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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Development of a scoring system for the early diagnosis of equine neonatal sepsis. A sepsis scoring system was developed and tested prospectively in a blind study of 190 neonatal foals admitted to the University of Florida Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital's neonatal intensive care unit. The system used 14 readily available historical, clinical or laboratory variables and weighted each item to arrive at a sepsis score. The score was found to have a sensitivity of 93 per cent, a specificity of 86 per cent, positive accuracy rate of 89 per cent and negative accuracy rate of 92 per cent. The sepsis score was far more sensitive and specific for infection, even in very early c...
The use of urea as a marker of body water in the nursing foal. Urea, compared with deuterium oxide (D2O) as a reference, was used as a body marker to estimate body water volume in ten 2-month old nursing foals. Plasma urea clearance was regular over 10 h and the R2 of the disappearance curve was between 0.93 and 0.98. Mean urea space was about 4% lower than D2O space, but the standard deviation of the proportion of water in body weight was higher with urea (3.8%) than with D2O (1.6%). Calculated urea entry rate was 49 mg/h/kg LW0.75.
Effect of sample freezing on the isolation of Mycoplasma spp. from the clitoral fossa of the mare. The growth of Mycoplasma equigenitalium and Mycoplasma subdolum from specimens collected from the clitoral fossa of each of four Standardbred mares was not diminished by freezing of the specimens in liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C) for up to 30 days when compared to samples cultured immediately.
Equine disease association studies: a clinician’s perspective. Diagnostic criteria should be carefully defined and described in disease association studies to allow (1) comparison among studies from different laboratories evaluating the same disease, (2) critical evaluation of selection procedures of patients, and (3) to strengthen genuine associations with any genetic marker system. Factors to consider include age at onset of disease, specialized diagnostic methods necessary to diagnose or eliminate patients with a selected disease, ranges of affectedness and differences in sex expression.
Total parenteral nutrition in four healthy adult horses. Total parenteral nutrition was accomplished in 4 healthy adult horses. During the 10-day study, the horses were not permitted to ingest food or water. Body weight was maintained at 94% of initial values without clinical evidence of dehydration. Serum urea nitrogen and triacylglycerol concentrations decreased during the study, without other significant hematologic or biochemical changes. Horses adapted without problems to the routine of IV feeding and confinement. All horses were healthy at the conclusion of the study. It was concluded that intravenous feeding with a lipid-glucose-amino acid-el...
Association of arytenoid chondritis with equine lymphocyte antigens but no association with laryngeal hemiplegia, umbilical hernias and cryptorchidism. Associations were sought between ELA A1-A10 and W11 antigens and the presence of laryngeal hemiplegia, arytenoid chondritis, umbilical hernias and cryptorchidism in Thoroughbreds and/or Quarter Horses. No significant associations were detected between laryngeal hemiplegia and any ELA antigen in Thoroughbreds. The association between arytenoid chondritis and A9 was significant with a relative risk (RR) of 15.6 and aetiologic fraction (EF) of 0.80 in Thoroughbreds. There were apparent associations based on RR between A4 and A5 in Quarter Horses with umbilical hernias (RR = 7.5 and 6.1 respective...
Cortisol concentrations in blood and urine of horses. A survey of the concentrations of cortisol in blood and urine samples taken from thoroughbred and standardbred horses after racing is presented. Statistical analysis showed the only significant difference between thoroughbred and standardbred horses was a higher cortisol concentration in thoroughbred urine. Urine volume and pH had no significant influence on the urinary cortisol concentration, however 9.5% of the urinary cortisol variation could be explained due to the influence of plasma cortisol concentration. The results of cortisol and ACTH administrations are also shown and compared with ...
Osseous sequestration in the horse. A review of 68 cases. Sixty-eight cases of cortical bone sequestration in 67 equine patients were reviewed with regard to the clinical presentation, method of treatment, and outcome. All lesions were located in skeletal areas with minimal soft tissue coverage, with 53% of them in the metatarsal and metacarpal bones. At the time of admission, 60% of the patients with limb lesions were lame; the majority improved with therapy. After sequestrectomy, there was a trend for surgical wounds which could be managed by primary closure to heal more rapidly (3.8 weeks) than wounds which required second intention healing (6.4 w...
