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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
The molecular weight of therapeutic hyaluronan (sodium hyaluronate): how significant is it? Various molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HA) preparations have been injected into joints for the treatment of human and equine osteoarthritis. A therapeutic advantage has been claimed for commercial products with a molecular weight in the range found in normal synovial fluid (SF), compared to lower molecular weight products. But a correlation between molecular weight and efficacy is not borne out by an analysis of the available literature on clinical results. SF viscosity, HA concentration, HA molecular weight and rate of synthesis in joint disease. It is proposed that the beneficial effect o...
Adrenocortical carcinoma in a 12-year-old mare. A 12-year-old Dutch warmblood mare was examined because it had suffered colic intermittently for a few years and had lost weight in the previous two months. Palpation per rectum revealed a large firm mass in the left sublumbar region; the mass was classified post mortem as an adrenocortical carcinoma. The basal plasma cortisol concentration (at 10.00) of the mare was 94 nmol/litre, within the normal range. As in another case of adrenocortical neoplasm, a functional tumour could not be demonstrated. Only one of the 21 horses with a neoplasm of the pituitary-adrenocortical axis examined by the a...
Sedation of horses with romifidine and butorphanol. Combinations of romifidine and butorphanol were used to sedate 55 horses for a variety of surgical, therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. Eighteen of the horses were given the drugs separately, romifidine first followed by butorphanol four minutes later, and 37 were given the drugs together. The levels of sedation and ataxia were assessed and graded, and there were no statistically significant differences between the two methods of administration. The side effects were typical of the alpha-2 agonists, including bradycardia, heart block and some sweating. Box-walking was observed in one horse....
Effect of oxytetracycline on metacarpophalangeal and distal interphalangeal joint angles in newborn foals. Thirty-five newborn foals were assigned to 1 of 3 groups and treated with 0.9% NaCl solution (saline; group 1; n = 12), oxytetracycline (44 mg/kg of body weight; group 2; n = 12), or 2-pyrrolidone (oxytetracycline vehicle; group 3; n = 11) in saline solution during the first 36 hours after birth. Serum biochemical analyses were performed on samples obtained from group-1 and group-2 foals before treatment and 24 and 96 hours after treatment. Lateral to medial radiographic views of the forelimbs were obtained before treatment and 24 and 96 hours after treatment in all foals. Metacarpophalangeal ...
Prevalence and factors associated with development of laminitis in horses with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis: 33 cases (1985-1991). Medical records of 116 horses admitted to the Texas Veterinary Medical Center between Jan 1, 1984 and Dec 31, 1991 with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis (DPJ) were reviewed. The prevalence of laminitis was 28.4% (33/116; 95% confidence interval: 20.2 to 36.6%). The prevalence of DPJ and DPJ-associated laminitis did not appear to vary significantly by year during the study period. Anamnesis, physical examination, clinicopathologic data, and initial treatment recorded at the time of admission were reviewed to determine risk factors associated with development of laminitis associated with DPJ. A tre...
Investigation of the metabolism of azaperone in the horse. Urine samples collected from a horse after intramuscular administration of 40 mg of azaperone were extracted at pH 10 before and after acid hydrolysis. The extracts were concentrated and analysed by LC-MS-MS. Two N-dealkylated metabolites, N-despyridinylazaperol and N-despyridinylazaperone, and a low concentration of azaperone were detected in the unhydrolysed urine. Six metabolites; hydroxyazaperol, two hydroxyazaperones, azaperol, N-despyridinylazaperol and N-despyridinylazaperone were detected in the hydrolysed urine extracts. Using XAD-2 resin extraction, three glucuronide conjugated azape...
Serum hypoxanthine and xanthine concentrations in horses heterozygous for combined immunodeficiency. A group of diseases termed combined immunodeficiency (CID) results in a severe form of immunodeficiency. While CID in humans has two genetics bases, in Arabian it is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Kettler et al. (1989) determined that uric acid was significantly (p 0.05) between carrier and non-carrier horse's serum levels of hypoxanthine or xanthine. These data, combined with our previous ones suggest that an enzymatic lesion in the purine salvage pathway may occur at the urate oxidase step. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Serum-Hypoxanthin- und -Xanthin-Spiegel in Pferden mit Heterozygotie fÃ...
