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Topic:Comparative Study
Comparative studies in equine research involve the systematic analysis of different horse breeds, management practices, or physiological responses to identify variations and similarities. These studies are instrumental in understanding how different factors influence health, performance, and behavior in horses. Common areas of comparison include genetic traits, nutritional requirements, disease resistance, and response to training. By evaluating these differences, researchers can develop targeted strategies for breeding, healthcare, and training. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that focus on the methodologies, findings, and implications of comparative studies in the context of equine science.
Radiographic, scintigraphic and magnetic resonance imaging findings in the palmar processes of the distal phalanx. Increased radiopharmaceutical uptake (IRU) in the palmar processes of the distal phalanx is recognised but its clinical significance has not been established. Objective: To investigate the relationship between radiographic, scintigraphic and MRI findings in the palmar processes of the distal phalanx. Objective: Increased radiopharmaceutical uptake in the palmar processes of the distal phalanx is associated with MRI abnormalities; IRU and MRI abnormalities are over-represented in lame limbs. Methods: Clinical data, radiographic, scintigraphic and MRI findings of 258 horses with unilateral or bi...
A multicenter case-control study of risk factors for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. To identify risk factors for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) among horses examined at 11 equine referral hospitals. Methods: Case-control study. Methods: 183 horses with EPM, 297 horses with neurologic disease other than EPM (neurologic controls), and 168 horses with non-neurologic diseases (non-neurologic controls) examined at 11 equine referral hospitals in the United States. Methods: A study data form was completed for all horses. Data were compared between the case group and each of the control groups by means of bivariate and multivariate polytomous logistic regression. Results: ...
Role of Sertoli cell number and function on regulation of spermatogenesis. Testicular function is under the control of expression and repression of several genes and gene products, and many of these works through Sertoli cells. The capability of Sertoli cells to regulate spermatogenesis is dependent on Sertoli cell functions and Sertoli cell number. Sertoli cell number has long been thought to be stable in adults with no proliferation of Sertoli cells once adult numbers have been reached. However, adult horses do not have stable Sertoli cell numbers, and new studies indicate that adult Sertoli cells can be made to re-enter mitotic phase under certain experimental con...
Comparative efficacy of diminazene diaceturate and diminazene aceturate for the treatment of babesiosis in horses. The present work was conducted to study the comparative efficacy of two anti-protozoan (babesicidal) drugs on the recovery and health of horses. A total of 80 horses, showing typical clinical symptoms of the disease, were selected for this study; the presence of babesiosis was confirmed through blood smear examination. These animals were divided into two groups i.e. A and B. Horses of Group A, were treated with diminazene diaceturate, while horses of Group B were treated with diminazene aceturate. Efficacy of the drugs was determined by the reversal of clinical signs and a negative blood smear...
Characterization of glycoconjugates in the secretory epithelium of the equine ampulla ductus deferentis. The present work was undertaken to determine the glycoconjugates secreted by the epithelium of the equine ampulla ductus deferentis, using conventional (PAS, AB pH 2.5, AB pH 1.0) and lectin histochemical procedures in conjunction with enzymatic digestion and chemical treatment. The presence of abundant apical cytoplasmic blebs suggests that the equine ampulla secretes its products mainly in an apocrine manner. Glandular cells secrete neutral and acidic sialylated glycoconjugates as revealed by conventional histochemical procedures. Lectin histochemistry helped us to discover the following his...
Sedation with detomidine and acepromazine influences the endoscopic evaluation of laryngeal function in horses. Endoscopy of the upper airways of horses is used as a diagnostic tool and at purchase examinations. On some occasions it is necessary to use sedation during the procedure and it is often speculated that the result of the examination might be influenced due to the muscle-relaxing properties of the most commonly used sedatives. Objective: To evaluate the effect of detomidine (0.01 mg/kg bwt) and acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg bwt) on the appearance of symmetry of rima glottidis, ability to abduct maximally the arytenoid cartilages and the effect on recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) grade. Methods: ...
Influence of breed and oestrous cycle on endometrial gland surface density in the mare. The diffuse noninvasive epitheliochorial equine placenta develops an intimate and complex interdigitation with the maternal endometrium throughout gestation to maximise surface contact and, consequently, optimise nutritional and gaseous maternofetal exchanges. A significant reduction occurs in the surface density of microcotyledons on the placentae of Welsh Pony vs. Thoroughbred mares that may relate to a difference in either the number or density of endometrial glands between these breeds. Objective: To examine this hypothesis and to determine the influence of the oestrous cycle upon the deve...
