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Topic:Diagnosis
Diagnosis in horses involves the systematic identification of diseases and conditions affecting equine health. This process relies on a combination of clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, imaging techniques, and other diagnostic tools to assess the health status of horses. Veterinarians utilize these methods to identify symptoms, determine the underlying causes of health issues, and formulate appropriate treatment plans. Diagnostic procedures in equine medicine can include blood tests, ultrasound, radiography, endoscopy, and more specialized tests such as genetic screening or advanced imaging modalities like MRI and CT scans. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various diagnostic techniques, their applications, and advancements in the field of equine veterinary medicine.
Comparison of tracheal aspiration with other tests for diagnosis of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. The diagnostic value of tracheal aspiration was evaluated through comparison with other diagnostic methods using an experimental model of Rhodococcus equi (R. equi) pneumonia in foals. Pneumonia was induced by spraying of the virulent R. equi strain ATCC 33701 into the trachea of foals. All foals developed fever from 11 to 16 days after bacterial inoculation. One foal was euthanized on day 26 due to its poor prognosis, and other foals euthanized on day 43. During the experiment, some tests for diagnosis of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia such as tracheal aspiration, radiography, serodiagnosis and f...
[Borna disease virus. An etiological agent in neuropsychiatric diseases?]. Borna disease virus has long been recognized as a cause of sporadic cases and epidemics of meningoencephalomyelitis in horses and sheep in southern parts of Germany. however, sero-epidemiological surveillances indicate that Borna disease virus has a global distribution in horses, without the recognition of clinical manifestations associated with the infection, in other parts of the world. During the past five years evidence has been presented suggesting that humans also can become infected with this virus or a closely related virus. A significantly increased sero-prevalence is seen in patient ...
Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Rhodococcus equi infections in foals. Since the 1986 Rhodococcus equi workshop, there have been major breakthroughs in understanding the epidemiology of, the virulence of, and the immune response to, this intriguing pathogen. However, with the exception of the use of hyperimmune plasma for the prevention of the disease (Martens et al., 1989; Madigan et al., 1991) the clinical aspects of R. equi infections have essentially remained unchanged. This article reviews the various clinical manifestations and summarizes recent advances in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of R. equi infections in foals.
Use of tenoscopy for management of septic tenosynovitis caused by a penetrating porcupine quill in the synovial sheath surrounding the digital flexor tendons of a horse. A 6-year-old Quarter Horse gelding with acute onset of a grade-4/5 lameness of the left forelimb 21 days after an encounter with a porcupine was examined. Quills had been removed by the referring veterinarian, and the horse had been treated with antibiotics and hydrotherapy for 14 days. The horse was pyretic and had effusion in the digital synovial sheath. Signs of pain were elicited on palpation of the area. A tentative diagnosis of septic tenosynovitis caused by a porcupine quill was made. Exploratory tenoscopy revealed large amounts of fibrin in the sheath and a 1.2-cm quill. Bacteriologic ...
Ocular diseases of llamas: 194 cases (1980-1993). To identify ocular and adnexal diseases to which llamas in North America are susceptible, to determine prevalence of these diseases in llamas, and to compare prevalences of the major ocular diseases of llamas, cattle, and horses. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 194 llamas, 4,937 cows, and 11,950 horses with ocular disease. Methods: Medical records of all llamas entered into the Veterinary Medical Database between 1980 and 1993 were reviewed. Data on ocular structures affected and types of ocular disease were compiled. Prevalences of uveitis, corneal ulcers, and ocular squamous cell carc...
Laparoscopic diagnosis of ischemic necrosis of the descending colon after rectal prolapse and rupture of the mesocolon in two postpartum mares. Two mares were referred for evaluation after dystocia and rectal prolapse. Diagnostic laparoscopy, performed while the horses were standing, was used to evaluate the condition of the distal portion of the colon, rectum, uterus, and mesocolon. In both horses, laparoscopic observation revealed tears in the mesocolon of the descending colon. Exploration from the left or right flank was adequate. Because of the poor prognosis associated with the findings, euthanasia was elected at completion of laparoscopy. Tears in the mesocolon are not easily detected by use of traditional tests. Laparoscopy pro...
Acquired B lymphocyte deficiency and chronic enterocolitis in a 3-year-old quarter horse. This case report describes a 3-year-old American Quarter Horse with acquired immunodeficiency. Clinical signs included chronic diarrhea due to Salmonella typhimurium and bacterial pneumonia. Characterization of the immunodeficiency involved in vivo phytohemagglutinin (PHA) intradermal testing, in vitro lymphocyte proliferation in response to concanavalin A, immunofluorescence flow cytometry data on blood lymphocytes, serum protein electrophoresis and immunoglobulin (Ig) quantification. A diagnosis of B lymphocyte deficiency with resulting deficiencies in serum IgG, IgA and IgM and a concurrent...