The effect of oral L-carnitine supplementation on the muscle and plasma concentrations in the Thoroughbred horse. 1. L-carnitine was administered orally to thoroughbred horses for 58 days. 2. Acceptability and effects on plasma, muscle and urine concentration were studied. 3. Ten-60 g/day (as 2-3 doses) was acceptable with no deleterious effects. 4. One x 10 g L-carnitine significantly raised the plasma-free carnitine concentration (7 hr post) from 21.2 to 31.8 mumol/l; 2 x 30 g increased the mean to 36.5 mumol/l. 5. Plasma acetylcarnitine increased from approximately 1 to 5.5 mumol/l (7 hr post) on 2 x 30 g/day. 6. Muscle total carnitine was unchanged over 58 days. 7. Urinary output accounted for 3.5-7.5...
Platelet activating factor as a mediator of equine cell locomotion. Equine polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear (MN) leucocytes were separated on Percoll gradients and used to study the chemoattractant properties of the polar ether-linked phospholipid, platelet activating factor (PAF). Six concentrations of PAF ranging from 1 ng/ml to 100 micrograms/ml were studied in each of two in vitro assay systems, the agarose microdroplet and a microfilter technique. Very significant (p less than 0.01) increases in the movement of both PMN and MN cells were obtained with most concentrations of PAF. In two instances there was no apparent concentration-response relation...
Purification of brush border membrane vesicles from horse kidney cortex using Percoll. A rapid method for preparation of brush border membrane vesicles from a large amount of horse kidney cortex is described. Self-orienting Percoll-gradient centrifugation minimized contamination by microsomal membranes. The characteristics of this preparation were checked by electron microscopy and measurement of L-alanine uptake.
[Infection with equine herpesvirus and its manifestation in the central nervous system of the horse]. Infections with EHV1 can lead to manifestation at the CNS of horses followed by encephalomyelitis and "equine stroke". Horse experiments could confirm the clinical picture and gave links to the potential pathogenesis of the disease. We also have been in the position to isolate and characterize an EHV4 virus out of the brain of a horse with CNS disorders. The two viruses carry different biological properties which obviously dominate the pathogenesis. These properties as well as experimental and field cases are described and different diagnostic tests are discussed.
Exploratory celiotomy for suspected urinary tract disruption in neonatal foals: a review of 18 cases. The medical records of 18 neonatal foals, in which exploratory celiotomies were performed for suspected urinary tract lesions, were reviewed. Despite clinical signs and laboratory values indicative of disruption of the urinary tract, three foals did not have a site of urinary tract leakage at surgery. Eight foals had ruptured bladders and seven foals had urachal lesions. Ultrasonography was used as a pre-operative diagnostic procedure in eight foals to evaluate the presence of free peritoneal fluid and urinary tract integrity. Nine foals were alive six months after discharge. Seven of the nine...
Enzyme histochemistry on muscle biopsies as an aid in the diagnosis of diseases of the equine neuromuscular system: a study of six cases. Muscle biopsies from six horses with clinical histories of muscle atrophy, muscle tremors, myopathic symptoms, unsteadiness of pelvic limbs and progressive ataxia were examined. Muscle biopsies were studied with enzyme histochemical techniques to evaluate the diagnostic values of these methods in cases suspected of suffering from neuromuscular disorders. Hypertrophy, atrophy, fibre splitting, waxy degeneration, phagocytosis and necrosis were seen in haematoxylin eosin stained sections of the different cases. Fibre type predominance and fibre type grouping were seen in the calcium ion stimulate...
Effects of halothane anesthesia on the clearance of gentamicin sulfate in horses. Inhalation anesthetics decrease the clearance of some drugs that are eliminated by renal excretion. The purpose of the study reported here was to investigate the effects of halothane anesthesia on the pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of gentamicin sulfate, using the horse as a model. Using a crossover design, pharmacokinetic values after a single IV dose of gentamicin (4 mg/kg) were compared in halothane-anesthetized and unanesthetized horses. Compared with unanesthetized horses, the anesthetized horses had significant decreases in total body clearance (P less than 0.01) and apparent vol...
