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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Assessment of a platelet function analyser in horses: reference range and influence of a platelet aggregation inhibitor. The objective of this study was to assess whether a new human platelet function analyser (the PFA-100) could be used to evaluate platelet function in horses and detect acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)-induced platelet dysfunctions. Citrated blood samples from 40 healthy horses were processed to obtain reference values for closure time (CT) using cartridges with collagen-ADP (CT-ADP) and collagen-epinephrine (CT-EPI) as platelet agonists. In addition, CT-ADP and CT-EPI were also measured before and 24 h after oral ASA administration in another 12 healthy horses. The sensitivity and specificity of the...
Thoracolaryngeal reflex latencies in Thoroughbred horses with recurrent laryngeal neuropathy. Electrolaryngeography was used to study the latencies of the thoracolaryngeal adductor reflex in Thoroughbred horses with and without recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN). Latencies were compared in horses with grades 1 and 2 RLN, diagnosed by endoscopy in resting horses. The reliability of the measurements, effect of sedation and correlations of latencies with age of the horse were also studied. There was no effect of sedation on reflex latency periods. The latency of the reflex period measured to a convolved peak of the electromyographic response was significantly different in horses with gr...
Evaluation of Lactobacillus pentosus WE7 for prevention of diarrhea in neonatal foals. To evaluate the efficacy of Lactobacillus pentosus WE7, an equine-origin organism with potentially beneficial in vitro properties, as a probiotic for prevention of neonatal diarrhea in foals. Methods: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Methods: 153 foals. Methods: Foals were enrolled at 24 to 48 hours of age and randomly assigned to treatment or control groups. The treatment group received approximately 2 x 10(11) CFU of freeze-dried L. pentosus WE7 orally once daily for 7 days, whereas the control group received a placebo. Clinical monitoring was performed for 14 days. Results: Probiotic a...
An in vitro study on spontaneous myometrial contractility in the mare during estrus and diestrus. Uterine smooth muscle specimens were collected from euthanatized mares in estrus and diestrus. Longitudinal and circular specimens were mounted in organ baths and the signals transcribed to a Grass polygraph. After equilibration time and 2 g preload, their physiologic isometric contractility was recorded for a continuous 2.0 h. Area under the curve, frequency and time occupied by contractions were studied. Differences between cycle phases, between muscle layers, and over the recorded time periods were statistically evaluated using linear mixed-effect models. In the mare, physiologic contractil...
Treatment strategies for mares with placentitis. Equine placentitis, and resultant preterm labor, are important sources of fetal and neonatal loss. The primary cause of equine placentitis is infection of the placenta with Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, which ascends through the caudal reproductive tract. Current treatment protocols for mares affected with placentitis are empirical. This paper reviews treatment approaches for resolving placentitis and preterm labor in both equine and non-equine species. Specific therapies reviewed include antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, tocolytic, and progestin agents.
Adiponectin and leptin are related to fat mass in horses. Plasma concentrations of adiponectin and leptin were measured in 23 mature Standardbred mares (age: 10+/-3 years) and 12 weanling fillies (10 Quarter Horse/Belgian crossbreds and two Quarter Horses; aged: 4+/-3 months) to test the hypothesis that adipocytokines are proportional to adiposity in horses. Rump fat thickness was measured using B-mode ultrasound and percent body fat (% fat) calculated using a published formula for the estimation of fatness in horses. Plasma adiponectin and leptin were determined using radioimmunoassay. In the absence of purified equine adiponectin or leptin, results...
Post-breeding inflammation and endometrial cytology in mares. Endometritis has been reported to be the third most common medical condition of horses. Timely diagnosis and treatment of endometritis in mares increases the chance of pregnancy. Exfoliative endometrial cytology is often used as a clinical tool to evaluate endometrial inflammation through detection of neutrophils. There is a lack of information on the time frame for changes in endometrial cytologic parameters following breeding. The main objectives of this article are to use current information to describe systematic analysis of endometrial cytology using standardized methods for sample collec...
Endometritis in the mare: a diagnostic study comparing cultures from swab and biopsy. The objective of this study was to compare results from endometrial culture swabs with results from culturing of endometrial biopsies. The culture results were related to cytological findings (polymorphonuclear; PMN-cells) and histological observations (PMN-cells). Biopsy and swab samples were smeared on the surface of a blood agar petri dish, and examined for growth of bacteria. Cytology samples were obtained from endometrial biopsies, stained and examined under microscopy for the presence of PMN-cells. Endometrial biopsies were examined for the presence of PMN-infiltration of the endometrial...