Acute colitis in adult horses. A review with emphasis on aetiology and pathogenesis. This review article describes the different aetiological agents known or suspected to cause colitis in the adult horse, namely Salmonella spp., Clostridium spp., Ehrlichia risticii, Cyathostomes, fungi, various antibiotics, drugs, and toxins, with emphasis on their mechanism of action. For each of the infectious agents, diagnostic procedures are indicated. The effects of endotoxin can be important in all forms of equine colitis.
Varices with thrombosis in the cervix and uterus of a mare. Cervical and uterine varices with thrombosis were observed at the necropsy of a virgin 16-year-old Peruvian Paso that had previous episodes of hemorrhage from the uterus. Practitioners and pathologists should be alert to the possibility of ruptured varices in mares with hemorrhage into the uterus or from the vulva.
Validation of a regression model for standardizing lifetime racing performances of thoroughbreds. To determine the relationship between prediction errors of a regression model of racing finish times and earnings or finish position; the relationship between standardized finish times, determined by use of this model, and earnings or finish position; and whether this model was valid when applied to data for horses that underwent surgical treatment. Methods: Survey. Methods: Records of 6,700 healthy Thoroughbreds racing in Louisiana and of 31 Thoroughbreds with idiopathic left laryngeal hemiplegia that underwent surgical treatment. Methods: Predicted and standardized finish times were calculat...
Experimental exposure of pregnant mares to the asinine-94 strain of equine arteritis virus. Clinical, virological and serological responses were evaluated in 10 pregnant mares after different challenge exposures to the asinine-94 strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV). The outcome of maternal infection on the progeny was also investigated. Mares were inoculated intranasally (n = 4), intramuscularly (n = 2), intravenously (n = 1), or contract-exposed (n = 3). All inoculated mares developed pyrexia, 5 showed mild clinical signs related to EAV infection and 2 remained asymptomatic. Viraemia was detected in all the inoculated animals and shedding of virus from the respiratory tract occur...
Evaluation of cartilage lesions on the medial femoral condyle as a cause of lameness in horses: 11 cases (1988-1994). To evaluate clinical findings and response to treatment in horses in which cartilage lesions on the medial femoral condyle were a cause of lameness. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: Medical records of 11 horses that had cartilage lesions on the medial femoral condyle detected during arthroscopy of the stifle. Methods: Signalment, history, lameness examination, response to intra-articular anesthesia, radiographs of the stifle, observations during diagnostic arthroscopy, and treatment were extracted from the medical record of each horse. Follow-up examinations and outcome were availa...
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and disease severity after immunization with enriched major core protein (p26) and/or infection with equine infectious anemia virus. Cardinal features of equine infectious anemia (EIA) include fever, hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia during the acute phase of the disease, and cachexia and anemia seen during the chronic phase. These signs are thought to result from the release of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha. In order to determine if TNF-alpha has a role in the pathogenesis of acute EIA and vaccine-induced disease enhancement, we measured plasma concentrations of TNF-alpha in ponies immunized with virus enriched major core protein-p26 and/or experimentally infected with EIAV. Naturally infected inapparent EIA...
Controlled dose confirmation study of a 2% moxidectin equine gel against equine internal parasites in The Netherlands. The efficacy of a 2% moxidectin equine gel at a dosage rate of 0.4 mg kg-1 was evaluated in a controlled trial at Utrecht University. Twelve yearling castrated male Shetland ponies grazed a pasture of 2 ha from May 1994 until housing in November. Six ponies were treated with moxidectin, whereas the others served as non-treated controls. Necropsy was carried out 35 days after treatment. Greater than 99% efficacy of moxidectin was observed on faecal egg output. No effect of moxidectin was observed on mucosal inhibited early cyathostome L3 (EL3) or on the total numbers of mucosal developing stage...
Characterization of muscarinic receptors in equine tracheal smooth muscle in vitro. This study was undertaken to assess the importance of muscarinic receptor subtypes in equine airway disease. Smooth muscle strips from the mid-cervical portion of the trachea of horses were placed in tissue baths and isometric contractile force was measured. Active force was measured in response to metacholine and the selective muscarinic receptor agonists McN-A-343 (M1-selective) and pilocarpine (M2-selective) in cumulative concentrations (10(-9)M through 10(-3)M), with and without preincubation with three or four concentrations of the selective muscarinic receptor antagonists pirenzepine (M1...
