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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Haemodynamic changes during sedation in ponies. The cardiovascular changes induced by several sedatives were investigated in five ponies with a subcutaneously transposed carotid artery by means of cardiac output determinations (thermodilution technique), systemic and pulmonary artery pressure measurements (direct intravascular method) and arterial blood analysis (blood gases and packed cell volume). The cardiovascular depression (decrease in systemic blood pressure and cardiac output) was long lasting (greater than 90 min) after administration of propionylpromazine (0.08 mg/kg intravenous (i.v.)) together with promethazine (0.08 mg/kg i.v.)...
Action of dexamethasone in an equine model of acute non-immune inflammation. In a crossover study in seven New Forest ponies the actions of dexamethasone, at a dose rate of 0.06 mg kg-1 administered intravenously, were compared with those of a placebo treatment. Dexamethasone exerted expected effects on plasma and inflammatory exudate concentrations of cortisol and on blood glucose concentration and circulating leucocyte numbers, but it failed to affect exudate concentrations of the eicosanoids, prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and leukotriene B4. These findings do not support the hypothesis that the anti-inflammatory actions of dexamethasone in the ...
Femoral capital physeal fractures in 25 foals. The medical records of 25 horses 1 year of age or younger affected with femoral head and neck fractures during an 18 year period were reviewed. Each fracture involved the capital physis. The foals were 11 days to 12 months of age (mean, 5 months). No femoral capital physeal fractures occurred in horses older than 1 year of age during the same period. The history in each case included acute onset of severe unilateral hindlimb lameness, 3 hours to 2 months (mean, 12 days) before presentation. Injuries observed were violent falls, struggles, and kicks. Crepitation, swelling, pain with manipulatio...
Effect of maternal treatment with altrenogest on age at puberty, hormone concentrations, pituitary response to exogenous GnRH, oestrous cycle characteristics and fertility of fillies. Puberty was studied using 15 fillies of Quarter Horse phenotype. Fillies were from dams treated daily from Days 20 to 325 of gestation with: (1) 2 ml neobee oil per 50 kg body weight (controls); or (2) 2 ml altrenogest (2.2 mg/ml) per 50 kg body weight. The clitoris was measured at birth and approximately every 12 weeks until 84 weeks of age. Blood samples were collected from 9 fillies (5 treated, 4 controls) every 4 days over a 28-day period at 8-week intervals from 4 to 68 weeks of age; sampling continued every 4 days after 72 weeks of age until first oestrus. Blood samples were collected da...
Influence of preinduction methoxamine, lactated Ringer solution, or hypertonic saline solution infusion or postinduction dobutamine infusion on anesthetic-induced hypotension in horses. A controlled study of the cardiovascular responses in horses anesthetized with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg of body weight, IV), guaifenesin (100 mg/kg, IV), thiamylal (5.0 mg/kg, IV), and halothane in O2 (1.2 to 1.4% end-expired concentration) was performed to determine whether hypotension could be prevented by use of various treatments. Six horses were given 5 treatments in a randomized sequence: no treatment (control), methoxamine (0.04 mg/kg, IV), lactated Ringer solution (20.0 ml/kg, IV), 7.5% hypertonic saline solution (4.0 ml/kg, IV), or constant infusion of dobutamine (5.0 mg/kg/min, IV) d...
Prevalence of gastric lesions in foals without signs of gastric disease: an endoscopic survey. Gastroendoscopic examinations were conducted on 75 Thoroughbred foals aged two to 85 days on seven breeding farms in England and Ireland. The foals showed no signs of gastric disease. There was no significant difference between lesion prevalence in foals in England (16 of 28 foals; 57 per cent) or Ireland (22 of 47 foals; 47 per cent). Neither was there any sex predilection (18 of 36 males; 20 of 39 females). Lesions were most prevalent in foals under 10 days old (8 of 9) and least prevalent in foals older than 70 days (3 of 10). Lesions occurred most frequently in the squamous mucosa immediat...
[Histochemical and biochemical changes in skeletal muscles of rhabdomyolysis-sensitive racehorses following exertion. III: Elevated activity of various antioxidant enzymes]. In this communication, the results of a histochemical and biochemical enzyme study on gluteus medius muscle of horses, sensitive to exertional myopathy, during attacks of rhabdomyolysis are presented. For the biochemical study the biopsy specimens investigated were selected by means of histological and enzyme histochemical staining methods. Dissected specimens were used which contained groups of muscle fibres with a high or low activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, glutathione per...
The isoelectric focusing properties of serum alkaline phosphatase in disease and following prednisolone and phenylbutazone administration in the horse. This study was undertaken to ascertain if the isoelectric focusing pattern of serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) from sick horses with high activity is useful for determining its tissue origin. The effect of oral prednisolone and phenylbutazone therapy on this enzyme in healthy horses was also investigated. The sick horses were divided into three groups: hepatic, intestinal and miscellaneous. All sera had approximately thirteen bands of AP activity when focused on agarose gels with a pH gradient of 3.5 to 9.5. All the horses in the liver disease group had greater than 65% of enzyme activity in ba...