Alternative vaccination against equine botulism (BoNT/C). In Europe the incidence of botulism in horses has increased in the last decade due to the growing popularity of haylage feeding. Recombinant vaccines are safer and less expensive to produce and are generally better tolerated than toxoids. Objective: To investigate whether the recombinant C-terminal half of the heavy chain of the botulinum neurotoxin C (Hc BoNT/C) in combination with an immunstimulatory adjuvant is an appropriate vaccine candidate for horses by testing its efficacy to induce neutralising antibodies and by comparing its immunogenic properties and adverse reactions to a commercia...
Change in blood antioxidant status of horses moved from a stable following diagnosis of equine motor neuron disease. The antioxidant status of 10 horses living in stable 1 where 2 cases of equine motor neuron disease had previously been diagnosed was assessed before and 9 weeks after moving to another stable. Duration of residence in stable 1, subsequent moving, or both, significantly affected several parameters of the antioxidant status. Le statut antioxydatif de 10 chevaux logés dans l’écurie 1, où 2 cas de maladie du neurone moteur avaient été précédemment diagnostiqués, a été vérifié avant et 9 semaines après leur transfert dans une autre écurie. La durée de l’hébergement dans l’é...
Comparison of the effects of caffeine and doxapram on respiratory and cardiovascular function in foals with induced respiratory acidosis. To determine and compare the effects of caffeine and doxapram on cardiorespiratory variables in foals during isoflurane-induced respiratory acidosis. Methods: 6 clinically normal foals (1 to 3 days old). Methods: At intervals of > or = 24 hours, foals received each of 3 IV treatments while in a steady state of hypercapnia induced by isoflurane anesthesia (mean +/- SD, 1.4 +/- 0.3% endtidal isoflurane concentration). After assessment of baseline cardiorespiratory variables, a low dose of the treatment was administered and variables were reassessed; a high dose was then administered, and vari...
Evaluation of the influences of exercise, birth date, and osteochondrosis on plasma bone marker concentrations in Hanoverian Warmblood foals. To determine whether plasma concentrations of bone turnover markers in growing Hanoverian foals are influenced by age, housing conditions, or osteochondrosis. Methods: 165 healthy foals and 119 foals with osteochondrosis. Methods: Foals were allocated according to birth date and housing management into groups of early-born (born before March 31, 2001; n = 154 foals, 88 of which were healthy and 66 of which had osteochondrosis) and late-born (born after March 31, 2001; 130 foals, 77 of which were healthy and 53 of which had osteochondrosis) foals. Plasma osteocalcin and carboxyterminal propepti...
The horse genome project–sequence based insights into male reproductive mechanisms. The growing knowledge on physiology, cell biology and biochemistry of the reproductive organs has provided many insights into molecular mechanisms that are required for successful reproduction. Research directed at the investigation of reproduction physiology in domestic animals was hampered in the past by a lack of species-specific genomic information. The genome sequences of dog, cattle and horse have become publicly available in 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively. Although the gene content of mammalian genomes is generally very similar, genes involved in reproduction tend to be less conserved...
Monoclonal antibodies to equine IgM improve the sensitivity of West Nile virus-specific IgM detection in horses. West Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic pathogen of global importance. In horses with neurological signs, detection of WNV-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) in serum is widely used to identify clinical cases of WNV encephalitis. Here, we describe the development of two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to equine IgM which were used in a WNV IgM-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Their performance was compared to an established assay based on polyclonal anti-IgM. Check test serum samples from the National Veterinary Service Laboratory (NVSL) were used to evaluate the performance of the th...
Lactobacillus hayakitensis sp. nov., isolated from intestines of healthy thoroughbreds. Two strains, KBL13(T) and GBL13, were isolated as one of intestinal lactobacilli from the faecal specimens from different thoroughbreds of the same farm where they were born in Hokkaido, Japan. They were Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming and non-motile rods. KBL13(T) and GBL13 homofermentatively metabolize glucose, and produce lactate as the sole final product from glucose. The 16S rRNA gene sequence, DNA-DNA hybridization, DNA G+C content and biochemical characterization indicated that these two strains, KBL13(T) and GBL13, belong to the same species...