Effect of the South African asinine-94 strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV) in pregnant donkey mares and duration of maternal immunity in foals. Clinical, virological and serological responses were investigated in five pregnant donkey mares after experimental exposure to the South African asinine-94 strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV), and the duration of maternal immunity to EAV was studied in their foals. In four intranasally inoculated mares, fever with maximum rectal temperatures of 39.1-40.7 degrees C was recorded 2-11 d after challenge. All the inoculated mares developed mild depression, and a serous ocular and nasal discharge; in three mares mild conjuctivitis was observed. The virus was recovered from the nasopharynx and fro...
Effect of transportation on lower respiratory tract contamination and peripheral blood neutrophil function. To evaluate the effect of transportation on lower respiratory tract contamination and peripheral blood neutrophil function in horses and to compare results from transported horses with those obtained in earlier experiments from horses confined with heads elevated. Methods: A prospective study. Methods: Six horses were transported by road for 12 h. Clinical and haematological examination, transtracheal aspiration and cell function studies were conducted before and after transportation. Results obtained after transportation were compared to pre-transportation values. Results: After transportatio...
Effect of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on secretion patterns and rates of corticotrophin-releasing hormone, arginine vasopressin and adrenocorticotrophin in horses. To study the effect of hypoglycaemia on secretion rates of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), arginine vasopressin (AVP) and ACTH in a non-ruminant species, a non-surgical method was used to collect pituitary venous (PitVen) blood every 0.5 or 1 min from seven horses before and after insulin administration (0.4 U/kg i.v.). To assess the effect of PitVen cannulation on results, peripheral hormones were also measured before and after insulin in five horses without PitVen cannulae. Insulin administration lowered plasma glucose in all horses (P < 0.0001; paired t-test). Cortisol concentrat...
Monorchidism in two horses. This research article discusses monorchidism in horses, a rare condition presenting a complete absence of one testicle. It outlines two case studies, involving a 2-year-old Thoroughbred colt and a 3-year-old […]
Combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma in a mare. A hepatic malignant tumour composed of both hepatocellular and cholangiocellular elements was studied histologically, immunohistochemically and electron microscopically in an 18-year-old Thoroughbred mare. Bile canaliculi and alpha-fetoprotein were useful in identifying the hepatocellular element, and mucin and keratin were good markers of biliary differentiation. The simultaneous presence of bile canaliculi and mucin-producing cells in most of the neoplastic lesions suggested that this tumour arose from a stem cell with capacity to differentiate into hepatocytes and biliary epithelium.
First-pass radionuclide angiography in the diagnosis of aortoiliac thromboembolism in a horse. First-pass radionuclide angiography of the terminal aorta was performed in 3 normal horses and a 6-year-old Standardbred intact male with aortoiliac thromboembolism. Thromboembolism caused chronic bilateral hind limb lameness, more severe in the right hind limb, was detected by rectal examination, and confirmed using transrectal ultrasonography. Using 99mTc-HDP, first-pass radionuclide angiography was combined with hind limb and pelvis bone (delayed) scintigraphy and revealed marked reduction in blood flow through both external iliac arteries and absence of blood flow in the internal iliac art...
Radiographic diagnosis–gastric tumor in a horse. No abstract available
Detection of latency-associated transcripts of equid herpesvirus 1 in equine leukocytes but not in trigeminal ganglia. Results from Southern hybridization and PCR amplification experiments using a randomly synthesized reverse transcription-PCR product showed that peripheral blood leukocytes from horses showing no clinical signs of disease expressed a putative latency-associated transcript antisense to and overlapping the 3' end of the equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) immediate-early gene (gene 64). A PCR product derived from this transcript has > or =96% identity with the published EHV-1 sequence. In situ hybridization studies of equine bronchial lymph nodes corroborated these findings and are consistent with re...
Maturation of the cellular and humoral immune responses to persistent infection in horses by equine infectious anemia virus is a complex and lengthy process. Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) provides a natural model system by which immunological control of lentivirus infections may be studied. To date, no detailed study addressing in parallel both the humoral and cellular immune responses induced in horses upon infection by EIAV has been conducted. Therefore, we initiated the first comprehensive characterization of the cellular and humoral immune responses during clinical progression from chronic disease to inapparent stages of EIAV infection. Using new analyses of antibody avidity and antibody epitope conformation dependence that had not been...
