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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Microcytosis, hypoferremia, hypoferritemia, and hypertransferrinemia in standardbred foals from birth to 4 months of age. At birth, 24 Standardbred foals were assigned at random to 1 of 2 groups and were given a placebo supplement (group 1) or an iron supplement (248 mg of iron/treatment; group 2). Foals were given iron supplement or placebo 4 times during the second and third weeks after birth. Hematologic variables and general health were monitored until foals were 4 months old. Mean PCV in foals of both groups decreased during the first 2 weeks after birth, but values remained within adult horse reference ranges. During the first 6 weeks after birth, foal erythrocytes were smaller than adult horse erythrocytes...
Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of inspired oxygen fraction in halothane-anesthetized horses. Anesthesia of equids is associated with pulmonary dysfunction. Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of inhalation anesthetic agents and duration of anesthesia have been studied, using oxygen as the carrier gas. To our knowledge, the effects of inspired oxygen have not been determined. We studied the cardiovascular and respiratory effects of 2 inspired oxygen fractions (0.30 and greater than 0.85) in 5 laterally recumbent, halothane-anesthetized horses. Mean systemic arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, central venous pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, arterial pH, and arterial base e...
Comparative evaluation of the agar gel immunodiffusion test and two commercial ELISA kits for the serodiagnosis of equine infectious anemia. Selected sets of serum samples of horses were tested blindly in a comparative investigation for antibodies against Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) virus. Three commercial kits were used, a well-established agar-gel immuno-diffusion kit which our laboratory has been using routinely for 14 years on one hand, a competitive ELISA kit (CELISA) and a non-competitive ELISA kit on the other hand. The American EIA Reference Laboratory in Ames cotested 56 serum samples with the same 3 products, with highest-level correlation, thereby ascertaining full dependability of our own results. Five EIA experts su...
Cartilage healing: A review with emphasis on the equine model. Articular cartilage is a remarkably resilient tissue capable of withstanding considerable stress and repeated loading. Since this tissue has no blood vessels, nerve elements, or lymphatics, it is not surprising that it has a limited capacity for repair when damaged. In the horse, cartilage damage occurs as an occupational hazard. Furthermore, developmental defects such as osteochondrosis can lead to osteochondritis dissecans. Resultant cartilage flaps, fissures, and poorly organized subchondral bone produce disruption of joint surfaces.Veterinarians are often called upon to intervene when dama...
Determination of the relationship between sperm morphologic classifications and fertility in stallions: 66 cases (1987-1988). The analysis of breeding records and sperm morphologic classifications from ejaculated semen during 99 stallion seasons, over a 2-year period, revealed a significant correlation (r = 0.34, P less than 0.01) between the percentage of morphologically normal sperm in ejaculates and the per cycle fertility estimate of the stallions studied. In addition, the percentage of sperm classified as having major defects (abnormal heads, proximal droplets, and abnormal midpieces) was significantly inversely correlated (r = -0.36, P less than 0.01) with the same fertility estimates. Multiple variable regress...
Time-related responses to a constant-dose halothane anaesthesia in dorsally recumbent ventilated ponies. Haemodynamic and respiratory responses to halothane were investigated in dorsally recumbent, ventilated ponies during 2 hours. Normocapnia was maintained using intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Compared to the base line values at 30 minutes of constant dose halothane, no significant changes in heart rate, systemic blood pressure, cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke volume and left ventricle work were observed during a 2 hours anaesthesia. Arterial oxygenation increased initially (greater than 300 mm Hg) but tended to decrease non-significantly during the rest of the anaesthesia. Bl...
Characterization of release of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and superoxide anion from equine white blood cells in response to endotoxin. Direct effects of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) on equine WBC are known to stimulate the release of a variety of mediators including thromboxane, prostacyclin, and leukotrienes. In this study, 0.1 microgram of LPS/ml stimulated an early increase in tumor necrosis factor, succeeded by an increase in interleukin-1, but concentrations of LPS up to 5.0 micrograms/ml caused no significant increase in superoxide anion release. The concentration of LPS (0.1 microgram/ml) used in this experiment was in the range of concentrations measured in plasma of some horses with gastrointestinal problems....