Effects of lesion size and location on equine articular cartilage repair. The mechanisms and completeness of equine articular cartilage repair were studied in ten horses over a nine month period. Large (15 mm square) and small (5 mm square) full-thickness lesions were made in weight bearing and nonweight bearing areas of the radiocarpal, middle carpal and femoropatellar joints. The horses were euthanized in groups of two 1, 2.5, 4, 5 and 9 months later. Gross pathology, microradiography, and histopathology were used to evaluate qualitative aspects of articular repair. Computer assisted microdensitometry of safranin-O stained cartilage sections was used to quantitate...
Retrospective assessment of dobutamine therapy for hypotension in anesthetized horses. Dobutamine was infused (1.7 micrograms/kg/minute) into 200 anesthetized horses as treatment for hypotension. The horses had been premedicated with xylazine, and anesthesia was induced with guaifenesin and ketamine and maintained with halothane. One hundred fifty-seven horses (79%) responded with an average increase in systolic blood pressure of at least 10 mm Hg within 10 minutes. A cardiac arrhythmia developed in 56 horses (28%) after dobutamine administration: 34 with sinus bradycardia, 18 with atrioventricular block, 2 with premature atrial contractions, and 2 with atrioventricular dissocia...
Effects of short-term stress, xylazine tranquilization and anesthetization with xylazine plus ketamine on plasma concentrations of cortisol, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and prolactin in ovariectomized pony mares. Long-term ovariectomized pony mares were subjected to one of four treatments: 1) control group - no treatment, 2) stressed group - 5 min of restraint via a twitch, 3) tranquilized group - administered xylazine (1.1 mg i.v. per kg of body weight), and 4) anesthetized group - administered xylazine followed 2 min later by ketamine (2.2 mg i.v. per kg of body weight). Blood samples were taken at -40, -30, -20, -10, -0.5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 90 min and at 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h relative to onset of treatment. Stress increased (P<0.05) cortisol concentrations 20 to 50 min after treatment a...
Capnographic monitoring during anesthesia with controlled ventilation in the horse. Forty-five horses were maintained on halothane or isoflurane anesthesia for at least 90 minutes and received positive pressure ventilation after the first 30 minutes of anesthesia. Parameters monitored included end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (ETPCO2), arterial blood pressure, and arterial blood gases and pH. There was a statistically significant correlation between end-tidal carbon dioxide and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) for both halothane and isoflurane anesthesia. There was no significant correlation between end-tidal carbon dioxide and either body weigh...
Results of operative treatment of equine colic with special reference to surgery of the ileum. This retrospective study presents the results of surgical treatment of obstructive colic in horses operated in the last decade (1976-1985). The overall short-term recovery rate (i.e. discharged from hospital) was 51% of cases presented for surgery, and 68% of cases which were considered to be amenable to surgical therapy. For long-term results (6 months-8 years follow up) these percentages must be reduced by about 15% due to mortality after discharge. Special attention has been given to surgery of the ileum, which is often involved in strangulation or obturation, and accounts for about 26% of ...
Uterine contractions in nonpregnant and early pregnant mares and jennies as determined by ultrasonography. Uterine contractions in 8 nonpregnant and 13 pregnant mares were studied using ultrasonography. A 1-min video tape recording was made of longitudinal real-time images of the uterine body. An overall uterine contractile activity score (0 = no or minimal activity to 4 = maximal activity) was assigned to each video tape segment. There was a day effect (P less than .01) and an interaction (P less than .01) of reproductive status X day. Uterine activity scores were highest on d 14 to d 18 (d 0 = day of ovulation) for nonpregnant mares and on d 10 to d 14 for pregnant mares. Uterine activity scores ...
The use of H(orse) INDEX: a method of analysing the ground reaction force patterns of lame and normal gaited horses at the walk. The amplitudes, impulses and times of occurrence of a number of selected peaks in the ground reaction force tracings of 17 horses with various clinical histories were compared with those of 20 horses used to establish values for the 'standard' Dutch Warmblood horse. The resulting factors were combined, using different weighting factors, into indices characterising each limb. The symmetry between the loading of the forelimbs and the hindlimbs was used to calculate amplitude and peak-time symmetry indices. Limb and symmetry indices were combined in one H(orse) INDEX. This method of quantifying t...
