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Topic:Diagnosis
Diagnosis in horses involves the systematic identification of diseases and conditions affecting equine health. This process relies on a combination of clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, imaging techniques, and other diagnostic tools to assess the health status of horses. Veterinarians utilize these methods to identify symptoms, determine the underlying causes of health issues, and formulate appropriate treatment plans. Diagnostic procedures in equine medicine can include blood tests, ultrasound, radiography, endoscopy, and more specialized tests such as genetic screening or advanced imaging modalities like MRI and CT scans. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various diagnostic techniques, their applications, and advancements in the field of equine veterinary medicine.
Intra-osseous pressure and pressure pulse gradients along the equine third metatarsal bone. Intra-osseous pressure measurements in the third metatarsal bone of anesthetised young and mature ponies demonstrated that a pressure gradient exists along the bone, the pressure being highest at the level of the nutrient foramen and decreasing distally and proximally from this point. The height of the intra-osseous pressure pulse also decreased toward the bone ends. It is concluded that the sites of measurement of the intra-osseous pressure in clinical and experimental studies should be standardized.
Measurement of endotoxic activity in feces of normal horses. Two chromogenic Limulus amebocyte lysate systems were evaluated for the measurement of endotoxic activity in feces of normal horses. Fecal extracts had neither non-specific nor inhibitory effect on the test reaction, and the two systems with different specificity showed equivalent results. Endotoxic activities in feces of healthy horses averaged 5.7 +/- 2.8 microns/g wet weight. Correlation between the endotoxin levels and the fecal microbial flora could not be determined.
Equine Culicoides hypersensitivity in Florida: biting midges aspirated from horses. Nine species of Culicoides were aspirated from horses in Florida during the second phase of a study of equine Culicoides hypersensitivity (CHS). Approximately 90% of the 2933 midges were Culicoides insignis Lutz, 4% were C.stellifer (Coquillett), 3% were C.niger Root and Hoffman, 2% were C.alachua Jamnback and Wirth and the remaining 1% included C.venustus Hoffman, C.scanloni Wirth and Hubert, C.lahillei Iches (= C.debilipalpis Lutz), C.pusillus Lutz, and C.edeni Wirth and Blanton. Culicoides were sampled on seven farms located throughout Florida. The location and seasonality of lesion develop...
[Fructosamine as a valuable criterion for the evaluation of diabetic animals and its photometric determination]. The new photometrical kit fructosamine is tested for its use with canine, feline and equine blood. Normal values of fructosamine in nondiabetic animals as well as adequately and inadequately stabilized patients are given. The measurement of fructosamine is an excellent new tool for diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus and should become an essential part of the control of the course of diabetes mellitus in animals.
Mast cells in normal and pathological specimens of the equine lung. In lungs from 22 horses, the number and type of mast cells in histologically normal specimens were compared with those in specimens with various histological lesions. Tissues fixed in Carnoy's solution were superior to those fixed in formalin for the identification of mast cells. Fixation of lung specimens from eight horses in Carnoy's solution and formalin allowed the identification of two subpopulations of mast cells: formalin-sensitive, which predominated and formalin-resistant. Specimens with mild chronic tracheitis and mild and moderate chronic bronchitis generally had slight increases in...
Development of an avidin-biotin dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and its comparison with other serological tests for diagnosis of glanders in equines. A dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot ELISA) was developed for diagnosis of glanders in equines. The test was based on the detection of IgG antibodies to Pseudomonas mallei antigens bound to nitrocellulose coated on plastic strips (dipsticks), the reaction being amplified by an avidin-biotin system with biotinylated anti-horse IgG and horseradish peroxidase-avidin D. Sera from 810 normal, six naturally infected and 48 sensitized equines were tested by this assay, and results were compared with complement fixation, indirect haemagglutination and counter-immunoelectrophoresis tests. Dot E...
Effect of inositol hexakisphosphate on the spectroscopic properties of the nitric oxide derivative of ferrous horse and bovine hemoglobin. The effect of inositol hexakisphosphate (IHP) on the spectroscopic (EPR and absorbance) properties of the nitric oxide derivative of ferrous horse and bovine hemoglobin (Hb) has been investigated. In the absence of IHP, the nitric oxide derivative of ferrous horse Hb shows spectroscopic properties similar to those of the corresponding derivative of ferrous human Hb that are generally taken as typical of the high affinity state of tetrametric hemoproteins. Similar to human Hb, the addition of IHP to the nitric oxide derivative of ferrous horse Hb induces a transition toward a species characteri...