[The occurrence of feed-induced stomach ulcers in horses]. Ponies were fed hay (n = 21) or mixed feed (n = 27; 128 g crude protein, 175 g crude fibre/kg dry matter) for at least 14 days (treatment against parasites with ivermectin before the experimental period). The feeding level was 18 g dry mater/kg body weight/day. After the feeding period (the experiments were conducted to investigate the water and electrolyte content of the alimentary tract in dependence on feed, feeding time and physical exercise) the ponies were slaughtered and the stomachs were visually controlled for the occurrence of ulcers. In the hay group no gastric ulcers were observed,...
Pathways of lymph flow from superficial tissues in the legs of horses. Pathways of peripheral lymph flow from the legs in horses were studied with casts, and with light and electron microscopic techniques. Although lymph nodes in horses occur in large groups, each lymph vessel draining from the periphery appeared to terminate on a single node within a group. The larger branches of each vessel divided either on the node surface or after penetrating into the node, and 25 to 60 terminal afferent vessels entered either the subcapsular, medullary or trabecular sinuses. Numerous initial efferent lymphatics arose either within the medulla, or at its surface, and they of...
Effects of age and prosthesis material on in vitro cartilage retention of laryngoplasty prostheses in horses. Cartilage retention strengths of laryngoplasty prostheses were compared in larynges of 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old horses, using doubled polyester and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene prostheses. Bilateral laryngoplasties were performed on each of 15 (seven 2-year-old, two 3-year-old, and six 4-year-old) larynges, which were collected at an abbatoir. Prostheses were secured to a mechanical testing machine, and tension causing arytenoid cartilage abduction was applied, until total failure of the cartilage or prosthesis resulted. Tension caused cricoid cartilage failure in 1 specimen, and muscular pr...
Equine postanaesthetic myositis: a possible role for free radical generation and membrane lipoperoxidation. A method for the evaluation of total plasma antihydroxyl and antiperferryl activity is described. This method was applied to horse plasma obtained during halothane anaesthesia. In horses suffering from postanaesthetic myositis, a significant decrease in the antiperferryl activity was observed during anaesthesia particularly when the muscular compression produced by the weight of the horse was released. In the affected muscles, strong oxidants could therefore be generated during the reperfusion of the ischaemic muscles and might initiate membrane lipid peroxidation. This phenomenon could possib...
Development of diurnal rhythm in some metabolic parameters in foals. 1. The development of diurnal rhythm activity of FDPA, AspAT and A1AT and in levels of cortisol, T3 and T4 was observed in the blood serum of six foals. 2. The studies began when a foal was 7 days old and were repeated every month until foals reached 1 year of age. Blood samples were taken every 4 hr for one day each month. 3. As a control group four barren mares were used, kept and examined in the same conditions. 4. In mature mares, diurnal rhythms in activity of A1AT (acrophase at 2200 hr), AspAt (2400 hr) and cortisol (0630 hr) but in T3 only in summer months (acrophase at 0100 hr) were ob...
Historical highlights in cardiac pacing. The benchmarks in cardiac pacing are identified, beginning with F. Steiner (1871), who rhythmically stimulated the chloroform-arrested hearts of 3 horses, 1 donkey, 10 dogs, 14 cats, and 8 rabbits. The chloroform-arrested heart in human subjects was paced by T. Greene in the following year (1872) in the UK. In 1882, H. Ziemssen in Germany applied cardiac pacing to a 42-year old woman who had a large defect in the anterior left chest wall subsequent to resection of an enchondroma. Intentional cardiac pacing did not occur until 1932, when A.A. Hyman in the US demonstrated that cardiac pacing cou...
Ileocecal intussusception in horses: 26 cases (1981-1988). The case records of 26 horses with ileocecal intussusception over a 7-year period were reviewed to determine clinical features of the disease and response to treatment. The median age of horses with ileocecal intussusception was 1 year and ranged from 2 weeks to 19 years. There was no apparent gender or breed predisposition to this disease. An acute form of ileocecal intussusception was diagnosed in 19 horses with signs of moderate to severe abdominal pain of less than or equal to 24 hours' duration, and a chronic form was diagnosed in 7 horses with signs of intermittent, mild to moderate abdo...
Investigations of the horse conceptus via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nitroxide spin labels as contrast agents. Results are presented which illustrate the usefulness of Magnetic Resonance Imaging as applied to the study of living embryos. Nitroxide spin labels were employed as contrast agents to study the structure and properties of the embryos. These spin labels offer the additional advantage that they may potentially be bound to biologically important molecules thereby imparting the ability to produce contrast in the MR images to these new molecules. The horse conceptus was chosen over other embryos due to its large size. Whereas the embryos of cattle and swine are sub-millimetre in size, the horse co...
Treatment of anoestrous mares with a synthetic progestagen, allyloestrenol. Anoestrous mares were treated with prostaglandin (n = 43) and those that did not respond to prostaglandin (n = 29) with a synthetic progestagen, allyloestrenol, at a dose of 0.05 mg/kg body mass for 12 days. After the cessation of the long-term per os gestagen blockade the animals were checked for heat and, if a preovulatory follicle could be palpated, 2000 IU hCG was administered to induce ovulation. In some animals the plasma 17 beta-oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) levels were also followed up throughout the gestagen treatment and for 10-14 days thereafter. As the favourable oestrus ra...