The effects of furosemide and pentoxifylline on the flow properties of equine erythrocytes: in vitro studies. The effects of various concentrations of furosemide and pentoxifylline on equine RBC in vitro were evaluated to facilitate better understanding of the potential effects of these drugs on blood flow properties. Furosemide induced increased mean cell volume (MCV), increased RBC potassium concentration, increased whole blood viscosity, and decreased the RBC filtrability. These data indicate that furosemide may block the RBC membrane transport pathways resulting in potassium and water retention. The increase in size and the resultant decrease in the surface-area-to-volume ratio may have caused the...
Isolation of Bacteroides ureolyticus from the equine endometrium. No abstract available
Natural outcome and ultrasonic identification of equine fetal twins. The natural outcome of bilateral twins (one in each uterine horn) that were viable on Day 40 was studied in 15 pony mares. Fetuses were monitored by transrectal ultrasonography until the outcome was determinable. One fetus (2 mares) or both fetuses (8 mares) died (cessation of heartbeats) during Months 2 and 3. Loss of fetuses was externally observed in 4 additional mares during the late fetal stage (Months 8 to 11); 2 mares lost 1 fetus and 2 lost both fetuses. Birth of 2 live foals occurred in only 1 of 15 mares (7%) First day of detected apposition between portions of the 2 allantochorions ...
Measurements of urethral pressure profiles in the male horse. Urinary tract pressure profiles were evaluated in 6 clinically normal geldings over 3 consecutive days. This was performed by introducing a 1.3 m-long cuffed catheter into the urinary tract, under xylazine sedation (0.8 mg/kg, iv). The method was reproducible. The mean (+/- sd) intra-vesicular pressure (IVP) and maximal urethral closure pressures (MUCP) were 10.3 (+/- 1.7) and 129.8 (+/- 19.6) cmH2O, respectively, and the ratio between MUCP and IVP was 13.2 (+/- 2.5). A gelding with urinary incontinence showed a significantly lower MUCP (73.4 cmH2O), and an MUCP to IVP ratio of 8.0. It was con...
[Adverse effects of veterinary drugs]. We report cases of adverse reactions, some of which serious, of four frequently used therapeutic substances in several animal species. In order to avoid similar cases we discuss special measures or alternative therapies.
Cystic adenomatous hyperplasia of the equine allantois: a report of eight cases. No abstract available
Age-related storage of iron in the liver of horses. The non-haem iron concentration was estimated in post-mortem liver samples from 51 horses (age range 1-25 years). Two were normal and 49 had been suffering from conditions that were not expected to have had long-term effects on iron metabolism. Muscle samples (splenius and biceps femoris) from 23 of these horses were also analysed. There was a highly significant age-related increase in the non-haem iron concentration in the liver (r = 0.635, p < 0.001), but not in the muscles, in which the iron concentration was much lower than in the liver.
Insemination results with slow-cooled stallion semen stored for approximately 40 hours. Semen from 3 stallions was extended using 2 methods (Kenney extender and a modified Kenney extender), slowly cooled, and stored for 41 +/- 6 (s.d.) h before insemination. An insemination dose (40 ml) contained 1.5-2 billion spermatozoa. In the experiment, 26 mares were inseminated in 30 cycles. The pregnancy rate per cycle obtained with sperm stored in the Kenney extender was 87% (n = 15). When the semen was extended with the modified extender, centrifuged and stored, the pregnancy rate was 60% (n = 15). Inseminations were done every other day until ovulation was detected. If a mare ovulated m...
Solitary osteochondroma of the nasal bone in a horse. A 3-year-old Appaloosa stallion with a 4 cm x 4 cm x 2.5 cm mass protruding from his nasal bone was evaluated. Radiographs revealed an osseous mass, with a radiopaque outer margin and several radiolucent areas within the body of the mass. The mass was surgically removed and evaluated histopathologically. The histopathological diagnosis was osteochondroma. This case represent the first reported occurrence of an osteochondroma arising from intramembraneous bone in the horse.