Detection and comparison of nitric oxide in clinically healthy horses and those with naturally acquired strangulating large colon volvulus. The objective of the study was to determine whether nitric oxide (NO) is present in clinically healthy horses (control) under basal conditions, and if it increases secondary to naturally acquired strangulating large colon volvulus (affected). Eleven affected horses and 10 controls were studied. Jugular venous blood, abdominal fluid, and urine were collected. The NO concentrations were standardized to the creatinine concentration in the respective samples. A biopsy specimen collected from the large colon pelvic flexure at surgery was divided into subsections for processing for inducible nitric ...
The effects of halothane and isoflurane on cardiovascular function in laterally recumbent horses. Experimental studies in adult horses have shown that general anaesthesia maintained with isoflurane is associated with less depression of cardiovascular function compared with halothane anaesthesia. Adverse effects of intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV) have also been demonstrated. Nevertheless, the haemodynamic effects of these agents and the effects of differing modes of ventilation have not been assessed during clinical anaesthesia in horses undergoing surgery. Methods: The haemodynamic effects of isoflurane or halothane anaesthesia during spontaneous or IPPV were studied non-...
Interaction of saddle girth construction and tension on respiratory mechanics and gas exchange during supramaximal treadmill exercise in horses. To determine the effect of girth construction and tension on respiratory mechanics and gas exchange during supramaximal treadmill exercise in horses. Methods: Six healthy detrained Thoroughbred horses were exercised on a treadmill inclined at 10% at 110% VO2max. Horses were instrumented for respiratory mechanics and gas exchange studies, and data were recorded during incremental exercise tests. The animals were exercised for 2 min at 40% VO2max, and samples and measurements were collected at 1 min 45 sec. After 2 min, speed was increased to that estimated at 110% VO2max and data was collected ...
Temperature changes in dental pulp associated with use of power grinding equipment on equine teeth. To quantify the temperature changes in the dental pulp associated with equine dental procedures using power grinding equipment. Methods: A matrix experimental design with replication on the same sample was followed to allow the following independent variables to be assessed: horse age (young or old), tooth type (premolar or molar), powered grinding instrument (rotating disc or die grinder), grinding time (15 or 20 seconds) and the presence or absence of water coolant. Methods: Sound premolar and molar teeth from a 6-year-old horse and a 15-year-old horse, which had been removed postmortem, wer...
Effect of withholding macromolecules on the duration of intestinal permeability to colostral IgG in foals. To quantify absorption of colostral IgG by healthy neonatal foals and to test the hypothesis that delayed ingestion of macromolecules prolongs the duration of intestinal permeability to immunoglobulins (Ig) in newborn foals. Methods: Thirteen mixed breed foals. Methods: Foals were randomly assigned to two treatment groups, which were fed either a glucose-electrolyte solution or a commercial milk replacer for 12 h after birth, before being fed a known amount of colostral IgG. A control group was fed a known amount of colostral IgG from birth. The efficiency of IgG absorption was calculated foll...
Frozen semen management in equine breeding programs. Success with frozen semen requires attention to detail and a basic understanding of the techniques for properly handling and thawing and inseminating frozen semen. Practitioners should also be familiar with strategies used for managing mares for insemination with thawed semen. This manuscript will review those techniques and also present fertility data collected in a commercial setting. Factors that affect pregnancy rates for mares inseminated with frozen-thawed semen such as timing and frequency of insemination were examined for two separate data sets consisting of 332 and 536 mare cycles col...
A modified surgical technique for repairing third-degree perineal lacerations in mares. A modified surgical technique has been developed for repairing third-degree perineal lacerations in mares. Complications of the currently used methods include rectovaginal fistula formation, urine pooling, complete dehiscence of the repair, constipation, tenesmus and difficulty of performance in the practice. The modified method is simpler and more practical. This method was performed on eight Thoroughbred mares with third-degree perineal lacerations after delivery. The rectovestibular septum was reconstructed by three lines of sutures in a transverse direction in relation to the longitudinal ...
Diagnostic applications of ultrasonography to stallion’s reproductive tract. Although ultrasound evaluation of the reproductive tract of stallions was introduced to veterinary practice long ago, this examination is not always conducted during routine breeding soundness evaluation. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical relevance of routine ultrasound evaluation of the stallion's reproductive tract. Breeding soundness evaluation of 113 stallions was performed, including ultrasonography of external and internal genitalia. Various pathological conditions were detected using this technique, with the most frequent being varicocele, thickened vaginal tun...