Morphology of equine allantochorion at the tip of the pregnant horn. The morphology of the equine allantochorion at the tip of the pregnant horn was studied in the membranes of 14 mares. The findings in the allantochorion at the tip of the pregnant horn were of two types; one was growth retardation (hypoplastic villi, tunica adventitia of the vessels resembling embryonal connective tissue and the extended spaces of remnants of the extraembryonic coelom), the other was placental hypoxia or ischaemia (parakeratosis, stratified squamous metaplasia, necrosis of the trophoblasts, thickening of the basement membrane and fibrous hyperplasia of villous stroma). It seem...
Epizootiological and virological studies of foal diarrhea associated with serotype 3 rotavirus. Epizootiological and virological studies were conducted on foal diarrhea occurring in 3 foal-raising locations in a light horse farm from March to July, 1987. At the first location, although 27 (75%) of 36 foals had developed diarrhea, the isolation rate of rotavirus (RV) was low (5/14 feces, 36%). Many of the foals had the disease as early as 23 days after birth. At the second and third locations, 21 (27%) of 78 foals and 41 (76%) of 54 foals were affected with diarrhea. Isolation rates of RV were 90% (20/22 feces) and 100% (26/26 feces), respectively. The diseased cases were observed through...
Equine motor neuron disease; a preliminary report. A spontaneous motor neuron disease or neuronopathy was identified in 10 horses from the northeastern United States. Signs of generalized weakness, muscle fasciculations, muscle atrophy and weight loss progressed over 1 to several months in young and old horses of various breeds. Pathologic studies revealed that degeneration and loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem resulted in axonal degeneration in the ventral roots and peripheral and cranial nerves and denervation atrophy of skeletal muscle. Many spinal neurons were swollen, chromatolytic and contained neurofilamentous accu...
Two rare cutaneous neoplasms in horses: apocrine gland adenocarcinoma and carcinosarcoma. Two rare equine cutaneous neoplasms, an apocrine gland adenocarcinoma and a carcinosarcoma were diagnosed in a 17-year-old pony and a 14-year-old mare, respectively. The apocrine gland adenocarcinoma was present on the prepuce. Histologically, papillary projections of low cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells were generally well differentiated, and surrounded dilated acini. Stromal invasion was present, but vascular and lymphatic invasion was not seen. The carcinosarcoma was present in the right flank of the mare. Two discrete cell populations were characterized histologically. One portion of ...
Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa) in an aborted equine fetus. Tachyzoites of Neospora caninum were found in sections of lung of an equine fetus aborted 2 mo before term. Individual tachyzoites were approximately 3-5 x 2-3 microns, divided by endodyogeny, and stained positively with anti-N. caninum serum but not with anti-Toxoplasma gondii serum. Toxoplasma gondii antibody was not found in the mare's serum. This is the first report of N. caninum in a horse and indicates that N. caninum can be transmitted transplacentally in equids.
Quantitative microanalysis of equine synovial fluid glycosaminoglycan concentration. An alcian blue precipitation method for quantifying the hyaluronic acid (HA) and sulphated glycosaminoglycan concentration (SGAG) in solutions containing both compounds was assessed. The assay was found to be rapid and reliable in solutions containing 0 to 200 mg of HA/dl and 50 to 1,000 micrograms of SGAG/dl, and was not affected by the presence of protein, hemoglobin, or methemoglobin in concentrations normally found in synovial fluid. The HA and SGAG concentrations in intercarpal synovial fluid from 13 clinically normal and 11 arthritic horses were evaluated. A relationship was not found be...
Use of electromyography for the diagnosis of equine hyperkalemic periodic paresis. The use of electromyography (EMG) as a diagnostic aid for equine hyperkalemic periodic paresis (EHPP) was investigated in seven affected and seven control horses. Affected horses were confirmed positive for EHPP either by elevated serum potassium concentration with clinical signs of myotonia, or by inducing hyperkalemia and clinical signs using oral potassium chloride challenge. All horses were asymptomatic at the time EMG was performed, using bipolar fine wire needle electrodes. The myopotentials were recorded on magnetic tape and displayed on paper charts for analysis. Insertional and restin...
