Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Topic:Comparative Study
Comparative studies in equine research involve the systematic analysis of different horse breeds, management practices, or physiological responses to identify variations and similarities. These studies are instrumental in understanding how different factors influence health, performance, and behavior in horses. Common areas of comparison include genetic traits, nutritional requirements, disease resistance, and response to training. By evaluating these differences, researchers can develop targeted strategies for breeding, healthcare, and training. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that focus on the methodologies, findings, and implications of comparative studies in the context of equine science.
Cardiac output measurement by partial carbon dioxide rebreathing, 2-dimensional echocardiography, and lithium-dilution method in anesthetized neonatal foals. The objective of this study was to assess 2 noninvasive methods of measuring cardiac output (CO) in neonatal foals by comparing results to that of the lithium-dilution method. Ten neonatal foals were anesthetized and CO was manipulated by varying the depth of anesthesia and infusion of dobutamine. Concurrent CO measurements were obtained by lithium dilution (reference method), partial carbon dioxide (CO2) rebreathing, volumetric echocardiography (cubic, Teichholz, Bullet, area-length, and single and biplane modified Simpson formulas), and transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. Thirty pairs of...
Regression and resurgence of the CL following PGF2alpha treatment 3 days after ovulation in mares. The present study was designed to characterize and compare the physiology and ultrasonographic morphology of the corpus luteum (CL) during regression and resurgence following a single dose of native prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF) given 3 days after ovulation, with a more conventional treatment given 10 days after ovulation. On the day of pre-treatment ovulation (Day 0), horse mares were randomly assigned to receive PGF (Lutalyse; 10 mg/mare, i.m.) on Day 3 (17 mares) or Day 10 (17 mares). Beginning on either Days 3 or 10, follicle and CL data and blood samples were collected daily until post-trea...
Serum gamma glutamyl transferase activity in horses with right or left dorsal displacements of the large colon. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that horses with right dorsal displacement of the large colon (RDDLC) have elevations in serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity when compared with horses with left dorsal displacement of the large colon (LDDLC). Medical records from 37 horses with RDDLC and 48 horses with LDDLC were reviewed. Horses were included for study if the RDDLC or LDDLC was confirmed by exploratory laparotomy or postmortem examination and if a serum GGT measurement was obtained within 24 hours before surgery. The proportion of horses with GGT activity within...
Effects of rice bran oil on plasma lipid concentrations, lipoprotein composition, and glucose dynamics in mares. Plasma lipid concentrations, lipoprotein composition, and glucose dynamics were measured and compared between mares fed diets containing added water, corn oil (CO), refined rice bran oil (RR), or crude rice bran oil (CR) to test the hypothesis that rice bran oil lowers plasma lipid concentrations, alters lipoprotein composition, and improves insulin sensitivity in mares. Eight healthy adult mares received a basal diet fed at 1.5 times the DE requirement for maintenance and each of the four treatments according to a repeated 4 x 4 Latin square design consisting of four 5-wk feeding periods. Blo...
Mass spectral analysis of domestic and wild equine apoA-I and A-II: detection of unique dimeric forms of apoA-II. In pigs, humans, chimpanzees and probably other great apes, a cysteine at residue 6 enables apolipoprotein A-II to form a homodimer. However, the apoA-IIs of other primates, lacking a cysteine residue, are monomeric. We have already reported that horse apoA-IIs form homodimers due also to a cysteine at residue 6. In this study, we wanted to determine whether other equine apoA-IIs might be monomeric. The high density lipoproteins were ultracentrifugally isolated from the plasmas of a horse (Equus caballus), a donkey (Equus asinus) and five wild equines: two types of zebras (Equus zebra hartmann...
Bodyweights and growth rates of spring- and autumn-born Thoroughbred horses raised on pasture. To examine the growth of spring- and autumn-born Thoroughbred foals raised on pasture. Methods: Bodyweight and growth rates were measured in pasture-raised Thoroughbred horses, born in either spring (n=56) or autumn (n=7), from birth to approximately 13 and 17 months of age. Results: Birthweight tended to be lower in autumn- than spring-born foals (54.4, SD 7.92 kg vs 57.3, SD 5.90 kg; p=0.08). Between birth and 6 months of age, there was no difference in growth rate at equivalent ages between horses born in spring and autumn. Spring-born horses, which were weaned in the autumn, had lower post...
