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Topic:Diagnostic Technique
Diagnostic techniques in equine medicine encompass a range of procedures and tools used to identify diseases, injuries, or other health conditions in horses. These techniques include imaging methods such as radiography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as laboratory tests like blood work and tissue biopsies. Each diagnostic method provides specific information that can aid in the assessment and management of equine health issues. Radiography is commonly used for evaluating bone structures, while ultrasonography is useful for soft tissue examination. MRI offers detailed images of both soft and hard tissues, though its use is limited by cost and availability. Laboratory tests can detect biochemical and hematological changes indicative of disease. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the development, application, and efficacy of various diagnostic techniques in equine veterinary practice.
Borna disease virus-specific circulating immune complexes, antigenemia, and free antibodies–the key marker triplet determining infection and prevailing in severe mood disorders. Borna disease virus (BDV), a unique genetically highly conserved RNA virus (Bornaviridae; Mononegavirales), preferentially targets neurons of limbic structures causing behavioral abnormalities in animals. Markers and virus in patients with affective disorders and schizophrenia have raised worldwide interest. A persistent infection was suggestive from follow-up studies, but inconstant detectability weakened a possible linkage.This study for the first time discloses that detection gaps are caused by BDV-specific circulating immune complexes (CIC), and their interplay with free antibodies and pla...
Osteitis of the axial border of the proximal sesamoid bones in horses: eight cases (1993-1999). To determine clinical, radiographic, and scintigraphic abnormalities in and outcome of horses with septic or nonseptic osteitis of the axial border of the proximal sesamoid bones. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 8 horses. Methods: Data collected from medical records included signalment; history; horse use; severity and duration of lameness; results of perineural anesthesia, radiography, ultrasonography, and scintigraphy; and outcome following surgery. Results: Five horses did not have any evidence of sepsis; the other 3 had sepsis of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joint ...
Surgical repair of skull fractures in four horses using cuttable bone plates. Three horses with severely comminuted, open facial bone fractures and one horse with a comminuted, open orbital rim fracture were referred for treatment. Severe facial bone asymmetry and epistaxis were apparent in all cases and subcutaneous emphysema was present in two, however physical and neurological examinations were otherwise normal. Radiography and endoscopy were of some use in assessing the degree of damage, although the true extent of the damage was more apparent at surgery. Surgical reduction of the fractures was recommended to maximise cosmetic and functional outcome. After surgical ...
Lack of antibodies to porcine circovirus type 2 virus in beef and dairy cattle and horses in western Canada. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a recently recognized agent that is consistently associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting disease in swine. There are conflicting data concerning the ability of this virus to infect and cause disease in other species. To determine if normal cattle, cattle affected with various illnesses, and normal horses in endemic areas of PCV2 infection in swine have had PCV2 infections, 100 randomly selected bovine sera, 100 equine sera, and 100 colostrum samples from clinically normal dairy cattle were examined for the presence of antibodies to porcine circovir...
Detection of antibodies to the nonstructural protein (NS1) of influenza A virus allows distinction between vaccinated and infected horses. Antibodies to the nonstructural protein (NS1) of A/equine/Miami/1/63 (H3N8) influenza virus were detected exclusively in the sera of mice experimentally infected with A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) and horses infected with A/equine/Kentucky/1/81 (H3N8) or A/equine/La Plata/1/93 (H3N8), but not in those of the animals immunized with the inactivated viruses, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a recombinant NS1 as antigen. The results indicate that the present method is useful for serological diagnosis to distinguish horses infected with equine H3 influenza viruses from those immunized with ...
Polymorphism identification within 50 equine gene-specific sequence tagged sites. The continued discovery of polymorphisms in the equine genome will be important for future studies using genomic screens and fine mapping for the identification of disease genes. Segments of 50 equine genes were examined for variability in 10 different horse breeds using a pool-and-sequence method. We identified 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 9380 bp of sequenced exon, and 25 SNPs, six microsatellites, and one insertion/deletion in 16961 bp of sequenced intron. Of all genes studied 52% contained at least one polymorphism, and polymorphisms were found at an overall rate of 1/613 b...
Physical anchorage and orientation of equine linkage groups by FISH mapping BAC clones containing microsatellite markers. A horse bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was screened for 19 microsatellite markers from unassigned or non-oriented linkage groups. Clones containing 11 (AHT20, EB2E8, HMS45, LEX005, LEX014, LEX023, LEX044, TKY111, UCDEQ425, UCDEQ464 and VIASH21) of these were found, which were from eight different linkage groups. The BAC clones were used as probes in dual colour FISH to identify their precise chromosomal origin. The microsatellite markers are located on nine different horse chromosomes, four of which (ECA6, ECA25, ECA27 and ECA28) had no previously in situ assigned markers.
Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser ablation of a urethral web to relieve urinary outflow obstruction in a horse. An 8-year-old Hanoverian gelding was examined because of urine dribbling and urethral obstruction. Mild proprioceptive deficits of the left hind limb were evident during neurologic examination. Ultrasonography per rectum revealed dilatation of the pelvic portion of the urethra. Endoscopy of the urethra revealed 2 webs of tissue: 1 was located 10 cm proximal to the external urethral opening; the other was located 65 cm proximal to the external urethral opening and prevented passage of the endoscope into the urinary bladder. The mass was ablated with a neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser, us...
[The diagnostic value of venous blood gas parameters and pH value in newborn foals with pulmonary diseases]. Analysis of blood gases in equine neonatology is regarded as a diagnostic tool to study the neonatal adaptation period. Aim of this study therefore was to compare the diagnostic value of venous blood gas parameters to arterial parameters in newborn foals with pulmonary disorders. Venous as well as arterial blood samples were taken from 24 foals (1 to 6 days old) and the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), pH, and oxygen parturition (S-O2) of these samples were investigated. In addition, the alveolar (A) to arterial (a) gradients (A-aDO2) were calculated...
Effect of periovulatory prostaglandin F2alpha on pregnancy rates and luteal function in the mare. The objective of this study was to determine whether periovulatory treatments with PGF2alpha affects the development of the CL, and whether the treatment was detrimental to the establishment of pregnancy. Reproductively sound mares were assigned randomly to one of the following treatment groups during consecutive estrus cycles: 1. 3,000 IU hCG within 24 hours before artificial insemination and 500 microg cloprostenol (PGF2alpha analogue) on Days 0, 1, and 2 after ovulation (n=8), 2. 2 mL sterile water injection within 24 hours before artificial insemination and 500 microg cloprostenol on Days ...
The application of an indenter system to measure structural properties of articular cartilage in the horse. Suitability of the instrument and correlation with biochemical data. A recently developed indenter system that aims at determination of local structural properties of the cartilage surface was evaluated for suitability in the horse. To this aim, maximum indenter force was measured of the articular surface and related to biochemical characteristics of the cartilage at different sites of the distal metacarpal bone (MC). Significant topographical variation exists in structural properties of the articular surface of the MC. The dorsal margin showed a significantly lower maximum indenter force than more centrally located areas, indicating an increased compliance und...
Induction of luteolysis in mares by ultrasound-guided intraluteal treatment with PGF2alpha. To evaluate the technique of ultrasound-guided luteal injection in mares, PGF2alpha was administered under ultrasound guidance to horse mares (n = 7 to 9 per group) on Day 9 postovulation via either a systemic (i.m.; zero, 0.01, 0.1, or 5 mg/dose) route or a local intraluteal (i.l.; zero, 0.01 or 0.1 mg/dose) route. The luteolytic efficacy of each treatment was determined based on post-treatment decreases in progesterone concentration, interval to uterine edema (IE) and interovulatory interval (IOI). Local administration of PGF2alpha directly into the CL consistently induced luteolysis, at dos...
[Extracorporal shock wave therapy in veterinary medicine]. This article gives a general overview on a new therapy in equine orthopedics. In human medicine extracorporal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is used for lithotripsy of stones of the urologic system and also in orthopedics. In equine medicine the therapy is almost exclusively applied for the treatment of orthopedic problems. The main indications are proximal suspensory desmitis (PSD), lesions of tendons and ligaments, osteoporotic changes and spavin. In this paper the mode of action of shock waves and the different shock wave devices are discussed. Also, some information about an ongoing clinical tr...
Evaluation of a tapered-sleeve transcortical pin to reduce stress at the bone-pin interface in metacarpal bones obtained from horses. To evaluate stiffness and bone-pin interface stress for a transcortical tapered-sleeve pin (TSP) that incorporates bilateral tapered sleeves over a transcortical pin. Methods: 14 third metacarpal bones (MCIII) collected from adult horses of various breeds. Methods: Each MCIII was cut in half to provide 2 test specimens. Pins (conventional and TSP) of 3 diameters (6.35, 7.94, and 9.50 mm) were inserted in specimens (3 specimens for each diameter and each type of pin). The test fixture simulated a typical sidebar-span skeletal fixation device for horses. Single cycle load-deflection tests were p...