Changes in gas composition and acid-base values of venous blood samples stored under different conditions in 4 domestic species. The effect of storage temperature and time on blood gas and acid-base values has been investigated intensively in cattle and dogs; however, data are lacking in other species. Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate changes in gas composition and acid-base values in venous blood stored at different temperatures and for different times in 4 domestic species in Italy. Methods: Blood samples from Comisana sheep (n = 10), Maltese goats (n = 10), Ragusana donkeys (n = 10), and Thoroughbred horses (n = 10) were analyzed after storage at 23 degrees C (room temperature) for 15 minutes (group I)...
Analysis of ORFs 2b, 3, 4, and partial ORF5 of sequential isolates of equine arteritis virus shows genetic variation following experimental infection of horses. Samples from horses experimentally infected with the "large plaque variant (LP3A+)" of equine arteritis virus were analysed. These included 182 nasal swabs collected from day 1 to 14 post-infection (p.i.), and 21 virus isolates obtained from white blood cells of animals that showed a prolonged viraemia between days 30 to 72 p.i. In order to determine the genetic stability of the virus and particularly to characterise the genetic variants found during the prolonged viraemia, partial sequences of open reading frame 5 (ORF5) encoding glycoprotein 5 (GP5) were generated. Viruses with amino acid su...
Effects of oxygen exposure and gentamicin on stallion semen stored at 5 and 15 degrees C. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of storage of stallion semen in a defined milk protein extender at 5 and 15 degrees C under either anaerobic or aerobic conditions, with or without addition of the antibiotic gentamicin. Semen samples were collected from eight fertile stallions and stored for 96 h (day 0-4) and assessed daily for motility, velocity and membrane integrity (viability) using a CASA system. Samples for bacteriology assessment were taken on day 2 of storage. No significant (p > 0.05) differences in motility, velocity or viability were observed between treatmen...
Comparison of five real-time PCR assays for detecting virulence genes in isolates of Escherichia coli from septicaemic neonatal foals. Fifty-five isolates of Escherichia coli from septicaemic neonatal foals were used to validate five real-time pcr assays targeting different known virulence factor genes: curli fibre (csgD), ferric hydroxamate uptake (fhuA), type 1A pilin (fimA), aerobactin (lutA) and yersiniabactin (fyuA). A pcr assay targeting a universal sequence of the bacterial 16S rrna gene served as quality control. The pcr assays showed good analytical specificity and sensitivity on the basis of sequencing the pcr products, their lack of cross-reactivity with non-E coli organisms, high amplification efficiency and a lim...
Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentration in warmblood horses with heart valve regurgitations. This study measured plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentration in horses with heart valve regurgitations (HVR) with and without atrial and ventricular dilatation. Background: In humans and small animals, plasma ANP concentration is increased in heart disease and correlates with the severity of clinical signs and heart enlargement. Methods: Ten healthy horses (control) and 36 horses with HVR were evaluated by auscultation, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and determination of plasma ANP. Results: Control horses demonstrated mean plasma ANP concentration of 21+/-5.4 pg/mL. Of th...
Cloning and structural analysis of equine platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM, CD31) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1, CD106). Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM, CD31) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1, CD106) are essential for leukocyte emigration and diapedesis. PECAM is an essential histologic marker of endothelial cells; VCAM-1 is a prototype marker for endothelial cell activation. In this study, equine PECAM and VCAM mRNA were cloned and sequenced. Both genes are highly conserved amongst several species. This study also revealed conserved structural and regulatory motifs, emphasizing the importance of these genes' physiological roles in immunological responses.
Comparison of magnetic resonance contrast arthrography and arthroscopic anatomy of the equine palmar lateral outpouching of the middle carpal joint. The objective of this report was to provide an anatomic description of the equine palmar lateral outpouching of the middle carpal joint by comparing its arthroscopic and magnetic resonance (MR) contrast arthrography appearance and to define the structures within the palmar lateral outpouching of the middle carpal joint that can be assessed arthroscopically. MR contrast arthrography was performed on seven cadaveric limbs; images were compared with those obtained during arthroscopic exploration of the palmar lateral outpouching of the middle carpal joint. Gross dissection was performed to confir...