Comparison of three methods for arthrodesis of the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints in horses. To evaluate the effects of diode laser surgery (LS), surgical drilling (SD), and intraarticular sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA) as methods for fusing the distal intertarsal (DIT) and tarsometatarsal (TMT) joints in horses. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Adult horses (15) without radiographic signs of osteoarthritis (OA) of the DIT and TMT joints. Methods: Group 1 (n=3) had LS performed bilaterally on DIT and TMT joints; 1 horse was evaluated for 1 week and 2 horses were evaluated for 2 weeks. Group 2 (n=6) had LS on DIT and TMT joints of 1 tarsus and MIA administration into the contralater...
Serologic cross-reactivity between Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. In the context of a serosurvey conducted on the Anaplasma marginale prevalence in Swiss cattle, we suspected that a serological cross-reactivity between A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum might exist. In the present study we demonstrate that cattle, sheep and horses experimentally infected with A. phagocytophilum not only develop antibodies to A. phagocytophilum (detected by immunofluorescent-antibody assay) but also to A. marginale (detected by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Conversely, calves experimentally infected with A. marginale also developed antibodies to A. phagoc...
Real-time reverse transcription PCR for detection and quantitative analysis of equine influenza virus. Equine influenza is a cause of epizootic respiratory disease of the equine. The detection of equine influenza virus using real-time Light Cycler reverse transcription (RT)-PCR technology was evaluated over two influenza seasons with the analysis of 171 samples submitted for viral respiratory disease. Increased sensitivity was found in overall viral detection with this system compared to Directigen Flu A and virus isolation, which were 40% and 23%, respectively, that of the RT-PCR. The assay was also evaluated as a viable replacement for the more traditional methods of quantifying equine influe...
Regional and zonal variations in the sulfation patterns of chondroitin sulfate in normal equine corneal stroma. To determine regional and zonal variation in sulfation patterns of chondroitin sulfate in normal equine corneal stroma. Methods: 22 normal eyes from 11 horses. Methods: Corneas were collected within 24 hours of death from equine necropsy specimens. After papain-chondroitinase digestion of corneal tissue, disaccharides deltaDi4S and deltaDi6S were quantified by use of capillary zone electrophoresis in the superficial, middle, and deep zones of central and peripheral regions of the cornea. Results: For the 2 regions combined, deltaDi6S/deltaDi4S values were significantly lower in the deep and mi...
Equine and canine Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains isolated on the island of Sardinia (Italy) are phylogenetically related to pathogenic strains from the United States. The presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, a tick-transmitted zoonotic pathogen, was investigated in Sardinia using a molecular approach. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Sardinian strains are genetically distinct from the two lineages previously described in Europe and are closely related to strains isolated in different areas of the United States.
Effects of changes to the stable environment on the exhalation of ethane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen peroxide by horses with respiratory inflammation. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of changes to the stable environment on exhaled markers of respiratory inflammation in six horses with clinical histories of recurrent airway obstruction. The horses were maintained for two weeks under conventional stable management (straw bedding and hay) and for two weeks on a reduced-dust regimen (paper bedding and ensiled grass), in a crossover study design. Exhaled ethane and carbon monoxide (CO) and exhaled breath condensate hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) were measured every three days under each regimen. The presence of clinical signs of air...
Comparative study on microvascular occlusion and apoptosis in body and limb wounds in the horse. Wound repair in horse limbs is often complicated by exuberant granulation tissue, a condition characterized by excessive fibroplasia and scarring and that resembles hypertrophic scars and keloids in man. The aim of this study was to compare microvascular occlusion and apoptosis in wounds of the limb with those of the body, which heal normally. Five 6.25 cm(2) wounds were created on both forelimbs and on the body of six horses. One limb was bandaged to stimulate excessive fibroplasia. Weekly biopsies were evaluated histologically and immunohistochemically for mutant p53 protein by terminal deox...
