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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Influence of age and sex in serum osteocalcin levels in thoroughbred horses. In this study, we assessed the potential value of free serum osteocalcin or bone gla protein (BGP), the most abundant non collagenous matrix protein found in bone and dentin, to reflect changes of bone turnover in thoroughbred horses. Levels of osteocalcin were analyzed in serum samples of 54 clinically normal animals divided into three groups (A, B, C) according to age: 8, 16-18 and 24-36 months, in order to determine the standard for young horses of different age and sex. Serum BGP was measured by an in-house developed double antibody radioimmunoassay using bovine antigen. The mean BGP level...
Effect of parturition on levels of vitamins A and E and of beta-carotene in plasma and milk of mares. The objective of this study was to investigate in mares the effect of parturition on plasma and milk levels of retinol, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and cholesterol over 12 weeks around parturition. In blood plasma of horses around parturition an increase of all these components was observed. This increase was most impressive in beta-carotene (P<0.05) and less pronounced for vitamin E, vitamin A and cholesterol. The magnitude of increase around parturition corresponded well with the magnitude of accumulation in colostrum; levels of beta-carotene in colostrum were 65 times higher compared...
New approaches to detect cortisol administration in the horse. The cortisol threshold concentration of 1.0 microg/ml in horse urine adopted by the International Federation of the racing Authorities in 1994 is specific. However, an increase in the sensitivity for the detection of cortisol administration would be helpful. Previous studies have shown that 20beta-dihydrocortisol concentration in urine would be a good indicator of cortisol administration. The purpose of the present work was to estimate the population parameters and the critical values of 20beta-dihydrocortisol and 20beta-dihydrocortisone concentration in urine compared with that of cortisol. U...
PGFM response to exogenous oxytocin and determination of the half-life of oxytocin in nonpregnant mares. We investigated the half-life of oxytocin in reproductively normal mares and the prostaglandin response after oxytocin administrations. Mares were given oxytocin, 10 or 25 iu, i.v., on the day of, or 2 days after, ovulation, and frequent jugular blood samples were collected for analysis of oxytocin and Prostaglandin F metabolite (PGFM) by RIA. Neither dose of oxytocin nor day of treatment affected the half-life of the exogenous oxytocin, which was determined to be 6.8 min. A significant increase in PGFM was observed within 6 min of oxytocin administration and peak values were observed within 1...
Hydrocortisone levels in the urine and blood of horses treated with ACTH. An investigation was undertaken to demonstrate whether therapeutic treatment with ACTH raises hydrocortisone (cortisol) levels in horse urine above the limit (1000 ng/ml) established by the International Conference of Racing Authorities with the aim of controlling the abuse of cortisol and ACTH in equine sports. ACTH (200 iu) was administered i.m. to 3 Thoroughbred horses; urine and blood samples were collected at intervals afterwards and analysed by an immunoenzymatic system (ELISA) and HPLC-MS. To ascertain post exercise cortisol levels in untreated horses, 101 urine and 103 serum samples we...
Attenuation by phenylbutazone of the renal effects and excretion of frusemide in horses. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of phenylbutazone premedication on the pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of frusemide in horses; and on frusemide-induced changes in urinary electrolyte excretion. Six Standardbred mares were used in a 3-way crossover design. The pharmacokinetics and renal effects of frusemide (1 mg/kg bwt i.v.) were studied with and without phenylbutazone premedication (8.8 mg/kg bwt per os 24 h before, followed by 4.4 mg/kg bwt i.v. 30 min before frusemide administration). A control (saline) treatment was also studied. Administration of frusemide...
Characterisation of the type and location of fractures of the third metacarpal/metatarsal condyles in 135 horses in central Kentucky (1986-1994). The objective of this retrospective study was to provide a detailed description of the characteristics of condylar fractures represented in a population of 135 horses who sustained 145 fractures. Records and radiographic studies were examined. Fifty-nine percent of the horses were male and the majority Thoroughbreds. The distribution of fractures was 37% incomplete-nondisplaced, 30% complete-nondisplaced and 32% complete-displaced. The right front was more likely to sustain a complete-displaced fracture, whereas the left front was more likely to sustain an incomplete-nondisplaced fracture. For...
Abnormal regulation of muscle contraction in horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis. To determine whether abnormal regulation of muscle contraction similar to that associated with malignant hyperthermia (MH) was evident in intact external intercostal muscle cells from Thoroughbreds with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER). Methods: 5 adult Thoroughbred horses with RER and 7 clinically normal adult Thoroughbred or mixed-breed horses. Methods: Twitch time course variables and contracture responses to various concentrations of potassium, caffeine, and halothane were measured in small bundles of intact external intercostal muscle cells from clinically normal horses and horse...
Plasma and urine nitric oxide concentrations in horses given below a low dose of endotoxin. To quantify plasma and urine nitric oxide (NO) concentrations before and after low-dose endotoxin infusion in horses. Methods: 11 healthy adult female horses. Procedure-Eight horses were given endotoxin (35 ng/kg of body weight,i.v.) over 30 minutes. Three sentinel horses received an equivalent volume of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution over the same time. Clinical signs of disease and hemodynamic variables were recorded, and urine and plasma samples were obtained to measure NO concentrations prior to endotoxin infusion (t = 0) and every hour until postinfusion hour (PIH) 6, then every 2 hours unti...