An evaluation of the multiple-breath nitrogen washout as a pulmonary function test in horses. Multiple-breath nitrogen washouts (MBNW) were performed with 29 light horses. Seven normal horses were used to examine the reproducibility, and 22, ranging from normal to severely diseased, were used to examine the changes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the effect of a bronchodilator, salbutamol, on the distribution of ventilation. The MBNW were analyzed using the functional residual capacity (FRC), end-tidal N2 concentration of the final breath of the MBNW (FETN2,fb), end-tidal N2 concentration when the cumulative expired volume was equal to body weight (FETN2,bw), lung c...
Effect of GnRH treatment during the anovulatory season on multiple ovulation rate and on follicular development during the ensuing pregnancy in mares. Seasonally anovulatory mares were injected, i.m., twice daily with a GnRH analogue (GnRH-A), and hCG was given when the largest follicle reached 35 mm in diameter. In Exp. 1, treatment was initiated on 23 December when the largest follicle per mare was less than or equal to 17 mm. An ovulatory response (ovulation within 21 days) occurred in 17 of 30 (57%) GnRH-A-treated mares on a mean of 15.8 days. The shortest interval to ovulation in control mares (N = 10) was 57 days. The diameter of the largest follicle first increased significantly 6 days after start of treatment. In Exp. 2, treatment wa...
Efficacy of ivermectin in the treatment of induced Parascaris equorum infection in pony foals. Eighteen pony foals inoculated with 1,500 +/- 109 infective Parascaris equorum eggs were given 0.02 ml of ivermectin vehicle (liquid)/kg of body weight, PO, (control); 0.2 mg of ivermectin paste/kg, PO; or 0.2 mg ivermectin liquid/kg, PO, on postinoculation day (PID) 28. Foals were euthanatized on PID 42, and the small intestinal contents were examined for P equorum larvae. The mean number of fourth-stage P equorum larvae in foals treated with ivermectin paste and liquid were 3.5 and 6, respectively. Significantly (P less than 0.01) higher mean numbers of larvae (1,250) were detected in foals ...
Comparison of bacteriologic culture of blood and necropsy specimens for determining the cause of foal septicemia: 47 cases (1978-1987). Diagnosis of bacterial septicemia was confirmed by results of bacteriologic culture of antemortem blood samples and/or necropsy specimens obtained from 47 foals up to 8 days old. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from all 47 foals, and mixed infections with more than one organism were involved in 26 (55%). Escherichia coli, Actinobacillus spp, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most frequent isolates, infecting 55, 34, and 23% of foals, respectively. Gram-positive bacteria and anaerobic bacteria were isolated only from foals with mixed infections with gram-negative organisms. Clostridium pe...
[Preliminary experience with a buffy coat analyser in horses]. The present author's practice was offered the opportunity of testing a so-called buffy-coat analyser of the firm of Becton & Dickinson for its use in the field. He does not deny readers the report of his preliminary experience. In addition, the interpretation of the results and the limitations of the apparatus are briefly discussed.
Serum uric acid concentrations in horses heterozygous for combined immunodeficiency. Serum uric acid concentrations were determined in horses known to be carriers of combined immunodeficiency gene(s) and in presumed noncarrier horses. Uric acid concentrations were significantly higher (P less than 0.005) in carrier horses than in presumed noncarrier horses. However, there was some overlap in serum uric acid concentrations between carrier and presumed noncarrier horses.
Equine coital exanthema (EHV-3 virus) infection in India. A progenital disease encountered at one equine stud farm at Bangalore in Southern India during 1987 was investigated and confirmed as equine coital exanthema on the basis of characteristic lesions and clinical symptoms, isolation of equine herpes virus-3 (EHV-3) from the scabs collected from animals having active lesions and demonstration of neutralizing antibodies in the sera of recovered mares and stallion. This is the first authenticated report of the occurrence of equine coital exanthema in India due to EHV-3.
Neonatal viral diarrhoeas. Diarrhoea continues to be one of the more common and
important causes of economic loss in young animals (Anon
1978). Virus particles identified as rotaviruses, coronaviruses,
calci-like viruses, astroviruses, parvoviruses, and several others
have been detected by direct electron microscopy of ultracen-
trifuged samples of diarrhoeic faeces from young animals and
human infants over the past 20 years. Despite numerous stud-
ies on the many aetiological agents associated with neonatal
viral diarrhoea in recent years (Tzipori 1985), the challenge
for today’s new veterinary graduate is s...
[Clinical changes after intravenous administration of endotoxin in the horse]. The results of a study conducted to determine the clinical changes in 4 experimentally-induced cases of endotoxaemia in the horse are reported on. Endotoxaemia was induced by injecting commercially available E. coli 055:B5 lipopolysaccharide intravenously at a dose of 1 microgram kg-1. The parameters that were monitored include general behaviour, rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and quality, pulse quality, mucous membrane colour, capillary refill time, appearance of the faeces and the presence of laminitis. Increases in rectal temperature, respiratory and heart rate, capillary ...
