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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
[A comparison of cardiac stroke volume determination using the thermodilution method and PW-Doppler echocardiography for the evaluation of systolic heart function in the horse]. In 14 horses without heart disease stroke volume determination were established by pulsed wave doppler echocardiography. Thermodilution and doppler echocardiography were used simultaneously. The doppler echocardiographic volume determinations were carried out in left and right outflow tracts. Echocardiographically Velocity Time Integral, Maximum Flow Velocity, Mean Flow Velocity and Acceleration Time were ascertained. To be able to compare heart volumes of horses with different body weight stroke volume was applied to 1 kg of body weight (= heart index). Heart Index determined with thermodilut...
Superior check ligament desmotomy for treatment of superficial digital flexor tendonitis in thoroughbred and standardbred horses. Bilateral superior check ligament desmotomy was performed on 31 Thoroughbred and 17 Standardbred horses as the sole method of treatment for superficial digital flexor tendonitis. Horses resumed racing between 6 and 19 months after surgery. Horses that were able to compete in 5 or more races without injury to the tendon again were considered to have had a successful return to racing. Twenty-five Thoroughbreds were suitable for later study and 13 of these (52%) raced on 5 or more occasions. Fifteen Standardbreds were suitable for later study and 10 of these (66%) raced on 5 or more occasions. Wi...
Effect of seminal plasma on motion characteristics of epididymal and ejaculated stallion spermatozoa during storage at 5 degrees C. The objective of this experiment was to examine the effect of seminal plasma on motion characteristics of epididymal and ejaculated equine spermatozoa during storage at 5 degrees C. Epididymal spermatozoa were flushed with either seminal plasma or a skim milk-glucose extender. Ejaculated spermatozoa were collected with extender added 10 minutes after semen collection and addition of extender during ejaculation by placing 50 ml extender in the collection bottle. Semen samples were centrifuged and resuspended with a skim milk-glucose extender containing seminal plasma (0, 5 and 25%; v/v), prepar...
Long-term fate and effects of exercise on sternal cartilage autografts used for repair of large osteochondral defects in horses. Bilateral osteochondral defects (10 mm2 x 3 mm deep) were created on the distal articular surface of the radial carpal bone of ten, 2- to 3-year-old horses. One defect of each horse was repaired, using a sternal cartilage autograft (treated), and the other was left untreated (control). The horses were exercised on a high-speed treadmill at incrementally increased speed and duration over the course of 12 months. Horses were evaluated arthroscopically at 6 to 7 weeks, and clinical examinations were conducted weekly at exercise. Twelve months after surgery, carpuses of each horse were radiographe...
Congenital abnormalities of tendons and ligaments. Congenital deformities of tendons and ligaments are not uncommon in foals. The vast majority of hyperextension deformities are treated successfully with exercise management and extended heel shoes. Successful treatment of contractural deformities depend on the site and severity of the deformity and on the appropriate use of medical, physical, and, possibly, surgical therapy.
Measurements of blood flow and xanthine oxidase activity during postischemic reperfusion of the large colon of ponies. To assess right colic artery blood flow and relevance of xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase after experimentally induced strangulation obstruction and reperfusion of the colon, 5 ponies were subjected to 2.5 hours of complete ischemia of the left dorsal and ventral colons, allowed to recover from surgery, and monitored during a 48-hour reperfusion period. Five ponies were subjected to sham surgery and served as controls. All ponies had a Doppler ultrasound blood flow monitor implanted on the right colic artery near the pelvic flexure 10 to 14 days prior to the ischemic period. Colic arter...
Plasma disposition of amikacin and interactions with gastrointestinal microflora in Equidae following intravenous and oral administration. Amikacin was detectable (> 0.02 micrograms/ml) in plasma for 12 h in horses and donkeys and for 8 h in ponies following intravenous (i.v.) administration at a dose rate of 6 mg/kg bodyweight. The elimination half-life (harmonic mean) of amikacin was 2.8, 1.6 and 1.9 h in horses, ponies and donkeys, respectively, and the mean body clearance was relatively slow (45.2, 82.4 and 58.0 ml/h.kg, respectively). A suitable dosage interval for the i.v. administration of amikacin sulphate to horses, ponies and donkeys, at a dose rate of 6 mg/kg, would be every 8 h in horses, and every 6 h in ponies an...
