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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Comparison of equine pituitary extract and follicle stimulating hormone for superovulating mares. Sixty light-horse, nonlactating mares were used to compare the efficacy of equine pituitary extract versus follicle stimulating hormone (FSH-P) for inducing multiple ovulations. On Day 12 of diestrus, mares were assigned to receive 1) no treatment, controls; 2) subcutaneous injections of 750 Fevold rat units of equine pituitary extract once daily; or 3) intramuscular injection of 150 mg of FSH-P twice daily. Ultrasound was used twice daily to visualize follicular changes and ovulation. For mares in Groups 2 and 3, treatment was initiated when two or more follicles > 20 mm were detected, and...
Study of arterial blood pressure in newborn foals using an electronic sphygmomanometer. An electronic sphygmomanometer which functions on oscillometric principles, was used to measure arterial blood pressure in foals. Its accuracy was assessed by comparison with results obtained by direct measurement in anaesthetised pony foals, aged 34 to 64 days. Correlations between data obtained by the two methods were highly significant but the sphygmomanometric readings were consistently lower than those obtained by direct measurement. An equation was derived from the pooled values for mean, systolic and diastolic pressure measurements. This was used as a correction factor when the oscillom...
Single step purification procedure for the rapid separation of equine leucocytes. Percoll gradients have been used to separate relatively pure populations of viable equine polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear (MN) cells. In preliminary studies, a continuous density gradient of 70% Percoll solution was used to separate two distinct leucocyte-rich bands. After measurement of the density of each band on the continuous gradient, discontinuous Percoll gradients, using 60% and 75% Percoll solutions, were used to provide a rapid means of separating PMN and MN cells. The yield of viable cells per ml of blood was 3.0 X 10(6) and 3.2 X 10(6) for MN and PMN cells, respectively. Cor...
Efficacy of human chorionic gonadotrophin and gonadotrophin releasing hormone for hastening ovulation in thoroughbred mares. Plasma progesterone levels were measured daily to determine the accuracy of diagnosing ovulation by rectal palpation carried out every other day; 81.5 per cent mares injected with human chorionic gonadotrophin showed increases of progesterone more than 1 ng/ml by 72 h after injection compared with 65 per cent of mares injected with gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) or saline. Mating at ovulation achieved a 74 per cent pregnancy rate in mares given hCG compared with 50 per cent given GnRH and 45 per cent controls. Diagnosis of ovulation per rectum on the basis of a pit in the ovarian surfa...
Cardiac arrest during anaesthesia in two horses. Unexpected cardiac arrest occurred in two horses during routine surgical anaesthesia. Both were successfully resuscitated. The aetiology of these occurrences and their possible relationship to second degree heart block is discussed.
Recovery and evaluation of embryos from normal and infertile mares. To evaluate embryo transfer as a possible method to circumvent infertility in mares, embryos from 14 normal and 14 infertile mares were collected three times and examined. Fewer flushes (p less than 0.05) from normal than infertile mares (1/42 vs 9/42) contained only abnormal embryos whereas more flushes (p less than 0.05) from normal than infertile mares contained one or more normal embryos (28/42 vs 8/42). More flushes (p less than 0.05) from normal than infertile mares contained embryos (29/42 vs 17/42). The embryo diameters (mm) at either day-7 or day-8 post ovulation were greater (p less ...
Equine laryngeal hemiplegia. Part II. An electron microscopic study of peripheral nerves. The recurrent laryngeal nerves were examined by electron microscopy in five control, four subclinical and four clinical laryngeal hemiplegic horses. In addition, the peroneal nerve was examined in two horses in the latter group. The distally distributed loss of large myelinated fibres in the left recurrent laryngeal nerve seen by light microscopy was confirmed. In addition, active axonal pathology was found to be more evident than indicated by light microscopic investigations. The onion bulb formations observed indicated the repetitive nature of the damaging influence to nerve fibres. Although...
Quantitative fecal culture for early diagnosis of Corynebacterium (Rhodococcus) equi enteritis in foals. Quantitative culture of Corynebacterium (Rhodococcus) equi from feces of 17 foals on a farm (A) with an endemic C. equi infection problem and 26 foals on a farm (B) without the disease in the past decade was done with a selective medium at weekly or monthly intervals from April to August of 1984. Corynebacterium equi was observed in the feces of 16 of 17 foals on farm A, and 19 of 26 foals on farm B. The mean viable count of C. equi in one gram of feces was 4.1 +/- 3.7 (log10) on farm A, and 3.9 +/- 3.4 (log10) on farm B. Corynebacterium equi was recovered from feces of foals as young as two w...