Preliminary study of laryngeal sacculectomy in horses, using a neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser technique. In an attempt to ablate the laryngeal saccule as an alternative method of sacculectomy (conventially done through a laryngotomy incision for laryngeal hemiplegia) a neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser was used transendoscopically in noncontact fashion in 6 horses. The procedure was easy, quick, and labor-saving, with few complications. Endoscopically, the lased sacculectomy site appeared healed at postsurgical day 42. On postsurgical day 42, microscopic examination revealed mucosal remnants under the granulation bed. Laser energy caused thermal damage to tissues adjacent to the lased saccu...
Taste aversion learning in horses. The ability of ponies to learn to avoid a relatively novel food associated with illness was tested in three situations: when illness occurred immediately after consuming a feed; when illness occurred 30 min after consuming a feed; and when illness was contingent upon eating one of three feeds offered simultaneously. Apomorphine was used to produce illness. The feeds associated with illness were corn, alfalfa pellets, sweet feed and a complete pelleted feed. The ponies learned to avoid all the fees except the complete feed when apomorphine injection immediately followed consumption of the feed....
Failure of pH to predict ionized calcium percentage in healthy horses. Blood, serum, and plasma total calcium concentrations and plasma and serum ionized calcium concentrations were anaerobically determined by use of a calcium-specific electrode for samples obtained from 39 healthy horses. Mean (+/- SD) serum ionized calcium concentration was 6.6 +/- 0.3 mg/dl (1.6 +/- 0.1 mmol/L) and the mean serum ionized calcium percentage was 58.2 +/- 3.4%. Serum ionized calcium percentage was not significantly correlated with serum pH. Plasma ionized calcium percentage was weakly correlated with plasma pH (r = -0.480; P less than or equal to 0.05). Ionized calcium concentrat...
[The applicability of a detection method independent of a laboratory for progesterone in the blood plasma of mares (Hygia progesterone test)]. A rapid progesterone assay for cow's milk was checked as to whether it was applicable to mares' blood plasma. The "Hygia Progesterone-Test" is an on-farm test which serves for qualitative analysis. It is generally unusable for mares' plasma but sufficiently precise only in cases of larger or smaller progesterone levels. In cases of moderate amounts of progesterone the test is imprecise. The test can be carried out quickly and easily, but the preparation of blood samples takes more time than preparation of milk samples. The test can be recommended for usage in veterinary practice only, but not ...
Gonadotropin response by postpartum mares to gonadotropin-releasing hormone. We hypothesized that the LH response to GnRH would be greater as the interval from foaling increases, whereas the FSH response would decrease, and that corpus luteum function after the first ovulation would be similar to that after the second ovulation. At parturition, mares were assigned to receive GnRH (2 micrograms/kg) intravenously on 1) d 3 postpartum (n = 6); 2) d 6 postpartum (n = 6); 3) d 1 of first postpartum estrus (foal estrus) and again on d 1 of second postpartum estrus (n = 8). Blood was collected through an indwelling cannula at -2, -1 and 0 h relative to GnRH stimulation (basal...
Immunoturbidimetric quantification of serum immunoglobulin G concentration in foals. Immunoturbidimetric determination of serum IgG concentration in foals was compared with the reference methods of single radial immunodiffusion and serum protein electrophoresis. High positive correlations were discovered when the technique was compared with either of these reference methods. The zinc sulfate turbidity test for serum IgG estimation was also evaluated. Although a positive correlation was discovered when the latter method was compared with reference methods, it was not as strong as the correlation between reference methods and the immunoturbidimetric method. The immunoturbidimetr...
Isolation, characterization, and quantitative analysis of C-reactive protein from horses. C-reactive protein (CRP) was isolated from equine serum by use of calcium-dependent affinity chromatography conjugated pneumococcal C-polysaccharide, anion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration. It was identified as genuine CRP by its immunochemical cross-reactivity with anti-human CRP, its homology with human CRP in amino acid composition, and its pentameric structure as revealed by electron microscopy. Purified equine CRP had a molecular weight of approximately 118,000 and was composed of 5 identical, nonglycosylated and noncovalently associated subunits with molecular weight of approx...
