mean age 53 years; mean mass 502 kg) were led at walk in a straight line across a Kistler force platform. Five trials were collected for ea...
Thirty-two component finite element models of a horse and donkey digit. The finite element (FE) method is the most powerful modelling technique available to explicate the biomechanics of the digit. It has already proved to be of high value in human podiatry. However, accurate models of the complex anatomy of the horse and donkey digit are currently lacking. Objective: To develop FE models of the horse and donkey digit from computed tomography data, including all functionally relevant anatomy, and to perform simulations to replicate prestrain in the flexor tendons and quasistatic weightbearing. Methods: Computed tomography data of the front right digits were obtain...
The use of force plate measurements to titrate the dosage of a new COX-2 inhibitor in lame horses. Lameness is a highly prevalent condition in horses and the principal cause of removal from athletic activity. In clinical studies to evaluate nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapies, force plates are commonly used to assess improvement of lameness objectively. Objective: To use a force plate to determine the optimal dose of a new COX-2 inhibitor (firocoxib) that will reduce lameness, when administered orally to horses once daily. Methods: Sixty-four horses that exhibited chronic lameness presumed due to osteoarthritis, including navicular disease, in at least one of the frontlimbs and at...
Population of follicles and luteal structures during the oestrous cycle of mares detected by three-dimensional internal structure microscopy. The structure of the equine ovary is different from that of other mammals in its extremely large size, the presence of ovarian fossa and the inverted location of its cortex and medulla. A three-dimensional internal structure microscopy (3D-ISM), which consists of a computer-controlled slicer, a CCD camera, a laser disc recorder and a PC, is very useful for the observation of the internal structures in equine ovaries. In addition, the three-dimensional images of follicles and corpus luteum (CL) reconstructed by the segmentation technique can clarify the spatial arrangement in the equine ovary. ...
Quantification of surface EMG signals to monitor the effect of a Botox treatment in six healthy ponies and two horses with stringhalt: preliminary study. Therapeutic options for stringhalt in horses are limited, whereas medical experiences with botulinum toxin type A (Botox) have been positive. To evaluate its effectiveness in horses, surface electromyography (sEMG) signals before and after injection need to be quantified. Objective: Treatment of healthy ponies and cases with Botox should reduce muscle activity in injected muscles and reduce spastic movements without adverse side effects. Methods: Unilaterally, the extensor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum lateralis and lateral vastus muscles of 6 healthy mature Shetland ponies and 2 talent...
Deformation of the equine pelvis in response to in vitro 3D sacroiliac joint loading. Sacroiliac joint injuries can cause poor performance; however, the interaction between pelvic mechanics and the sacroiliac joint is poorly understood. Objective: To measure pelvic displacement during 3D sacroiliac joint loading. Methods: Nine reflective triads were attached rigidly to bony prominences in sacropelvic specimens harvested from 14 horses for stereophotogrammetric analysis of triad displacements and joint kinematics. The sacrum was coupled to a load cell and mounted vertically within a material testing system (MTS). A pneumatic actuator was used to apply 90 Nm moments to the ischia...
Ex vivo calibration and validation of in vivo equine bone strain measures. Data are required to confirm that strain gauges recording high bone strains in Thoroughbred racehorses provide an accurate record of bone strain. Objective: To test the accuracy and reliability of very high in vivo strain recordings made during fast exercise in Thoroughbred racehorses. Methods: Strains were recorded during exercise from rosette gauges implanted onto the mid-shaft dorsal cortex of each third metacarpal bone (MC3) in 6 yearling and 6 mature Thoroughbreds in a previous experiment. Bulk elastic modulus (E(US)) was calculated from ultrasound speed and single photon absorptiometry m...