Arterial vs. rectal temperature in ponies: rest, exercise, CO2 inhalation, and thermal stresses. We assessed in ponies the adequacy of using rectal (Tre) rather than arterial temperature (Tar) under conditions common to ventilatory control experiments, i.e., CO2 breathing, thermal stress, and particularly exercise. We were interested in whether, and to what extent, Tar-Tre differences could lead to errors in arterial blood gas corrections. At control environmental temperatures (Ta) of 5 degrees C in the winter and 21 degrees C in the summer, Tar and Tre (37.1 degrees C) did not differ (P greater than 0.05). Elevating winter or summer Ta by 10-18 degrees C for 2-days or lowering summer Ta ...
Cardiovascular and pharmacokinetic effects of isoxsuprine in the horse. Isoxsuprine (0.6 mg/kg) administered IV to 6 standing horses produced substantial, transient decreases in systemic blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and stroke volume. It also produced substantial, transient increases in heart rate, cardiac output, and purposeful movement. Plasma concentrations of isoxsuprine peaked soon after the drug was administered IV and then decreased over a 12-hour period in a biexponential manner, with distribution and elimination half-lives of 14 minutes and 2.67 hours, respectively. Total body clearance and steady-state volume of distribution were calcula...
Pharmacokinetic adjustment of gentamicin dosing in horses with sepsis. Serum gentamicin concentrations were measured and pharmacokinetic values were calculated for 12 equine patients receiving parenteral gentamicin therapy. Horses were selected for monitoring of gentamicin pharmacokinetics if they met several criteria of high risk for gentamicin-induced toxicosis. Two blood samples were obtained, one immediately before gentamicin dosing and one at 1 hour after dosing. Gentamicin serum concentrations were analyzed and dosage adjustments were made on the basis of calculated one-compartment pharmacokinetic values. Nine of the 12 horses required dosage adjustment to ...
Estimation of urinary flow rate in weanling and yearling horses. In an attempt to validate the use of urinary creatinine concentration as an index of urinary flow rate, a series of timed quantitative urine collections were done on several groups of weanling and yearling ponies and Thoroughbreds. A total of 411 urine samples were generated by 19 ponies and 12 Thoroughbreds. Urinary flow rates and urinary creatinine concentrations were measured. When all the data were examined, urinary flow rates were independent of creatinine concentrations. However, for any given animal, daily urinary creatinine excretion was constant over several days, and urinary creatini...
Equine laryngeal hemiplegia. Part I. A light microscopic study of peripheral nerves. This light microscopic investigation of 15 Thoroughbred horses provided substantial evidence for the classification of equine laryngeal hemiplegia as a distal axonopathy. Morphologic and morphometric examinations were performed on resin embedded recurrent laryngeal nerves from control, subclinical and clinical laryngeal hemiplegic animals. In the latter group of animals some distal hindlimb nerves were also examined. A distally graded loss of myelinated fibres selectively affecting those of large diameter was demonstrated in both left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves. Morphologic evidence ...
Track condition and racing injuries in thoroughbred horses. The incidences of fractures and soft tissue injuries during 68397 starts of thoroughbred horses at New York Racing Association tracks were analyzed concerning track condition, dirt and turf tracks, environmental conditions, length of races, location of fractures on the track, and age of horses. It was concluded that the conditions evaluated are of no importance in the occurrence of racing injuries to thoroughbred horses.
Factors for prognostic use in equine obstructive small intestinal disease. Twenty horses with small intestinal obstructions requiring surgery were evaluated prospectively. Ten horses lived (group 1) and 10 died (group 2). Eight of the horses in group 1 had simple obstruction and 7 of the horses in group 2 had strangulation obstruction. There was a significant difference (P less than 0.001) between the mean intraluminal hydrostatic pressure in horses of groups 1 and 2 (6.3 cm H2O and 15 cm H2O, respectively). The mean peritoneal fluid protein concentration in horses of groups 1 and 2 (2.8 mg/dl and 5.4 mg/dl, respectively) also differed significantly between groups (P...
Changes in equine metabolic characteristics due to exercise fatigue. Eight horses exercised to fatigue were used to characterize the resulting changes in blood pH, in blood lactate, free fatty acid, bicarbonate, and ammonia concentrations, and in muscle glycogen concentrations. The exercise test was conducted at a speed of 4.5 m/s on a motorized equine treadmill set at a 9% grade. At fatigue, all variables differed significantly (P less than 0.05) from base-line values. Heart rate averaged 191.1 +/- 6.5 beats/min at fatigue, and the plasma lactate concentrations increased from 7.8 +/- 0.95 mg/dl to 94.3 +/- 19.2 mg/dl. Ammonia concentrations increased from 66.7...