Effects of clustered drill holes on the breaking strength of the equine third metacarpal bone. The breaking strength (stress at failure) of equine third metacarpal bones, with and without clustered drill holes, was determined in vitro. Paired ossa metacarpalia II-IV of 39 horses (n = 39) between 2 and 7 years old were tested in palmarodorsal 3-point bending. Four treatments were compared. Clustered 2.7- or 3.5-mm drill holes, in a 4- or 7-hole pattern, were made in the dorsal cortex of the distal diaphysis of the left third metacarpal bone. Undrilled right third metacarpi were used as controls. Bones with clustered drill holes failed by an oblique fracture through 1 or more drill holes,...
A contact method for the assessment of ultrasonic velocity and broadband attenuation in cortical and cancellous bone. A portable system using a direct contact for the measurement of ultrasonic velocity and broadband attenuation in bone is described (contact ultrasonic bone analyser, CUBA). Soft-tissue compensation is performed using an ultrasonic pulse-echo technique. CUBA has been successfully validated using reference materials, the precision of velocity and broadband attenuation measurements being typically 0.2% and 0.5% respectively. The clinical reproducibility has been assessed on the equine third metacarpal bone. The reproducibility of velocity measurement is typically 0.5% for cortical bone and 1% for...
Cerebrospinal fluid creatine kinase activity in horses with central nervous system disease: 69 cases (1984-1989). The CSF creatine kinase (CK) activity was determined in 70 CSF samples from 69 horses with CNS disease. Abnormal values (greater than or equal to 1 IU/L) were determined from 32 CSF samples, and normal values (less than 1 IU/L) were found in 38 samples. Increased CK activity was most frequently associated with a diagnosis of equine protozoal myelitis; CK activity was not increased in 11 horses with cervical compressive myelopathy. Other diagnoses, in which CSF CK activity was increased included trauma (n = 1), idiopathic epilepsy (n = 2), botulism (n = 2), articular facet fracture (n = 1), int...
Vascular response of the equine radius to cerclage devices. The arterial blood supply to the diaphysis of the radius, and the vascular reaction when three cerclage devices (cerclage wire, Parham-Martin band, and a partially contacting band) were applied 2 cm apart, were studied in six adult ponies. The opposite radial diaphysis served as the control. Ponies were euthanatized at weeks 4 and 8. A centrifugal blood flow pattern was demonstrated by microangiography. Larger numbers of medullary arteries exist in equine than in canine and human long bones. Changes in centrifugal blood supply were not identified beneath any of the cerclage devices.
Haemodynamic effects of small volume hypertonic saline in experimentally induced haemorrhagic shock. A comparison of the haemodynamic benefits of small volume hypertonic saline (2,400 mOsm/litre) versus isotonic saline (300 mOsm/litre) was conducted in 12 adult horses using a haemorrhagic shock model. The horses were anaesthetised and intravascular catheters placed for the measurement of haemodynamic data. Mean systemic arterial pressure was then reduced to 50 to 60 mmHg by controlled haemorrhage and maintained at that level for 40 mins. Cardiac output, stroke volume, mean systemic arterial pressure, plasma volume and urine production decreased significantly following blood loss. Hypertonic o...
Serum proteins in guinea-pigs and horses infected with Trypanosoma evansi (Steel, 1885). The serum protein pattern in guinea-pigs infected with T. evansi was analysed and compared with those found in horses with either a natural or experimental infection. In both species, a highly significant decrease in albumin levels and an increase in gamma-globulins were seen, leading to a very low albumin/globulin ratio. No significant differences in total protein levels between healthy and infected animals were registered. Likewise, alpha-globulins were not significantly affected. A decrease in beta-globulins was observed in one horse and in guinea-pigs with experimental infection, while in ...