Development of a fluorescent-microsphere immunoassay for detection of antibodies specific to equine arteritis virus and comparison with the virus neutralization test. The development and validation of a microsphere immunoassay (MIA) to detect equine antibodies to the major structural proteins of equine arteritis virus (EAV) are described. The assay development process was based on the cloning and expression of genes for full-length individual major structural proteins (GP5 amino acids 1 to 255 [GP5(1-255)], M(1-162), and N(1-110)), as well as partial sequences of these structural proteins (GP5(1-116), GP5(75-112), GP5(55-98), M(88-162), and N(1-69)) that constituted putative antigenic regions. Purified recombinant viral proteins expressed in Escherichia col...
Diagnostic real-time PCR assay for the quantitative detection of Theileria equi from equine blood samples. We developed a TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the quantitative detection of Theileria equi from the in vitro-cultured parasite and field blood samples collected from horses living in Ghana and Brazil. The detection limit for the assay was determined to be 1.5 parasites/microl per sample, and the quantitative capacity was demonstrated using the in vitro-cultured parasite. For field applications, the real-time PCR assay was compared to a previously established nested PCR assay used as the gold standard for the real-time PCR assay. Of 65 field blood samples, 46 samples...
Statistical analysis of QT/RR hysteresis in healthy horses. The paper describes experiments and their results that offered an insight to relationship between RR and QT intervals in equine ECG signals recorded under various conditions. In contrast to human heart in a great number of cases the QT intervals prolonged with a heart rate acceleration. Peak-to-peak differences between maximum and minimum RR intervals during the excitation response in non-standard responses were twice as smaller as in standard responses and the lengths of QT intervals were significantly longer in the non-standard records. This fact means that the electrical processes in equine...
Expression of cell-surface antigens and embryonic stem cell pluripotency genes in equine blastocysts. Embryonic stem-like (ES-like) cells have now been derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of horse embryos at the blastocyst stage. Because they have been shown to express cell-surface antigens found in both human and mouse ES cells, the present study investigated gene expression patterns in day-7 horse blastocysts from which the horse ES-like cells had been derived originally. The genes studied included Oct-4, stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1), SSEA-3, SSEA-4, tumor rejection antigen-1-60 (TRA-1-60), TRA-1-81, and alkaline phosphatase activity, and whereas all three of the SSEA antig...
Allelic heterogeneity at the equine KIT locus in dominant white (W) horses. White coat color has been a highly valued trait in horses for at least 2,000 years. Dominant white (W) is one of several known depigmentation phenotypes in horses. It shows considerable phenotypic variation, ranging from approximately 50% depigmented areas up to a completely white coat. In the horse, the four depigmentation phenotypes roan, sabino, tobiano, and dominant white were independently mapped to a chromosomal region on ECA 3 harboring the KIT gene. KIT plays an important role in melanoblast survival during embryonic development. We determined the sequence and genomic organization of t...
Equine histoplasmosis: treatment trial in cart horses in Central Ethiopia. Therapeutic effects of Sodium Iodide (NaI), Potassium Iodide (KI), ground berries of "Endod" (Phytolacca dodecandra) and Penstrip were evaluated on 70 cases of equine hitoplasmosis (EH). Response to each treatment was assessed using clinical examination of the lesions. Statistically significant difference (P = 0.0036) in therapeutic effect was observed among the different remedies. Cases treated either with a combination of NaI and Penstrip (F = 6.34, P = 0.004) or "Endod" and Penstrip (F = 3.64, P = 0.031) demonstrated significant response. The difference in response to treatment between earl...
Comparison of cellular and humoral immunoassays for the assessment of summer eczema in horses. The objective of this study was to compare and analyze three common diagnostic methods for summer eczema (SE) in horses, an allergic dermatitis caused by bites of Culicoides spp. Nine horses with a medical history of SE and nine control animals were intradermally challenged with whole body extracts (WBE) and the saliva of a native (C. nubeculosus) and exotic (C. sonorensis) Culicoides species. Blood and serum samples of the horses were examined for basophil reactivity by a histamine release test (HRT) and for Culicoides-specific serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and G (IgG) by enzyme-linked immunos...
A retrospective evaluation of 204 diagonal incisor malocclusion corrections in the horse. The goal of this retrospective study was to record the direction of the diagonal incisor malocclusion (DIM) and excursion to molar contact (EMC) distances both before and after corrective procedures to determine if any general trends were apparent which may aid in predicting the outcome of DIM corrections. Pre-correction and post-correction data were compared to confirm a benefit to the patient from the corrective procedure. The results of this preliminary study reveal a few general trends to serve as basic guidelines for the practitioner Lateral EMC distances to the left and right in cases of...