Comparison of sedative effects of romifidine following intravenous, intramuscular, and sublingual administration to horses. To compare sedative effects of romifidine following IV, IM, or sublingual (SL) administration in horses. Methods: 30 horses that required sedation for routine tooth rasping. Methods: Horses (n = 10/group) were given romifidine (120 microg/kg) IV, IM, or SL. Heart rate, respiratory rate, head height, distance between the ear tips, thickness of the upper lip, response to auditory stimulation, response to tactile stimulation, and degree of ataxia were recorded every 15 minutes for 180 minutes. Tooth rasping was performed 60 minutes after administration of romifidine, and overall adequacy of sedat...
Airway responses to histamine aerosol in clinically normal foods. To describe the spectrum of nonspecific airway reactivity in a group of clinically normal foals. Methods: 12 clinically normal mixed-breed foals, 48 to 92 days old, without history of clinical lung disease. Methods: Nonspecific airway reactivity was determined by measuring the extent of changes in dynamic compliance during nebulization of incrementally increasing concentrations of histamine aerosol. Degree of airway reactivity was expressed as the dose of histamine that evoked a decrease in dynamic compliance (Cdyn) to 65% of the after saline nebulization value (PC65Cdyn) or increase in pulmon...
Effects of orally administered enteric-coated omeprazole on gastric acid secretion in horses. To determine the effects of orally administered omeprazole, as enteric-coated capsules, on baseline and stimulated gastric acid secretion in horses. Methods: 5 healthy 8-year-old mixed-breed horses fitted with gastric cannulas. Methods: Enteric-coated granules of omeprazole were mixed with corn syrup and administered orally once daily for 5 consecutive days. On days 1 and 5 beginning 5 hours after omeprazole administration, 4 gastric fluid samples were collected, each for 15 minutes, via the gastric cannula (baseline samples). Pentagastrin was administered IV as a constant infusion for the sub...
Effect of feed rate and drill speed on temperatures in equine cortical bone. To examine the amount of heat generated in equine cortical bone by a 6.2-mm drill, using low- and high-speed and controlled feed rate drilling. Methods: 10 metacarpal bones harvested from five 2-year-old draft-type horses. Methods: Drilling on metacarpal bones was done using a machine shop mill with which the feed rate and drill speed could be precisely controlled. Bones were drilled, using 6 combinations of feed rate (1, 2, and 3 mm advance/s) and drill speed (317 and 1,242 revolutions/min [rpm], with maximal temperatures recorded by thermocouples placed 1, 1.5, and 2 mm from the drill. Maxim...
Hemothorax in 2 horses. This report documents the successful conservative medical management of hemothorax in 2 horses. Hemothorax occurred after a lung biopsy procedure (horse 1) and strenuous exercise on a treadmill (horse 2). The horses had tachypnea, tachycardia, nostril flaring, hemoptysis, and pawing. Hemothorax was suspected based upon absence of auscultable ventral lung sounds; development of cool extremities and pale, tacky mucous membranes; the ultrasonographic appearance of moderate to severe amounts of pleural fluid; and a concurrent decrease in hematocrit and total plasma protein. Both horses were treate...
The prevalence of Aeromonas species in feces of horses with diarrhea. Feces collected from 40 horses with diarrhea and 34 horses without diarrhea were examined to determine if an association existed between isolation of Aeromonas spp. and diarrhea. Samples were also examined for Salmonella spp., and identification of viruses and parasite ova. Neither Salmonella spp. nor Aeromonas spp. were isolated from the feces of 34 control horses. Aeromonas spp. were isolated from feces of 22 of 40 (55%) horses with diarrhea. Salmonella spp. were isolated from feces of 8 (20%) horses, and of these, 5 (12.5%) were also positive for Aeromonas spp. Twenty-nine isolates of Aerom...
Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of moxidectin (Equest) and ivermectin (Eqvalan) in horses. A study was undertaken in order to evaluate and compare plasma disposition kinetic parameters of moxidectin and ivermectin after oral administration of their commercially available preparations in horses. Ten clinically healthy adult horses, weighing 390-446 kg body weight (b.w.), were allocated to two experimental groups of five horses. Group I was treated with an oral gel formulation of moxidectin (MXD) at the manufacturers recommended therapeutic dose of 0.4 mg/kg bw. Group II was treated with an oral paste formulation of ivermectin (IVM) at the manufacturers recommended dose of 0.2 mg/kg b...
Pharmacokinetics of carprofen enantiomers in equine plasma and synovial fluid – a comparison with ketoprofen. Carprofen is a Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) which is widely used for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders in horses. The commercial preparation is a racemic mixture of two enantiomers (R and S carprofen). We used HPLC to measure plasma and synovial fluid R and S carprofen concentrations following a single intravenous (i.v.) dose, and computer modelling to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of the enantiomers in these two body fluids. A comparison was made with results from an identical experiment using ketoprofen. The plasma elimination half lives of R and S carprof...