NaCl transport across equine proximal colon and the effect of endogenous prostanoids. In contrast to in vivo findings, the equine proximal colon fails to demonstrate significant net absorption of Na+ and Cl- under in vitro conditions. The present study was undertaken to determine if endogenous prostanoids are responsible for this apparent lack of ion transport. Proximal colonic tissues from ponies were preincubated in either normal Ringer solution or in Ringer containing 1 microM indomethacin and studied in Ussing chambers containing these solutions. Untreated colonic mucosa demonstrated negligible Na(+)-Cl- absorption in the basal state. In contrast, indomethacin-treated colon...
Isolation of Gardnerella vaginalis from the reproductive tract of four mares. A gram-variable pleomorphic bacillus was isolated from the reproductive tracts of 4 mares during routine prebreeding soundness examinations. Using a commercial bacterial identification system, these organisms were identified as Streptococcus acidominimus. However, colonial and Gram-staining characteristics did not support this identification. Subsequent testing indicated the organism was similar to Gardnerella vaginalis. Additional growth and biochemical analysis performed in our laboratory and at the Michigan Department of Public Health and by the Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia,...
Antigenic assay for protein C determination in horses. An antigenic assay was developed for determination of protein C in horses. Protein C, a natural, vitamin K-dependent anticoagulant component in blood, was isolated from equine plasma, a specific antibody was produced in goats, and a rocket electroimmunophoresis assay was established. Tests were performed to verify the identity of the isolated protein C and to determine the purity of the antibody. Protein C antigen was measured in plasma from 34 clinically normal horses, and values were compared with amidolytic function values. The mean (+/- SD) values for the 2 test methods were similar (antig...
Effect of hypertonic vs isotonic saline solution on responses to sublethal Escherichia coli endotoxemia in horses. Cardiovascular responses to sublethal endotoxin infusion (Escherichia coli, 50 micrograms/ml in lactated Ringer solution at 100 ml/h until pulmonary arterial pressure increased by 10 mm of Hg) were measured 2 times in 5 standing horses. In a 2-period crossover experimental design, horses were either administered hypertonic (2,400 mosm/kg of body weight, IV) or isotonic (300 mosm/kg, IV) NaCl solution after endotoxin challenges. Each solution was administered at a dose of 5 ml/kg (infusion rate, 80 ml/min). Complete data sets (mean arterial, central venous, and pulmonary arterial pressures, pul...
Neuroaxonal dystrophy associated with vitamin E deficiency in two Haflinger horses. Neuroaxonal dystrophy and minimal diffuse degenerative myelopathy was diagnosed in two female full sibling, 1- and 2-year-old, Haflinger horses. Both animals developed slowly progressive ataxia from the age of 4 months. Clinical signs, which were more prominent in the hind legs, included hypermetria and dysmetria. Histological examination revealed neuroaxonal dystrophy characterized by spheroid formation, vacuolation, astrogliosis and lipofuscin pigment deposition in macrophages and neuronal perikarya. These changes were restricted to the gracilis and cuneate nuclei, nucleus of the solitary tr...
Effects of allopurinol on endotoxin-induced increase in serum xanthine oxidase in the horse. Using a modified bovine milk enzyme kinetic assay, xanthine oxidase activity of serum collected from 34 adult, healthy horses of both sexes was determined. Enzyme activity varied from 0 to 126 mU litre-1 with a mean of 44.95 +/- 21.05 mU litre-1. The optimal pH and temperature for maximal activity were 7.8 and 28 degrees C, respectively. Freezing the serum for four days at -70 degrees C did not destroy the enzyme activity. Various doses (25, 50 and 75 micrograms kg-1, intraperitoneally) of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide D1 Escherichia coli O26:B6) previously known to have caused moderate to sev...
Uterine contractile activity in mares during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Transrectal ultrasonography was used to quantitate uterine contractile activity during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy in pony mares (nonbred, n = 9; pregnant, n = 16). Continuous 1-min scans of longitudinal sections of the uterine body were videotaped, and uterine activity scores (1=minimal activity, 5=maximal activity) were assigned to each tape segment. There was a tendency (P<0.06) for a main effect of reproductive status (nonbred versus pregnant), a main effect of day (P<0.0001), and a reproductive status by day interaction (P<0.006). Uterine activity scores were higher (P&...