Plasma concentrations of 15-ketodihydro-PGF(2alpha), cortisol and progesterone during manual twin reduction in thoroughbred mares. The aim of the present study was to highlight the effect of two different techniques of one embryo crushing on some hormonal changes. Ten twinning mares were submitted to the mobile or fixed manual crushing of one blastocyst within day 19 after the last mating. Blood sample was collected from 20 min before to 90 min, 24 and 72 h after the procedure was performed to analyse 15-ketodihydro-PGF(2alpha), cortisol and progesterone plasma concentrations. Singleton pregnancy diagnosis was checked 72 h after crushing and at term of pregnancy. Because the unwanted crushing of both embryos occurred in o...
Factors associated with adverse reactions induced by caprylic acid-fractionated whole IgG preparations: comparison between horse, sheep and camel IgGs. Caprylic acid purification of IgG, currently used in the manufacture of horse-derived antivenoms, was successfully adapted for the preparation of sheep and camel IgG. Sheep IgG had a molecular mass of approximately 150 kDa, whereas camel IgG presented two bands of molecular masses of approximately 160 and 100 kDa, the latter corresponding to heavy-chain IgG, which is devoid of light chains. Horse, sheep and camel IgGs were compared by several parameters aiming at predicting their potential for induction of early and late adverse reactions. Horse and sheep IgGs showed a higher anticomplementary...
Evaluation of horseshoe characteristics and high-speed exercise history as possible risk factors for catastrophic musculoskeletal injury in thoroughbred racehorses. To evaluate horseshoe characteristics and high-speed exercise history as risk factors for catastrophic musculoskeletal injury in Thoroughbred racehorses. Methods: 377 horses (37,529 race starts). Methods: Shoe characteristics included material, toe grab height, heel traction device, pads, and rim shoes. Racing variables were obtained from a computerized database. Forty-three horses that had a musculoskeletal injury and then failed to race or train for 6 months (cases) and 334 noninjured horses from the same race in which a horse was injured (controls) were compared regarding risk factors. Resu...
Evaluation of expected response to selection for orthopedic health and performance traits in Hanoverian Warmblood horses. To determine whether selection schemes accounting for orthopedic health traits were compatible with breeding progress in performance parameters in Hanoverian Warmblood horses. Methods: 5,928 horses. Methods: Relative breeding values (RBVs) were predicted for osseous fragments in fetlock (metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal) and tarsal joints, deforming arthropathy in tarsal joints, and pathologic changes in distal sesamoid bones. Selection schemes were developed on the basis of total indices for radiographic findings (TIR), dressage (TID), and jumping (TIJ). Response to selection was traced ove...
Comparison of results for intradermal testing between clinically normal horses and horses affected with recurrent airway obstruction. To evaluate differences in response to ID injection of histamine, phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and Aspergillus organisms between clinically normal horses and horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). Methods: 5 healthy adult horses and 5 adult horses with RAO. Methods: Intradermal testing (IDT) was performed on the neck with 2 positive control substances (histamine and PHA) and a mixture comprising 5 Aspergillus species. Four concentrations of each test substance plus a negative control substance were used. Equal volumes (0.1 mL) of each test substance were prepared to yield 15 syringes ([4...
Comparative linkage mapping of the Grey coat colour gene in horses. Grey horses are born coloured, turn progressively grey and often develop melanomas late in life. Grey shows an autosomal dominant inheritance and the locus has previously been mapped to horse chromosome 25 (ECA25), around the TXN gene. We have now developed eight new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with genes on ECA25 using information on the linear order of genes on human chromosome 9q, as well as the human and mouse coding sequences. These SNPs were mapped in relation to the Grey locus using more than 300 progeny from matings between two Swedish Warmblood grey stallions and...
Conservative treatment for thoroughbred racehorses with intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate. Race records were obtained for 31 thoroughbred racehorses that were treated conservatively (rest, improvement of fitness and/or use of a tongue tie) for dorsal displacement of the soft palate, and for 62 matched control horses. Their racing performance, based on prize money won, was compared for three races run before and after the disorder was diagnosed. Nineteen (61 per cent) of the conservatively treated horses had higher earnings after conservative treatment than before treatment, compared with 27 (43.5 per cent) of the controls. There was a significant (P=0.049) increase in the earnings o...