Cytoarchitectonic study of the cerebral cortex in the horse brain–classification of the cortex area. A cytoarchitectural classification of the horse cerebral cortex was done to determine whether functional locations exist or not such as found in the human cerebral cortex. Two adult horse brains were examined by Nissl and myelin stained methods. Six cell layers of the cerebral cortex were identified and classified into five types areas based on the cytoarchitectural organization: agranular, frontal, parietal, polar and granulous types. The agranular type was seen around the gyrus sylvius. In layer V of the agranular type, there were the many large cells that seemed like Betz cells. This type w...
Practical usefulness of a therapeutic soft contact lens for a corneal ulcer in a racehorse. Therapeutic soft contact lenses (TSCL) were applied to a thoroughbred racehorse with corneal ulcer refractory to topical medication. The insertion of the TSCL was conducted on day 36 using a nose twitch under sedation, auriculopalpebral nerve block, and topical anesthesia. The lens was retained, with the duration of wear lasting 114 days. Ocular pain improved immediately and fluorescein tests were negative 17 days after insertion. The horse was able to undergo training and ran in two races while wearing the TSCL. Thus a TSCL was found to be clinically useful for treating corneal ulcers in race...
Rose bengal positive epithelial microerosions as a manifestation of equine keratomycosis. Purpose To describe the clinical appearance of corneal epithelial cell microerosions associated with keratomycosis in the horse. METHODS: Retrospective clinical study. RESULTS: Multifocal, punctate, superficial corneal opacities with positive rose bengal retention were noted in six horses with presumed 'viral keratitis'. Faint fluorescein staining was also present in three cases. Equine herpesvirus tissue culture inoculation was negative for a cytopathic effect in three cases. Aspergillus (n = 3), Curvularia (n = 1), and an unidentified fungus (n = 1) were cultured in five horses, and hyphae f...
Tear-deficient and evaporative dry eye syndromes of the horse. Tear-deficient dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), and evaporative dry eye, with some overlap between these two categories, are two major categories of dry eye recognized in the horse. Careful examination of the eyelid margins, the inner and outer surfaces of the upper and lower eyelids, assessment of blink and third eyelid movement, specific testing of tear production, assessment of corneal sensitivity, and slit-lamp examination of the ocular surface before and after fluorescein dye application is recommended to detect dry eye problems. Rose Bengal dye application is also recommended in man...
p53 protein expression in conjunctival squamous cell carcinomas of domestic animals. The expression of p53 protein was investigated in eight formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded conjunctival squamous cell carcinomas of five horses and one cow, dog and cat each by an immunohistochemical procedure in order to evaluate protein overexpression. Anti-human p53 protein mouse monoclonal antibodies known to be cross-reactive with p53 protein of the animal species examined were used. Positive p53 nuclear immunostaining was detected in five equine, one bovine and one feline cases. Conversely, no p53 immunostaining was found in the only canine case examined. These results demonstrate a frequ...
Scedosporium prolificans infection associated with arthritis and osteomyelitis in a horse. Scedosporium prolificans was associated with arthritis and degenerative osteomyelitis in a 6-year-old Thoroughbred racehorse. The horse was suspected to have an inflammatory lesion of the interosseous tendon, but treatment had resulted in only a minimal response. Shortly after diagnostic arthrocentesis of the left metacarpophalangeal joint was performed, the joint became severely swollen, and radiography of the area revealed lysis of the distal end of the third metacarpal bone, the proximal sesamoid bones, and the proximal end of the proximal phalanx. The horse did not respond to treatment and...
Functional and computer modelling studies of haemoglobin from horse. The haemoglobin system of the Sardinian wild dwarf horse. A study was made of the haemoglobin (Hb) system from the Sardinian dwarf horse (Equus caballus jara), one of the last surviving wild horse species in Europe. The oxygen binding properties of the whole haemolysate and of the four different horse Hbs, separated by ion-exchange chromatography, were studied with special regard to the effect of chloride, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and lactate. Results indicate that no significant functional differences exist between the four Hb components of horse haemolysate. Moreover, the molecular basis of the intrinsically low oxygen affinity and of the weak intera...
Diagnosis of small intestinal intussuception by transabdominal ultrasonography in 2 adult horses. Transabdominal ultrasonography is frequently used to diagnose small intestinal intussusceptions in foals. We demonstrate that transabdominal ultrasonography also provides a rapid and accurate diagnosis of small intestinal intussusception in adult horses. A detailed description of the ultrasonographic appearance is provided.