Isolation, growth and differentiation of equine mesenchymal stem cells: effect of donor, source, amount of tissue and supplementation with basic fibroblast growth factor. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are increasingly used as therapeutical aid for the orthopaedic injuries in the horse. MSC populate different tissues but the most commonly used for clinical purposes are isolated from bone marrow or adipose tissue. The first objective of this study was to investigate if the donor animal, the tissue of origin and the technique of isolation could influence the number of MSC available for transplantation after a short-term expansion. The second aim was to devise a culture system capable of increasing MSC lifespan and we tested the effect of basic fibroblast growth fac...
Efficacy of moxidectin against cyathostomins after long-term use in a large herd of draught horses with a high stocking density. This study was undertaken to determine whether resistance to moxidectin had developed in a large herd of draught horses, maintained on a small acreage, which had been routinely treated with moxidectin for five years. Faeces were collected for egg counts immediately before moxidectin gel was administered orally, and seven, 30, 60 and 90 days later. The faecal egg counts were significantly reduced at seven and 30 days after treatment, but were not significantly different from pretreatment counts at 60 and 90 days after treatment. There was no evidence of resistance having developed.
Equine versus bovine pericardium in transmeatal underlay myringoplasty. Many different grafting materials have been proposed in myringoplasty. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results obtained in transmeatal underlay myringoplasty using bovine and equine pericardium. The results were compared with those obtained by using autologous temporalis fascia. Methods: The study group consisted of 52 patients with tympanic perforation. Twenty-nine patients were randomly selected for treatment with bovine pericardium and 23 for equine pericardium. A group of 14 patients was treated with autologous temporalis fascia. Results: Closure of the perforation was achieved i...
Physiologic and nonphysiologic effects of exogenous prostaglandin F2alpha on reproductive hormones in mares. Responses to intravenous treatment of mares with prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF) 8 d after ovulation were studied in three groups (n=4/group): control (no treatment), bolus (single treatment with 2.5 mg PGF), and infusion (0.1 mg PGF during 2 h). Infusion resulted in a 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha (PGFM) concentration (559+/-44 pg/mL) that was not different from the mean concentration for the major portion of a natural PGFM pulse associated with luteolysis (569+/-45 pg/mL; n=5). Progesterone in the bolus group increased (P<0.03) between 0 (17.8+/-3.5 ng/mL) and 2 min (25.3+/-4.8 ng/mL), peak...
Stereolithographic biomodeling of equine ovary based on 3D serial digitizing device. The 3D internal structure microscopy (3D-ISM) was applied to the equine ovary, which possesses peculiar structural characteristics. Stereolithography was applied to make a life-sized model by means of data obtained from 3D-ISM. Images from serially sliced surfaces contributed to a successful 3D reconstruction of the equine ovary. Photopolymerized resin models of equine ovaries produced by stereolithography can clearly show the internal structure and spatial localizations in the ovary. The understanding of the spatial relationship between the ovulation fossa and follicles and/or corpora lutea i...
Assessment of the anti-Naja haje antibodies elicited in a low dose multi-site immunization protocol. The horse antibodies to Naja haje (Nh) elicited in a low dose multi-site immunization protocol were investigated from binding perspective in the context of antivenom maturation. We found that, this protocol evoked the production of lethality neutralizing avid antibodies in the first round of immunization which increases over the successive immunization rounds. The changes and the relative changes in the antibody parameters of each horse were taken as a measure for the efficacy of its immune system to respond by gaining and magnifying the antivenom parameters. While the avidity increases over t...
Dietetic effects of oral intervention with mare’s milk on the Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis, on faecal microbiota and on immunological parameters in patients with atopic dermatitis. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, 23 patients consumed 250 ml mare's milk or placebo for 16 weeks. The aim was to examine the effects of mare's milk on the characteristics of atopic dermatitis (AD), on faecal microbiota and on clinical and immunological parameters. The intensity of AD was examined using the Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index. During the mare's milk period, the mean SCORAD value of patients (n=23; 17 females, 6 males) decreased from 30.1 to 25.3 after 12 weeks (P<0.05) and to 26.7 after 16 weeks (P<0.1). In a subgroup (n=7) the SCORA...