Molecular characterization and functional expression of equine interleukin-1 type I and type II receptor cDNAs. cDNA generated from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells was used to amplify and clone type I and type II equine interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1RI and IL-1RII) using primers derived from semi-conserved regions between human and mouse IL-1RI and IL-1RII sequences, respectively. 5' and 3' terminal sequences of equine IL-1RI and IL-1RII were amplified by 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The deduced amino acid sequence of equine IL-1RI demonstrated 77, 64 and 63% similarity with human, mouse and rat sequences, respectively. The predicted amino acid seque...
Costs and complications of equine castration: a UK practice-based study comparing ‘standing nonsutured’ and ‘recumbent sutured’ techniques. Clinicians are often asked to guide owners and trainers over the relative advantages and disadvantages of equine castration performed in either the standing horse with an open unsutured scrotal wound with healing by second intention, or a recumbent horse under general anaesthesia in aseptic conditions, with sutured scrotal skin allowing primary wound closure. Objective: To identify types and frequency of complications following the 2 differing approaches, and to compare the financial cost associated with each procedure, based on practice charges. Methods: Veterinary expenses of 217 horses cast...
Broad range 16S rRNA gene PCR compared to bacterial culture to confirm presumed synovial infection in horses. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the accuracy of broad range 16S rRNA gene PCR compared to bacterial culture for the detection of synovial infection in horses. The study included 57 synovial fluid samples from horses with presumed synovial infection and a control group consisting of 31 synovial fluid samples originating from clinically normal horses and horses with aseptic synovial inflammation. All samples were analysed by 16S PCR with reverse line blot (RLB) hybridisation. Synovial fluid samples were cultured using conventional agar plate methods (APM) and/or blood cultur...
A high-resolution physical map of equine homologs of HSA19 shows divergent evolution compared with other mammals. A high-resolution (1 marker/700 kb) physically ordered radiation hybrid (RH) and comparative map of 122 loci on equine homologs of human Chromosome 19 (HSA19) shows a variant evolution of these segments in equids/Perissodactyls compared with other mammals. The segments include parts of both the long and the short arm of horse Chromosome 7 (ECA7), the proximal part of ECA21, and the entire short arm of ECA10. The map includes 93 new markers, of which 89 (64 gene-specific and 25 microsatellite) were genotyped on a 5000-rad horse x hamster RH panel, and 4 were mapped exclusively by FISH. The orie...
Expression of interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-9 receptors on neutrophils of horses with heaves. Heaves, a condition associated with airway neutrophilia, is believed to result from an allergic response to environmental dust particles. However, the contribution of neutrophils to the allergic response is poorly understood. It has been hypothesized that Th2-type cytokines can directly activate neutrophils to produce pro-inflammatory mediators. The present study focused on the presence of receptors for the Th2-type cytokines interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-9 on peripheral blood neutrophils of horses with heaves. Neutrophils were isolated from peripheral blood of horses with heaves (n=7), and normal...
Effect of oestrous-cycle stage on the response of mares in a novel object test and isolation test. In various species, sex, hormonal treatments and oestrous-cycle stage have been shown to affect the animal's response in behavioural tests. Few such studies have been performed in the horse. The main aim of the present study was to investigate whether oestrous-cycle stage affects mares' response to a novel object test and isolation test and, in part, to study whether mares, assumed to suffer from oestrous-related behavioural problems, respond differently in these tests when compared with controls. Twelve mares were tested twice, in oestrus and dioestrus, in a crossover design. Seven behavioura...
Nucleotide sequence of complementary DNA encoding for quaking protein of cow, horse and pig. Complementary DNA (cDNA) for bovine quaking gene (Bqk), equine quaking gene (Eqk) and porcine quaking gene (Pqk), which are homologous to mouse quaking gene (qkI), were isolated, and their nucleotide sequences were determined. cDNA sequences of Bqk, Eqk and Pqk showed very high homology to that of qkI at nucleotide level; 94.2, 95.7 and 95.6%, respectively. Deduced amino acid sequences for Bqk, Eqk and Pqk perfectly matched to that of qkI. These findings suggest that the quaking gene family is highly conserved during mammalian evolution, and that Bqk, Eqk and Pqk are likely to have important b...
