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Topic:Diagnostic Technique
Diagnostic techniques in equine medicine encompass a range of procedures and tools used to identify diseases, injuries, or other health conditions in horses. These techniques include imaging methods such as radiography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as laboratory tests like blood work and tissue biopsies. Each diagnostic method provides specific information that can aid in the assessment and management of equine health issues. Radiography is commonly used for evaluating bone structures, while ultrasonography is useful for soft tissue examination. MRI offers detailed images of both soft and hard tissues, though its use is limited by cost and availability. Laboratory tests can detect biochemical and hematological changes indicative of disease. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the development, application, and efficacy of various diagnostic techniques in equine veterinary practice.
Further studies on the diagnostic value of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and 5′-nucleotidase in cattle, sheep and horses. The distribution of 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) is similar in the tissues of the sheep, calf and horse, except that there is relatively less gamma-GT in calf liver than in the liver of the other two species. The liver lesion produced by the oral administration of chloroform is similar in the three species and is accompanied by the release of 5'-NT into the plasma of the sheep and calf but not of the horse. Conversely, gamma-GT is released into plasma of the horse but not of the sheep or calf. This difference is not related to the tissue distribution of ...
A technique for catheterization of the equine antebrachiocarpal joint. A 2.5-cm long, 0.8 mm in diameter catheter was placed percutaneously into the palmarolateral pouch of the antebrachiocarpal joint in 6 clinically normal horses. The catheter was affixed in place for 72 hours. Cytologic analysis was performed on synovial fluid specimens obtained through the catheter at postcatheterization hours (PCH) 0, 24, and 72. The horses were euthanatized at PCH 72, and macroscopic and microscopic examinations were performed on the dorsal portion of the joint capsule and the palmarolateral pouch of the catheterized and contralateral (noncatheterized) joint. Clinical, synov...
Effect of an interfering substance on determination of potassium by ion-specific potentiometry in animal urine. Analytical characteristics of photometry and ion-specific potentiometry for urine from sheep, horses, cows, dogs, and cats were determined, using solutions of sodium and potassium chloride. The performance of both methods were acceptable, but the ion-specific potentiometer (in the mode for urine analysis) was superior in terms of linearity of response and correlation between actual vs measured concentrations. Coefficients of variation of either method for repeated analyses of various concentrations of sodium and potassium were always less than 2.5%. The measurement of sodium concentration in u...
Procoagulant activity in respiratory tract secretions from horses with chronic pulmonary disease. Cell-free supernatants (sol phases), obtained after centrifugation (50,000 x g for 45 minutes) of respiratory tract secretions from horses with chronic pulmonary disease, were assayed for procoagulant activity (PCA) in a one-stage clotting assay. Of the 103 specimens tested, 59% (61) contained PCA. Procoagulant activity was detected most often in respiratory tract secretions of severely affected horses and was correlated with the quantity of neutrophils in the respiratory tract secretions. In 12 of the 17 secretions tested, the clotting time was decreased in a dose-dependent manner. However, i...
Consolidating pneumonia and pneumothorax in a horse. A 3-year-old Thoroughbred mare with signs of acute abdominal pain and chronic pneumonia was found to have pneumothorax. A single application of suction was successful in resolving the pneumothorax. The underlying pneumonia was treated with long-term antibiotic administration selected on the basis of results of bacteriologic culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of a transtracheal aspirate. The pneumonia resolved, and the mare returned to competition as a show hunter.
High-frequency jet ventilation in a neonatal foal. High-frequency jet ventilation was performed on a premature foal for respiratory difficulty attributable to in utero-acquired pneumonia. The procedure involves delivery of compressed gas through a small-bore cannula at frequencies up to 400 cycles/min. Ventilation settings of drive pressure, frequency, and FIO2 were varied to optimize PaO2 and PaCO2 values. The foal was ventilated with this equipment for 14 hours. Evidence of a favorable response to this method of ventilation was observed in the form of improvement in arterial blood gas values as well as the foal's attitude and degree of respi...
Recognition and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation in horses. This article reviews normal hemostasis in order to provide the reader with the basis for understanding the pathogenesis and manifestations (both clinical and laboratory) of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in horses. DIC is subsequently discussed. The diagnosis and treatment of DIC in horses are also described.
Embryonic loss in pony mares induced by intrauterine infusion of Candida parapsilosis. Pony mares which were detected pregnant by transrectal ultrasonography received a single intrauterine infusion of either sterile saline (control, n = 12 mares) or 10(6)Candida parapsilosis (treated, n = 12 mares) between Days 11 to 14 postovulation. Subsequent embryonic loss was studied by daily ultrasonography of the mare's uterus, by serum progesterone levels, by endometrial swabs for cytologic and microbiologic examination and by endometrial biopsies that were taken after embryonic loss was detected. Significantly fewer (P<0.01) embryonic losses occurred in control than in treated mares (4 ...
Examination of the horse with colic. The purpose of this detailed description of the clinical examination of the colic patient is to arrive at a specific diagnosis. However, this is hardly ever possible, but the practitioner should be in the position to establish the suspicion of an intestinal obstruction or to rule out its presence during the course of the development. Single clinical findings should not be interpreted in isolation but in relation to one another, so that a false diagnosis is not made. All clinical findings should be documented, so that when repeated examinations are carried out, findings can be compared with one...
Immunoassay detection of drugs in racing horses. IV. Detection of fentanyl and its congeners in equine blood and urine by a one step ELISA assay. We have developed and evaluated a one step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for fentanyl as part of a panel of pre- and post-race tests for narcotic analgesics in racing horses. This ELISA test detects fentanyl with an I-50 of about 100 pg/ml. The test is economical in that it can be read with an inexpensive spectrophotometer, or even by eye. The test is rapid, and ten samples, a normal pre-race complement, can be analyzed in about twenty minutes. The test readily detects the presence of fentanyl or its metabolites in equine blood and urine from two and twenty-four hours respecti...