Uterine rupture in a mare. This report involves uterine rupture in a mare, which was unique because it was not associated with assisted or difficult foaling. We describe an alternative to surgical correction of the condition and illustrate the need for luminal uterine palpation, so that uterine rupture does not go undiagnosed.
Antidotal effect of vitamin K1 against warfarin-induced anticoagulation in horses. Warfarin-induced anticoagulation and reversal of the induced anticoagulation by vitamin K1 were evaluated in 4 mature horses. Each horse was given warfarin IV until the prothrombin (PT) time was prolonged by approximately 1.5 times the predosing base-line value. In experiment 1, we evaluated the time required for PT to return to the predosing value (PT reversal time) after warfarin administration was discontinued. Between each experiment, a 1-week rest period was allowed. In experiment 2, two doses of vitamin K1 (100 mg/dose) were administered IM 6 hours apart, and the PT was monitored hourly ...
The biotransformation and urinary excretion of dexamethasone in equine male castrates. The pro-drugs of dexamethasone, a potent glucocorticoid, are frequently used as anti-inflammatory steroids in equine veterinary practice. In the present study the biotransformation and urinary excretion of tritium labelled dexamethasone were investigated in cross-bred castrated male horses after therapeutic doses. Between 40-50% of the administered radioactivity was excreted in the urine within 24 h; a further 10% being excreted over the next 3 days. The urinary radioactivity was largely excreted in the unconjugated steroid fraction. In the first 24 h urine sample, 26-36% of the total dose was...
Change in triceps muscle intracompartmental pressure with repositioning and padding of the lowermost thoracic limb of the horse. Triceps intracompartmental pressure was measured in the lowermost limb of the recumbent horse during the initial period of recumbency during elective surgical procedures in 11 horses. Intramuscular pressure, using an IM catheter, was measured with the thoracic limbs in 4 different positions, including (I) table-contact limb unadvanced-unsupported free limb, (II) table-contact limb unadvanced-supported free limb, (III) table-contact limb advanced cranially, unsupported free limb, and (IV) table-contact limb advanced cranially, supported free limb. Pressure was measured in the 4 positions with a...
Pharmacokinetics of sodium amoxicillin in foals after intramuscular administration. Pharmacokinetic values of sodium amoxicillin (22 mg/kg of body weight) in foals were determined after a single IM injection in 6 Quarter Horse foals at 3, 10, and 30 days of age. Serum amoxicillin concentrations were measured serially over a 24-hour period. The absorption of amoxicillin was rapid and followed a 1st-order elimination. Mean peak serum concentrations occurred 30 minutes after the injection in foals at all ages and were 17.31 +/- 9.59 micrograms/ml when the foals were 3 days old, 23.28 +/- 9.86 micrograms/ml when the foals were 10 days old, and 21.35 +/- 6.39 micrograms/ml when th...
Herniation of the abdominal wall in pregnant mares. Abdominal wall hernia was detected in 4 pregnant mares. Antemortem diagnosis of the specific abdominal wall lesion was difficult. Ventral deviation of the abdomen, associated abdominal wall edema, and pain indicated rupture of the prepubic tendon. Three mares examined at necropsy did not have a rupture of the prepubic tendon but did have herniation of the abdominal wall. Abdominal pain was severe and was compounded by incarceration or entrapment of viscus.
Efficacy of an oxibendazole-trichlorfon paste formulation against third stage larvae of Gasterophilus intestinalis and its safety in horses. A paste formulation containing 14.3 per cent of oxibendazole and 44 per cent of trichlorfon was administered to 33 ponies and horses. The dose rate used was equivalent to 10 mg and 30 mg/kg bodyweight, of oxibendazole and trichlorfon respectively. After treatment 25 animals passed between one and 82 third stage larvae of Gasterophilus intestinalis in their faeces. Dosing with 0.2 mg ivermectin/kg bodyweight three weeks later resulted in six animals expelling between one and four bots. The efficacy of the oxibendazole-trichlorfon paste was on average 96.2 per cent. This drug combination given t...
Quantitative buffy coat analysis of blood collected from dogs, cats, and horses. Using quantitative buffy coat analysis (QBCA), rapid and accurate measurements can be made of the erythrocyte PCV, total WBC count, and platelet count, and the leukocyte population can be differentiated into total granulocytes (including quantitation of eosinophils), and lymphocytes and monocytes. The QBCA is performed by placing a blood sample (50 to 111 microliters) into a high-precision-bore microhematocrit tube that contains a freely moving, closely fitting, cylindrical plastic float. After centrifugation for 5 minutes, the buffy coat components separate by density. The plastic cylinder fl...