Production of interleukin 2 and expression of interleukin 2 receptors by pony peripheral blood lymphocytes after stimulation with a soluble fraction of Trypanosoma evansi. Pony peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were stimulated with a soluble fraction of Trypanosoma (T.) evansi (SF). As determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation, the cells underwent a proliferative response and were able to: a) produce a factor having the biological activities of interleukin 2 (IL-2) since their supernatants could support the in vitro growth of pony PBL stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A-blasts); b) undergo a further proliferative response when incubated in short term cultures with SF, human recombinant IL-2 (hrIL-2), or both c) bind specifically radiolabelled hrIL-2 (125I-hrIL...
Isolations of African horse sickness virus from vector insects made during the 1988 epizootic in Spain. This paper describes the first isolations of African horse sickness virus (AHSV) from insects in Spain. Seven isolations of AHSV serotype 4 were made; four from Culicoides imicola a known vector of the virus elsewhere, two from mixed pools of Culicoides species not including C. imicola and one from blood engorged mosquitoes. Three further isolations of AHSV serotype 4 were also made from horses kept adjacent to the insect collecting sites. This work presents the first definitive identification of the vectors of AHSV in Spain during the 1987, 88 and 89 epizootics. Suggestions are also made conc...
Malignant melanoma in the foot of a horse. A 24-year-old horse had a malignant melanoma of the right forefoot. Because surgical excision of the melanoma was incomplete, as determined by histologic examination of the excised tissue margins, the tumor margins were injected with a matrix therapeutic implant containing cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, epinephrine, and purified bovine collagen matrix. The foot healed and the horse remained clinically free of disease for 26 months before recurrence of malignant melanoma. Surgical exploration of the digit revealed extensive involvement of the foot, and the horse was euthanatized.
Echocardiographic detection of an intact aneurysm in a horse. Two-dimensional real-time echocardiographic examination of a 3-year-old Thoroughbred gelding with pleuropneumonia revealed an intact aneurysm of the right sinus of Valsalva, which was confirmed at postmortem examination. The horse had no clinical signs associated with the aneurysm.
Prekallikrein deficiency in a family of Belgian horses. A 7-year-old Belgian stallion hemorrhaged excessively after castration; the hemostatic mechanism was investigated. The horse had normal one-stage prothrombin time and markedly prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Results of intrinsic coagulation factor assays were all normal with the exception of prekallikrein activity, which was markedly reduced (less than 1% activity; value for control population, 63 to 150%). Two of this horse's full siblings, a brother and sister, had markedly prolonged APTT and low prekallikrein values (2.5% and less than 1%, respectively). The addition...
Variable locations of nutrient foramina of the proximal phalanx in forelimbs of Thoroughbreds. Bilateral metacarpophalangeal radiographs of 100 Thoroughbreds were examined for visualization and location of the major nutrient foramen of the proximal phalanx. The foramina were located on the dorsal or palmar aspects of the cortex or were not visible radiographically. Of the 100 horses, 60 had the same pattern in both forefeet. In the remaining 40 horses, the left and right proximal phalangeal foramina were asymmetric. Of the 200 proximal phalangeal foramina (100 horses), 53 were on the dorsal aspect of the cortex and 101 were on the palmar aspect of the cortex; 46 were not visible radiogr...
Vacuum phenomenon in the metatarsophalangeal joint of a horse. Vacuum phenomenon was induced inadvertently during radiographic examination of a metatarsophalangeal joint of a lame horse. The phenomenon was recreated in a sound horse when a metacarpophalangeal joint was radiographed in a stress-flexed position. Distraction of apposing articular surfaces may induce the vacuum phenomenon, which could result in misdiagnosis of an osteochondral defect or fracture.
Ocular neoplasms of vascular origin in the horse. HAENIANGIOMAS and haemangiosarcomas are neoplasms of probable vascular origin that occur rarely in the equine eye in a survey there were 21 cases of vascular neoplasia in the skin of horses, and the prevalence of these two tumours was estimated to be 0.25 and 0.02 percent respectively (Hargis and McElwain 1984). Their incidence is likely to be less in the eye than in the skin and in two surveys of equine ocular tumours there is only brief mention of two hacnumgiasarcomas. one involving the lid (Morgan 1969), the other the orbit and lower eyelid (Lavach and Severin 1977). Only two cases of hacm...
Plasma histamine levels during exploratory laparotomies in suspected equine grass sickness cases. The research article discusses an investigation into how exploratory diagnostic laparotomy affects the circulating histamine levels in acute, subacute, and chronic suspected equine grass sickness cases. The study utilized a [...]
