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Topic:Comparative Study
Comparative studies in equine research involve the systematic analysis of different horse breeds, management practices, or physiological responses to identify variations and similarities. These studies are instrumental in understanding how different factors influence health, performance, and behavior in horses. Common areas of comparison include genetic traits, nutritional requirements, disease resistance, and response to training. By evaluating these differences, researchers can develop targeted strategies for breeding, healthcare, and training. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that focus on the methodologies, findings, and implications of comparative studies in the context of equine science.
[Anesthesia in the horse]. The paper describes the problems of injection anaesthesia in the horse. Different commonly used methods, drugs and drug combinations are explained. Their actions and side-effects are compared and discussed.
The pineal gland of the horse. Morphological and histochemical results. (With notes on the donkey and mule pineal). The horse pineal gland has been investigated by morphological and histochemical methods. Particular care has been given to the cellular types, to the eventual presence of neurosecretory activity and to the nature of the pigments. Even in the horse pineal, it is possible to distinguish two populations of pinealocytes, morphologically but not histochemically distinct. A great number of pinealocytes are positive for the Masson- Hamperl reaction, and for Gomori- Bargmann 's chromic haematoxylin-phloxine and Gomori's paraldehyde-fuchsin. Along the connective septa, many brown- blackish pigmented ce...
[Medial motor nucleus in the lumbosacral segment of the spinal cord of the horse]. The studies carried out on 2 spinal cords of horses showed that cells of the medial motor nucleus (nucleus motorius medialis) are present in all neuromers of the lumbar and sacral segment of the spinal cord. It lies in the medial part of grey matter of the ventral column, neighbouring laterally and ventrally with cells of the lateral motor nucleus, whereas dorsally with cells of the nucleus of the ventral commissural horn. Along the nucleus numerous constrictions and intervals are found, which are connected with various numbers of nerve cells in particular cross-sections.
The geometry of the cruciate ligaments in the canine and equine knee joint, a Tchebychev mechanism. The ratio between the length of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments and the distance between their femoral and tibial attachments in the canine and equine knee joint reveals that these structures form a Tchebychev mechanism for parallel motion.
Times of appearance and disappearance of colostral IgG in the mare. Pre- and postpartum colostral samples collected from 14 Arabian and 22 Thoroughbred mares were examined for color, consistency, and immunoglobulin (Ig)G concentration. Initial samples, obtained 3 to 28 days before mares had foaled, contained greater than 1,000 mg of IgG/dl. Mean concentration of IgG in colostrum of the Arabian mares at the time of parturition (T0) was 9,691 mg/dl and was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than the average, 4,608 mg/dl, for the Thoroughbreds. Average times lapsed from T0 until the colostral IgG decreased to 1,000 mg/dl (T1,000) was 19.1 hours for the Arabi...
Muscle perfusion in the horse. Muscle perfusion was studied in conscious and anaesthetised horses by monitoring the clearance of a locally injected bolus of saline containing radioactive xenon (133Xe). The mean of all the measurements made from the brachiocephalicus and semimembranosus muscles in conscious subjects was 1.29 ml/min/100 g while in anaesthetised subjects it was 0.40 ml/min/100 g. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the clinical occurrence of post anaesthetic myositis.
Comparison of ELY-2.1 with blood group and ELY-1 markers in the horse. The distribution of ELY-2 was compared to the distribution of blood group factors Aa, Ab, Ac, Ae, Ca, Da, Db, Dc, Dd, De, Df, Dh, Dk, Ka, Pa, Pb, X, Qa, Qc, Ua, and W in 2465 American Standardbred horses and to ELY-1 in 193 American Standardbred horses. The distribution patterns were different in each case. The segregation of ELY-2.1 and factors at the A, C, D, K, P, Q, U and T (W) blood group loci and at the ELA locus indicated that ELY-2.1 is not a product of any of those loci. No segregation data were available for the ELY-1 locus. Family studies indicated that the gene for ELY-2.1 is not s...