Functional anatomy of tendons and ligaments in the distal limbs (manus and pes). Tendons and ligaments of the equine distal limbs have a prominent anatomic, functional, and clinical importance. This article reviews the descriptive and topographic anatomy of these structures in details. Special information is given about the mechanical properties and functional anatomy of the flexor tendons, accessory ligaments, and third interosseous muscle, as well as about their roles during the standing position and gaits.
Kinetics of inhibition of replication of vesicular stomatitis virus in blood mononuclear cells of horses after in vitro and in vivo treatment with recombinant equine interferon-beta 1. Recombinant equine interferon-beta 1 (reqIFN-beta 1) induces an antiviral state in blood mononuclear cells (BMC) of horses. Maximal protection against replication of vesicular stomatitis virus is achieved 6 hours after treatment with IFN in vitro and in vivo. Duration of the protective effect depends on the dose of IFN in vitro and in vivo. Availability of reqIFN-beta 1 in cultures of BMC for up to 48 hours does not prolong the antiviral state. The protective effect on BMC after treatment with IFN has similar duration in vivo and in vitro. Monitoring of the effect of IFN in vivo is, thus, simp...
Treatment of superficial digital flexor tendinitis. This article reviews the research and clinical findings relevant to the treatment of acute tendinitis in the horse. The goals of treatment are to reduce inflammation, minimize scar tissue formation, and promote restoration of normal tendon function. A wide variety of treatments have and still are being used to treat tendinitis, which indicates that there is no uniformly successful way to return a horse to full athletic function after injury. Therapy depends on the severity of tendinitis and duration of injury and can be divided into treatment during the inflammatory, repair, and maturation pha...
Isolation of equine herpesvirus type 2 (equine gammaherpesvirus 2) from foals with keratoconjunctivitis. Ocular problems characterized by conjunctivitis, epiphora, and keratopathy were detected in 35 of 80 Thoroughbred weanling foals that also had respiratory disease. Ocular problems were determined to be caused by infection with equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) and were successfully treated with ophthalmic medication containing idoxuridine. Equine herpesvirus type 2 isolated from 3 of 5 foals from which samples were collected. The identity of the causative virus as EHV-2 was confirmed by use of electron microscopy, restriction endonuclease DNA fingerprinting, and Southern blot analysis.
Attempts to modify reperfusion injury of equine jejunal mucosa using dimethylsulfoxide, allopurinol, and intraluminal oxygen. This study compared the severity of ischemic injury to the equine jejunal mucosa caused by arteriovenous obstruction (AVO) or venous obstruction (VO) with that caused by reperfusion after ischemia. The degree of mucosal damage and regeneration was scored according to a modified version of an established light microscopic classification for ischemic injury. Biopsy specimens taken after 3 and 4 hours of obstruction, and after 3 hours of obstruction and 1 hour of reperfusion, were compared. There were no changes in the severity of mucosal injury (characterized by epithelial sloughing, loss of vil...
A retrospective study of vein thrombosis in horses treated with intravenous fluids in a veterinary teaching hospital. The medical records of 68 horses treated with IV fluids for 24 hours or more were reviewed to determine the risk of vein thrombosis and to determine which factors were associated with the occurrence of vein thrombosis in these horses. Three factors were positively associated with vein thrombosis including use of locally produced fluids and presence of fever and diarrhea. Two factors, having general anesthesia or having surgery, were negatively associated with vein thrombosis. One continuous variable, duration of treatment, was positively associated with vein thrombosis. Factors not associated ...
Oxytocin enhances clearance of radiocolloid from the uterine lumen of reproductively normal mares and mares susceptible to endometritis. The effects of oxytocin on the percentage of technetium 99m albumin colloid (99mTc-microAA), cleared from the uterine lumen was measured in 13 mares. Scintigraphy was performed during 4 consecutive oestrous cycles, on Day 3 of oestrus during Cycles one and 3 and 48 h after ovulation during Cycles 2 and 4. Oxytocin (20 iu) was given i.v. after the initial scintigraphy image during Cycles 3 and 4. Seven multiparous mares (Group 1) were classified as 'susceptible' and 6 mares (2 nulliparous and 4 multiparous; Group 2) were classified as 'resistant' to endometritis. All mares cleared > 90% of 9...