Urinary concentration of corticoids in normal horses and horses with hyperadrenocorticism. The urinary corticoid:creatinine (c:c) ratio was determined in eight horses with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC). The mean (+/- SD) urinary c:c ratio of the eight horses with HAC (29 +/- 14 x 10(-6)) was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than the ratio in seven control horses (11 +/- 4.3 x 10(-6)). The urinary concentration of corticoids in control horses (201 +/- 60.4 nmol litre-1) was significantly (P 0.05) between both groups. As both false negative and false positive cases were found, it is concluded that a measurement of the urinary c:c ratio in the horse should not be used as the sole test...
[Ultrasonography of ovarian pathology in the mare: a review for the practitioner]. The aim of this review is to give the practitioner the ability to be familiar with the echographic exam of ovarian abnormalities. He should be able to recognize different stages of the development of these important structures and to estimate the effect that they can have on the normal cycle of the mare. Various specific criteria and details regarding the equine echography of ovarian abnormalities are reported and illustrated, using the last scientific data published on that particular topic.
Pregnancies following transfer of equine embryos cryopreserved by vitrification. The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo developmental abilities of equine embryos cryopreserved by vitrification. Twenty-eight embryos were recovered from Native pony and Thoroughbred mares at Days 5 to 7 by nonsurgical uterine flushing (detection of ovulation=Day 0). The vitrification solution contained 40% ethylene glycol, 18% Ficoll, and 0.3 M sucrose in PBS. The embryos were placed for 1 to 2 min in vitrification solution (Group 1) or following exposure to 20% ethylene glycol in PBS for 10 to 20 min (Groups 2 and 3). Single embryos were loaded in 0.25-ml str...
Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and pharynx in horses. Medical records were reviewed for 11 horses with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and/or pharynx. The average age at presentation was 15.3 years. No breed or sex predilection was present. At presentation, 6 of 11 horses were dyspneic and 4 horses had inspiratory stridor. Endoscopy was performed in all cases and was more useful in demonstrating a mass in the laryngopharyngeal region than laryngeal or guttural pouch radiography. Surgical excision was attempted in 3 horses and in 1 horse alleviated clinical signs for 4 months. Ten horses were euthanatized and 1 horse died. Results of this st...
Penetration injury of the pyramis caused by a kick from a racehorse. A 56-year-old man presented with an unusual cranial penetration injury due to a horse's hoof. The CT number of the hoof was 269, and thus clearly not that of a wooden fragment or bone. An emergency operation was performed to remove the foreign body. The operation went well, and no infection developed. Eight months later he could walk unaided and had only mild disorientation.
The role of sweat in maintaining the stimulation of effort homeostasis in horses. Sweat secretion was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively in 20 horses after a 5 min. gallop at 450 m/min. The analysis revealed concentration of proteins 63.3 +/- 6.47 g/l, mainly albumins, a high level of sodium 254.43 +/- 62.84 mM/,l chloride 268.68 +/- 98.46 mM/l, potassium 98.95 +/- 49.62 mM/l and calcium 4.14 +/- 0.8 mM/l. A dependence was found between the protein concentration in serum and its quantity in sweat and between the level of potassium in sweat and its loss from the cells within a range 8.6 to 25.8 mM/l. The hypertonic horse sweat protects organism for excessive water los...
Fine structure of equine oocytes matured in vitro for 15 hours. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to evaluate the fine structure of equine oocytes cultured in vitro. Oocytes obtained by follicular aspiration were cultured for either zero or 15 hr. After treatment oocytes were processed either by light microscopy (nuclear evaluation) or TEM (cytoplasmic evaluation). Those oocytes cultured for 15 hr were incubated in modified TCM 199 with 15% (v/v) mare serum (day of ovulation) at 39 +/- 0.2 degree C. Evaluation using TEM revealed that cortical granules were present in all oocytes. However, zero-time oocytes contained few cortical granules, and...