The elimination profiles of tenoxicam and hydroxytenoxicam in equine urine and serum after a 200-mg oral dose. Tenoxicam (Mobiflex) was administered orally to four standardbred mares at a dose of 200 mg. Elimination profiles of tenoxicam and hydroxytenoxicam were generated based on quantitation of these analytes in urine and serum by liquid chromatography (LC) with ultraviolet detection. Tenoxicam was confirmed by LC-tandem mass spectrometry daughter ion mass spectra in the last postadministration sample in which tenoxicam was detected. The tenoxicam and hydroxytenoxicam urinary elimination profiles had the same shape for the same horse; however, each horse was significantly different from the others. ...
A non-competitive chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for the equine acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) — a clinically useful inflammatory marker in the horse. A non-competitive chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for measuring serum amyloid A (SAA) in equine serum was developed. A polyclonal anti-equine-amyloid A antiserum specific for equine SAA was utilized, and the assay was standardized using highly purified equine SAA. An acute phase horse serum was calibrated against the purified SAA and was used as standard when running the assay. Serum SAA concentrations in the range of 3-1210 mg/l could be measured. The reference range of SAA in clinically healthy adult horses was <7 mg/l. The clinical validation of the assay comprised the SAA responses...
Investigations on the stereoselective action of isoxsuprine on alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors in equine common digital artery. The affinity and functional effects of isoxsuprine enantiomers were investigated to determine the enantiospecificity of the beta-agonistic and alpha-blocking effects. Functional assays on isolated smooth muscle preparations from equine common digital artery were performed to determine the apparent affinity (pD(2)) and intrinsic activity (alpha(E)) of (-)erythro-isoxsuprine (alphaS, betaR, gammaR) and (+)erythro-isoxsuprine (alphaR, betaS, gammaS). The affinity of two enantiomers for the different adrenoceptor types was studied by radioligand binding assays on membrane preparations from the sam...
Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and Clostridium difficile toxin A in feces of horses with diarrhea and colic. To determine prevalence of clostridial enterotoxins in feces of horses with diarrhea and colic, and to determine whether an association exists between detection of clostridial enterotoxins in feces and development of diarrhea as a complication of colic. Methods: Prospective case series and case-control study. Methods: 174 horses with diarrhea, colic, or problems not related to the gastrointestinal tract. Methods: Horses were assigned to 1 of 4 groups: colic with diarrhea (group 1; n = 30); colic without diarrhea (group 2; 30); diarrhea without colic (group 3; 57); and control (group 4; 57). Fe...
Radiation exposure to personnel during examination of limbs of horses with a portable hand-held fluoroscopic unit. To determine radiation exposure to personnel during fluoroscopic imaging of limbs of horses with a portable unit and to determine distance from the c-arm at which radioprotective clothing is not required. Methods: Repeated-measures cohort study. Methods: Part 1, 1 forelimb and 1 hind limb from each of 5 equine cadavers; parts 2 and 3, personnel involved during imaging of limbs of 5 and 9 horses, respectively. Methods: Radiation exposure rates were mapped around the suspended c-arm of a portable fluoroscopy unit during imaging of various joints of equine cadaver limbs. During similar examinatio...
Effects of anabolic steroid (19-nortestosterone) on the secretion of testicular hormones in the stallion. The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of anabolic steroids on the testicular endocrine function of mature stallions. Mature thoroughbred stallions were treated with 800 mg nandrolone decanoate every 3 weeks for 3 months. After the first treatment, plasma concentrations of LH, immunoreactive inhibin and testosterone decreased rapidly to the nadir. These hormones were maintained at significantly lower concentrations compared with concentrations in intact stallions. Histology of the testicular tissue indicated the arrest of advanced spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules and a seve...
Pharmacokinetics of medetomidine in ponies and elaboration of a medetomidine infusion regime which provides a constant level of sedation. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous (i.v.) medetomidine (7 mcg kg(-1)) were best described by a two-compartment model in five ponies. Total body clearance was 4 (SD 0.60) 1 kg h,(-1)t(1/2alpha)7. 6 (0.91) minutes and t(1/2beta)51.3 (13.09) minutes. In one pony the one-compartmental model was best fit, and total body clearance was 4. 2 l kg h(-1)and t(1/2)was 11 minutes. Medetomidine plasma levels had fallen below the limits of quantification (0.05 ng ml(-1)) within 4 hours. Medetomidine 5 mcg kg(-1)i.v. followed by an infusion of 3.5 mcg kg h(-1)for two hours provided a constant level of sedat...
Antibacterial properties of a silver chloride-coated nylon wound dressing. A silver chloride-coated nylon wound dressing (Ag-WD) was evaluated in vitro for antimicrobial activity against five common equine wound pathogens. Methods: Bacterial susceptibility study. Methods: Equine wound pathogens: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, and Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: An inoculum of each pathogen was incubated directly with Ag-WD and quantitated after 24 to 48 hours of incubation. To determine if bactericidal activity of Ag-WD was contact dependent, an inoculum of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureu...