Evaluation of a technique for detection of pulmonary hemorrhage in horses, using carbon monoxide uptake. The diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and the functional residual capacity (FRC) of the lung were measured in 5 healthy Thoroughbreds before and after instillation of autologous blood into their lungs, in an attempt to develop a method to quantitate extravascular blood in the lungs of horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Mean (+/- SD) baseline values of DLCO and FRC were 333.8 +/- 61.9 ml/min/mm of Hg and 21.464 +/- 4.156 L, respectively. Blood instillation resulted in decreases in DLCO and FRC. The paradoxic decrease in DLCO (we were expecting to find an increase owi...
Concentrations of amino acids in plasma and whole blood in response to food deprivation and refeeding in healthy two-day-old foals. Concentrations of amino acids in plasma and whole blood in response to 10 hours of food deprivation were determined in healthy 2-day-old foals (n = 8) and were compared with control values in foals of the same age (n = 8) allowed free access to suckle. In addition, response of concentrations of amino acids in plasma to 15 minutes of free-access suckling was determined at the end of the 10-hour period in both groups. Response of 13 amino acids in plasma of food-deprived foals was significantly (P < 0.05) different, compared with that in control foals. Concentrations of 3 amino acids (alanine...
Tidal breathing flow-volume loops in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Tidal breathing flow-volume (TBFV) loops were determined in a group of control horses and in horses affected with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). The latter group was studied when the condition was in remission and under increasing amounts of airway obstruction as reflected by measurements of change in pleural pressure, pulmonary resistance, and dynamic compliance. The TBFV loops of control horses had biphasic inspiratory and expiratory patterns; peak inspiratory and peak expiratory flows were detected early in inspiration and expiration, respectively. Tidal volume was unaffected by hea...
Skeletal muscle characteristics in red blood cell normovolaemic and hypervolaemic standardbred racehorses. Muscle biopsy specimens from the middle gluteal muscle were studied in 16 red blood cell hypervolaemic (Group HV) and 19 normovolaemic (Group NV) Standardbred racehorses. All horses were stallions, 4-8 years old and having similar mean racing performance values, as described by an individual selection index value. All horses raced regularly but those in Group HV did not perform as expected and were therefore referred to the clinics for exercise tolerance testing. Muscle biopsy specimens were analysed for fibre type distribution (Type I, IIA and IIB), fibre area and relative fibre area. In addi...
Temporal changes in concentrations of amino acids in plasma and whole blood of healthy neonatal foals from birth to two days of age. Temporal changes, as well as differences in distribution, in concentrations of 24 amino acids in plasma and whole blood of neonatal foals were determined from birth to 2 days of age. In addition, differences in concentrations of amino acids in plasma between mare and foal pairs were determined at birth. Significant (P < 0.05) hypoaminoacidemia existed for 15 amino acids in plasma of foals at birth, compared with mares (paired t-test). Concentrations of 7 amino acids (aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, hydroxyproline, phenylalanine, proline) in plasma of foals were higher (P 0.05). S...
Sensory nerve conduction velocity of the caudal cutaneous sural and medial cutaneous antebrachial nerves of adult horses. Maximal conduction velocities of compound action potentials evoked by stimuli of 2 times threshold in the caudal cutaneous sural (CCSN) and medial cutaneous antebrachial (MCAN) nerves were determined by averaging potentials evoked and recorded through percutaneous needle electrodes. Mean maximal conduction velocities of compound action potentials were: CCSN = 61.3 +/- 2.0 meters/second (m/s) and MCAN = 56.4 +/- 2.8 m/s. To confirm accuracy of our percutaneous recordings, compound action potentials were recorded through bipolar chlorided silver electrodes from the exposed surfaces of fascicles ...