[Nucleus motorius medialis in the lumbosacral segment of the spinal cord in horses]. The studies carried out on 2 spinal cords of horses showed that cells of the medial motor nucleus (nucleus motorius medialis) are present in all neuromers of the lumbar and sacral segment of the spinal cord. It lies in the medial part of grey matter of the ventral column, neighbouring laterally and ventrally with cells of the lateral motor nucleus, whereas dorsally with cells of the nucleus of the ventral commissural horn. Along the nucleus numerous constrictions and intervals are found, which are connected with various numbers of nerve cells in particular cross-sections.
[Lateral motor nucleus in the lumbosacral segment of the spinal cord of the horse]. Two medullae oblongatae of horses were cut into 15 microns cross-sections and stained according to the modified method of Nissel. The lateral motor nucleus lies in the lateral and median part of the ventral column of spinal cord grey matter. It adjoins medially nucleus motorius medialis of the spinal ventral column. Cells of this nucleus occur both along the whole lumbar and sacral segment of the spinal cord. In the lateral motor nucleus three cell groups are distinguished - median, basal and lateral. The latter is divided in some segments into subgroups - dorsal and ventral. Along the nucleus...
Horse haemoglobin phenotyping by agarose gel isoelectric focusing comparison of Thoroughbreds with other Equidae. By using isoelectric focusing in thin agarose slab gels 1049 Thoroughbred, 82 Nooitgedachter, 45 Percheron and 244 horses of other breeds were examined. The numbers of other Equidae tested were 107 donkeys, 50 mules, 4 common zebras (Equus burchelli boehmi) and 8 mountain zebras (Equus zebra hartmannae). Phenotypic data are presented for all tested animals and gene frequencies are calculated for the horses.
Hyaluronic acid concentration in synovial fluid from normal and arthritic joints of horses. A method previously described was used to determine the hyaluronic acid concentration in synovia from normal and arthritic horse joints. The concentration of hyaluronic acid in the synovia from arthritic joints was found to be significantly lower than the concentration in fluid from normal joints.
Relationship between the intra-erythrocyte sodium composition and the membrane lipoprotein composition among different mammal species. Internal sodium and lipoprotein composition of RBCs of nine mammalian species are measured. A significant correlation can be demonstrated between the erythrocyte mean sodium value of studied species and the membrane protein/lipid ratio (r = 0.80, alpha less than 0.01). Erythrocyte internal sodium can be correlated with membrane-free cholesterol but not with the phospholipid fractions.
Cholesteric organization of DNA in the stallion sperm head. The fine structure of chromatin in sperm heads was investigated by different microscopic techniques: in vivo examinations in the polarizing microscope, thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas observed by transmission electron microscopy. The freeze-fractured chromatin appears to be formed of superimposed lamellae, each one 330 A thick. These lamellae are parallel to the flattening plane of the sperm head. This situation was already described in other mammal spermatozoa and in particular in the bull and the rabbit. This work presents a new interpretation of this lamellated aspect. The chroma...
Survey of resting blood pressure values in clinically normal horses. Resting coccygeal blood pressure values were measured, indirectly, on 296 horses (97 Thoroughbreds, 97 Standardbreds and 102 hacks). Blood pressure was found to vary with the class of horse examined; on average Thoroughbreds had significantly higher values than Standardbreds and hacks, whereas blood pressures of the last two groups were not significantly different. There was no demonstrable effect of sex, height or heart rate on blood pressure, but temperature and age did influence the value recorded. Mean (+/- sd) (n = 296) coccygeal uncorrected values (systolic pressure/diastolic pressure) w...