Comparison of inulin with urea as dilutional markers of bronchoalveolar lavage in healthy and heaves-affected horses. Solute analysis in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid involves the use of dilutional markers to correct for variable recovery of pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF). Urea is the best characterised endogenous marker, whereas inulin appears to meet the requirements of an exogenous marker. In horses, the use of inulin has never been investigated and the impact of lower airway diseases such as heaves, on PELF recovery is unknown. In this study, five healthy and five heaves-affected horses underwent airway endoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage. PELF recovery from bronchoalveolar lavage was calculated...
Application of fluorescent in situ hybridization for specific diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in foals and pigs. Fluorescent in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and Grocott's methenamine-silver nitrate staining were compared as diagnostic methods for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in formalin-fixed lung tissue from foals and pigs. An oligonucleotide probe targeting 18S ribosomal RNA of P. carinii was designed for in situ hybridization, and a commercially available monoclonal antibody was used for immunohistochemistry. Samples from six foals and 10 pigs with P. carinii pneumonia, as verified by Grocott's methenamine-silver nitrate staining, were examined concurrently with samples from seven anima...
A long-term study of 277 cases of equine sinonasal disease. Part 1: details of horses, historical, clinical and ancillary diagnostic findings. The clinical and ancillary diagnostic findings in equine sinnasal disease were studied. The diagnoses in 277 referred (1984-1996) cases of equine sinonasal disease included the following (% all cases): 67 cases (24.2%) primary sinusitis, 61 (22.0%) dental sinusitis, 37 (13.4%) sinus cysts, 22 (7.9%) sinonasal neoplasia, 21 (7.6%) progressive ethmoid haematoma, 17 (6.1%) sinonasal trauma, 13 (4.7%) sinonasal mycosis, 11 (4.0%) rostral maxillary cheek tooth infection, 7 (2.5%) sinonasal polyps, 7 (2.5%) cases of nasal epidermal inclusion cysts and 14 (5.1%) miscellaneous sinonasal disorders. Man...
PCR detection of bovine papilloma virus DNA in superficial swabs and scrapings from equine sarcoids. The purpose of this study was to examine if bovine papilloma virus (BPV) DNA can be detected in superficial swabs or scrapings from equine sarcoids. Samples were obtained from 92 sarcoids and 20 non-sarcoidal control lesions. The polymerase chain reaction technique was used with a first primer set to check whether DNA extraction was successful, and with a second primer set specific for BPV-DNA. DNA isolation was successful in 88% of the swabs and 93% of the scrapings. All control lesions were negative for BPV-DNA.
Postprandial arterial vasodilation in the equine distal thoracic limb. The effects of feeding on blood flow to the equine foot are poorly understood. In a temperature-controlled room, duplex Doppler ultrasonographic observations were made pre- and postprandially of the lateral proper palmar digital artery of 5 horses, randomly assigned to twice and 4 times daily feeding in an unbalanced 2 period crossover design. Arterial diameter and blood velocity were measured over 4 h and additional observations made of heart rate, blood pressure, total plasma protein, packed cell volume, plasma glucose and insulin. There was no effect of the feeding regimen on any variable. ...
Temporary transvenous atrial pacing in horses: threshold determination. The purpose of this study was to perform temporary atrial pacing and to determine the atrial strength-duration (S-D) curve which displays the minimal pulse intensity necessary to achieve atrial capture. In 7 horses, atrial pacing was applied using a temporary pacing catheter and a pacemaker as electrical pulse generator. Using the stimulus reduction method, 3 approaches for atrial threshold determination were used. With the fixed pulse width method, at several pulse widths, the corresponding minimal amplitudes to achieve capture were determined, describing an S-D curve. With the fixed amplitud...
Preliminary evaluation of diagnostic tests using horses experimentally infected with trypanosoma evansi. Seven surra negative horses were intravenously inoculated with 3 x 10(6)Trypanosoma evansi parasites derived from a camel. One horse was maintained as an uninfected negative control. Three antigen and three antibody detection tests were evaluated for diagnosis of infection in horses. The microhaematocrit centrifugation test (MHCT) was the most sensitive, first detecting parasites between one and three days (x 2.4) post infection (p.i.). The antigen (ag)-ELISA detected antigen between three and ten days (x 6.6) p.i. The latex agglutination test (LAT) first gave positive results on day 3 (x 3.0)...