Influence of estrous cycle stage on adhesion of Streptococcus zooepidemicus to equine endometrium. Equine endometria representative of Kenney's categories I, II, and III were incubated in vitro with phosphate buffer, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or S zooepidemicus. Endometrial tissues from mares in estrus and diestrus were first categorized according to Kenney's classification, then were tested for adherence of S pneumoniae and S zooepidemicus to the epithelia. Bacteria were not observed when the endometrial tissue was incubated with phosphate buffer or S pneumoniae. There was no statistical difference in attachment of S zooepidemicus to endometrial tissue from mares in estrus or diestrus if e...
Haematological, bone marrow and clinical chemical changes in neonatal foals given canine recombinant granulocyte-colony stimulating factor. Five Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse cross foals were given 20 micrograms canine recombinant granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (rcG-CSF) per kg bwt intramuscularly (i.m.) on the day of birth and 10 micrograms rcG-CSF/kg for 13 additional days. During this time and for an additional 21 days haematology, bone marrow and clinical chemical analyses were performed. After one day of rcG-CSF administration leucocyte and neutrophil counts increased from 9.16 x 10(9)/l to 23.44 x 10(9)/l and from 6.45 x 10(9)/l to 19.61 x 10(9)/l, respectively. The counts continued to increase for the next 3-4 days ...
Chondrocyte-fibrin matrix transplants for resurfacing extensive articular cartilage defects. Cartilage resurfacing by chondrocyte implantation, with fibrin used as a vehicle, was examined in large (12 mm) full-thickness articular cartilage defects in horses. Articular chondrocytes, isolated from a 9-day-old foal, were mixed with fibrinogen and injected with thrombin, in a 1:1 mixture, into 12 mm circular defects on the lateral trochlea of the distal femur of eight normal horses. The contralateral femoropatellar (knee) joint served as a control in which the defect was left empty. Synovial fluid from the femoropatellar joints was sampled on days 0, 4, 7, 30, 120, and 240 postoperatively...
An in vitro biomechanical investigation of an interlocking nail for fixation of diaphyseal tibial fractures in adult horses. The compressive, bending and torsional mechanical properties of osteotomized adult equine tibiae stabilized with an interlocking intramedullary nail (nail-tibia composite) were compared with those of intact tibiae to determine the clinical applicability of the the nail for repair of tibial fractures in adult horses. The mean yield load, failure load, and stiffness for the nail-tibia composites were significantly less (P < .05) than those for the intact tibiae in all loading configurations. The mean compressive yield load for the nail-tibia composites was greater than the compressive load ca...
Clinical efficacy and safety of clenbuterol HCl when administered to effect in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A field study of 239 horses was conducted to determine the efficacy and safety of clenbuterol HCl, a beta 2-adrenergic bronchodilator, when administered incrementally to effect in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The severity of COPD (heaves) and response to treatment was determined by clinical evaluation; an overall 'heaveiness rating' (OHR) was assigned at each observation. The horses were treated orally b.i.d. with clenbuterol (as Ventipulmin Syrup), beginning with the lowest dosage of 0.8 micrograms/kg. On day 10 of treatment at the effective dose (0.8, 1.6, 2...
Technique for long-term ileal cannulation in ponies. A T-cannula was fitted permanently into the ileum of ten mature ponies to quantify the role of the prececal and postileal segments of the digestive tract in equine nutrition studies. The ponies were anesthetized, positioned in left lateral recumbency, and the distal small intestine was exteriorized through a right paralumbar incision. A silastic T-cannula was inserted through a 2-cm longitudinal incision into the lumen of the ileum, on the antimesenteric surface, and sutured to the ileum. The stem of the cannula was exteriorized through a 2-cm circular skin incision, 6 cm caudal to the 16th ri...
Effect of helium-induced ventilatory unloading on breathing and diaphragm EMG in awake ponies. Two questions were addressed in this study: 1) Does respiratory resistive unloading (inspired O2 fraction = 0.21, inspired He fraction = 0.79) elicit a compensatory reduction in stimulation of the diaphragm? 2) Do diaphragm and lung afferents contribute to compensatory responses to unloading? Ten intact (I), five diaphragm-deafferented (DD), four hilar nerve-denervated (HND), and seven DD+HND adult ponies were studied at rest and during mild and moderate treadmill exercise. During steady-state unloading at rest, duration of the diaphragm electromyogram (EMGdi) was less (P < 0.05) than contr...