[Nucleus motorius lateralis in the lumbosacral segment of the spinal cord in horses]. Two medullae oblongatae of horses were cut into 15 microns cross-sections and stained according to the modified method of Nissel. The lateral motor nucleus lies in the lateral and median part of the ventral column of spinal cord grey matter. It adjoins medially nucleus motorius medialis of the spinal ventral column. Cells of this nucleus occur both along the whole lumbar and sacral segment of the spinal cord. In the lateral motor nucleus three cell groups are distinguished-median, basal and lateral. The latter is divided in some segments into subgroups-dorsal and ventral. Along the nucleus qui...
Genetic linkage in the horse. II. Distribution of male recombination estimates and the influence of age, breed and sex on recombination frequency. In the present study an extensive amount of data, comprising more than 30,000 offspring in total, was analyzed to evaluate the influence of age and sex on the recombination frequency in the K-PGD segment of the equine linkage group (LG) I and the influence of age, breed and sex on recombination in the Al-Es segment of LG II. A highly significant sex difference is reported for both segments. Male and female recombination values in the K-PGD segment were estimated at 25.8 +/- 0.8 and 33.3 +/- 2.5%, respectively. Similarly, recombination was less frequent in the male (36.6 +/- 0.7%) than in the f...
Interrelationships of constituents and partition of salts in milk samples from eight species. Skim-milk samples from rat, rabbit, pig, sheep, goat, horse and man were analysed for lactose, casein and the total and ultrafilterable concentrations of the main salts. Results are compared with data for the cow. The ultrafiltrate concentrations of Ca and Mg were positively correlated with that of citrate and the colloidal concentrations of Ca, Mg and citrate were positively correlated with that of Pi, suggesting that common, general, principles determine the partition of salts in milks. Casein concentration in the skim-milks was inversely related to that of lactose in accordance with a recen...
The plasma protease inhibitor system (Pi) of Standardbred horses. The plasma protease inhibitor system (Pi) of Standardbred horses was studied by thin-layer, high-voltage, acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (pH 4.6) followed by protein staining and staining for trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibition. In addition to the eight Thoroughbred alleles (PiF, G, I, L, N, S1, S2, U), another 10 alleles, designated PiH, J, K, O, P, Q, R, V, X, Z, were postulated to account for the 98 Pi types which were observed in Standardbreds. Detailed inhibitory spectra of the 'new' alleles were determined and further exceptions to the Pi1, Pi2 classification of Juneja et al. (1...
Transfer of gamma-glutamyltransferase from mother colostrum to newborn goat and foal. In goat and mare colostrum, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity is relatively low (mean values are, respectively, 900 and 350 U/l). In the serum of newborns before suckling, GGT is also low (less than or equal to 28 U/l in goats and less than or equal to U/l in foals); then in goats GGT is much increased on the 1st day (mean = 127 U/l), and it decreases during the following days. In foals, serum GGT slowly but regularly increases for the first 5 days, then decreases. Such differences can be attributed to intestinal protein absorption capabilities which are selective in newborn foals and u...
Cadmium and selenium levels in kidneys from Danish horses. The content of cadmium and selenium in horse kidneys from Jutland , Denmark, in relation to age, local geographical variation and possible relationship between the two elements has been investigated. During the winter of 1982-1983 kidneys from 50 horses were sampled and analysed for cadmium and selenium. The cadmium content of the horse kidneys was recorded in connection with the age of the horses. The cadmium level increases until the animal has reached approximately 7 years of age. At this age the cadmium concentration levels off. A significant regional difference was shown. The cadmium cont...
Effects of physical activity and other types of stress on catecholamine metabolism in various animal species. The investigation of catecholamine (CA) metabolism in animals subjected to various types of stress (different pain syndromes; cranial trauma; immobilization; cooling) and physical exercise shows considerable similarity among species in the sequence of changes, leading from the activation to the depletion of the sympathoadrenal system. The changes caused by physical exercise tend to be more pronounced in individuals with a genetic predisposition to greater stress responses. Stress adaption, induced by special training or by long-duration exposure to hypoxia, can substantially prevent the change...