Depletion of pulmonary intravascular macrophages partially inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation in horses. Horses are unique in their extreme sensitivity to endotoxin-induced cardio-pulmonary shock and mortality. The mechanisms behind increased sensitivity of the horse to endotoxin remain unknown. Pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) are pro-inflammatory cells occurring in horses. Because the functions of equine PIMs in endotoxemia remain unknown, we studied the role played by equine PIMs in endotoxin-induced pulmonary pathophysiology. We achieved this by using a recently developed protocol to deplete PIMs in order to compare lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulmonary responses in horses with...
L-Bupivacaine 0.5% vs. racemic 0.5% bupivacaine for caudal epidural analgesia in horses. Bupivacaine is available as a racemic mixture of its enantiomers, d-bupivacaine and l-bupivacaine (LB). The aim of this randomized, double-blind study was to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of S(-)-bupivacaine compared with standard racemic bupivacaine (RB) in horses under caudal epidural analgesia. Two treatments were administered to each horse, with a 2-week interval between subsequent treatments. Treatment 1 consisted of 0.5% LB at a dose of 0.06 mg/kg of body weight, and treatment 2 consisted of 0.5% RB at a dose of 0.06 mg/kg of body weight. Epidural injections were given in ...
Comparison of topical lidocaine/prilocaine anesthetic cream and local infiltration of 2% lidocaine for episioplasty in mares. Local anesthesia and tissue inflammation associated with lidocaine infiltration and lidocaine/prilocaine topical anesthetic cream for episioplasty in mares were compared. Twenty-two mares were randomly assigned to lidocaine or lidocaine/prilocaine topical anesthetic cream treatment groups. Perineum and vulva were cleaned, 8-12 g (approximately 1 g/cm per side of vulva) of topical anesthetic cream was applied, and the area was covered by plastic wrap 30 min prior to beginning procedure. Alternately, lidocaine was injected (1 mL) every centimeter just prior to the procedure. Episioplasty was con...
Comparison of serological tests for equine trypanosomosis in naturally infected horses from Kazakhstan. In this study, we compared the complement fixation test (CFT), the horse complement fixation test (HCFT) and a card agglutination test for trypanosomosis (CATT/T. evansi) for the diagnosis of equine trypanosomosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Cohen's kappa test was used to evaluate the concordance between the three tests. Kappa scores for CFT versus HCFT and CATT are both 0.6165 (95% Confidence Interval CI 0.414--0.819) indicating a "substantial" agreement between CFT and HCFT or CATT, respectively. Kappa for HCFT versus CATT is 0.395 (CI 0.142--0.648) indicating a "fair" agreement between t...
Factors affecting the success of oocyte transfer in a clinical program for subfertile mares. Oocyte transfer is a potential method to produce offspring from valuable mares that cannot carry a pregnancy or produce embryos. From 2000 through 2004, 86 mares, 19.2 +/- 0.4 yr of age (mean +/- S.E.M.), were used as oocyte donors in a clinical program at Colorado State University. Oocytes were collected from 77% (548/710) of preovulatory follicles and during 96% (548/570) of cycles. Oocytes were collected 21.0+/-0.1h after administration of hCG to estrous donors and cultured 16.4 +/- 0.2 h prior to transfer into recipients' oviducts. At 16 and 50 d after transfer, pregnancies were detected i...
Incidence and risk factors associated with exertional rhabdomyolysis syndrome in National Hunt racehorses in Great Britain. A telephone survey of 51 National Hunt racing yards with 1140 horses in training was made in April and May 2003 to establish the incidence of exertional rhabdomyolysis syndrome during the previous year. A case-control study was used to investigate the risk factors for the syndrome in eight yards selected on the basis that cases had been confirmed by the analysis of serum muscle enzymes. The overall incidence of syndrome was 6.1 cases per 100 horses per year, and 55 per cent of the yards reported at least one case. The risk factors identified were sex, the average length of the training gallop,...
Evaluation of a commercially available human serum amyloid A (SAA) turbidometric immunoassay for determination of equine SAA concentrations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether equine serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations could be measured reliably with a turbidometric immunoassay (TIA) developed for use with human serum. Intra- and inter-assay imprecision were evaluated by multiple measurements on equine serum pools. Assay inaccuracy was determined by linearity under dilution. The assay was subsequently used for measuring SAA concentrations in clinically healthy horses, horses with inflammatory diseases, horses with non-inflammatory diseases, and in horses before and after castration. In pools with low, intermediat...
The equine immune response to Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus during uterine infection. The purpose of this study was to describe strain-specific immune responses to Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) during uterine infection in horses. Five isolates of S. zooepidemicus were differentiated into four strains antigenically by bactericidal testing in blood of 12 horses, and genetically by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Eight healthy mares were then divided into two groups, each inoculated with one strain intrauterinely on three successive oestrous cycles followed by a second strain for three successive cycles, first and second strains being reversed fo...