Hemodynamic and respiratory responses in halothane-anesthetized horses exposed to positive end-expiratory pressure alone and with dobutamine. The influence of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on the alveolar-arterial O2 tension difference [P(A-a)O2], physiologic right-to-left shunt fraction, physiologic dead space-to-tidal volume ratio, and hemodynamic variables was studied in halothane-anesthetized horses maintained in dorsal recumbency during controlled ventilation. Dobutamine was used to minimize the adverse cardiovascular consequences of PEEP. Six adult horses were anesthetized, using xylazine (2.2 mg/kg of body weight, IM), guaifenesin (50 mg/kg, IV), thiamylal Na (4.4 mg/kg, IV), and halothane (1.5 to 2% inspired) in 10...
Intra-osseous pressure of the equine third metatarsal bone. Intra-osseous pressure was measured in the third metatarsal bone of 8 pony foals at the age of 1, 3, 6 and 26 weeks of age, and on one occasion in the third metatarsal bone of 5 ponies aged 1-5 years; the animals were under general anesthesia and in lateral recumbency. Saphenous venous pressure and lateral superficial plantar metatarsal arterial pressure were also monitored throughout the procedure. There were no statistically significant changes in the epiphyseal, diaphyseal, venous or arterial pressures with increasing age of the foals. There was no statistically significant difference betwe...
Agents of equine viral encephalomyelitis: correlation of serum and cerebrospinal fluid antibodies. A survey was conducted by testing 115 paired equine serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples by hemagglutination-inhibition for antibodies to Powassan and snowshoe hare viruses, and by virus neutralization for antibodies to equine herpesvirus type 1. Twenty-five samples were from horses with spontaneous neurological disease and the remainder from horses euthanized because of various nonneurological disorders. All sera and cerebrospinal fluids were negative for antibodies to Powassan virus. Fifty-one sera (44.3%) and 15 cerebrospinal fluids (13.0%) had antibodies to snowshoe hare virus. Ninety-eig...
Decision for surgery. Based on the clinical impression and the current knowledge of the clinical variables (rectal examination, abdominal distention, abdominal fluid, intractable pain) most likely to differentiate between medical and surgical cases, three decision trees are provided as a guide to making the management decision in a horse with abdominal pain. Prior elimination of horses with limited life expectancy because of age or function or where financial constraints are present is understood. It must be emphasized that most of the information presently available originates from referral centers where the preva...
Polysaccharide storage myopathy. In a woman with a slowly progressive adult onset proximal myopathy, muscle biopsy showed storage of PAS positive material in type 1 fibers. This material consisted of a branched chain polysaccharide associated with a mucoprotein. No abnormality of glycogen-pathway enzymes was detected. This suggested that this polysaccharide accumulation occurred because the polysaccharide was laid down in a non-bioavailable form. The clinical and histochemical features in this patient and in the few similar reported cases indicate that polysaccharide storage myopathy is a distinct entity that is allied to the...
Chromosome anomalies and infertility in the mare. Nine reproductively normal mares, 25 infertile mares and one set of heterosexual twins were examined cytogenetically using conventional giemsa staining, C-banding and G-banding. It was concluded that G-banding was necessary to identify even gross anomalies. Three (12 per cent) of the infertile mares, but none of the controls, had a chromosomal anomaly. One was 63,XO, one a 63,XO/64,XX mixoploid and one a 64,XY sex reversed male. It is argued that a cytogenetic examination is a useful diagnostic technique but that routine screening of the whole population would be uneconomic.
A urethral extension technique to correct urine pooling (vesicovaginal reflux) in mares. A surgical technique involving reconstruction of the caudal vaginal vault was used to correct vesicovaginal reflux in 32 of 34 mares. After surgery, 22 of 24 mares became pregnant, and embryos were harvested for transfer from 6 of the other 10 mares. It was concluded that the procedure was safe and efficacious.
Determination of boldenone sulfoconjugate and related steroid sulfates in equine urine by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Sulfoconjugated anabolic steroids were separated by micro-bore high-performance liquid chromatography. The eluent was introduced into the atmospheric pressure ion source of the triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer via an ion spray liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer interface operated in the negative ion mode. The limit of detection was 10 pg on-column by selected ion monitoring of the molecular ion and the response increased linearly over a concentration range of 2.4 orders of magnitude. Following work-up by a liquid-solid extraction procedure of equine urine samples, full-scan daughter ion...
[The diagnostic value of the ‘skyline’ view for the radiographic study of the navicular bone in horses]. The radiographic diagnostic value of Rose's palmaroproximal-dorsodistal ('skyline') projection and Oxspring's dorsopalmar projection of the equine navicular bone were compared, by examining radiographs of 102 navicular bones originating from 66 randomly selected horses with clinical evidence of lameness located in the navicular area. In 27 navicular bones essential information was obtained from the skyline view, 15 independently of Oxspring's projection and 12 in addition to this view. For 11 navicular studies the D.P. projection was the most important diagnostic view. In the other 64 navicula...
Antiviral, anti-glycoprotein and neutralizing antibodies in foals with equine infectious anaemia virus. Equine infectious anaemia virus is related by genome sequence homology to human immunodeficiency virus, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and visna virus. Failure of the host to mount a strong neutralizing response detectable in vitro or to eliminate persistent infection in vivo characterizes lentivirus infections in the natural host. In this study the specificities and neutralizing activity of antibodies induced during experimental infection with equine infectious anaemia virus were investigated using antiviral ELISA, radioimmunoprecipitation and neutralization assays. ELISA antibody titre...
Quantitative buffy coat analysis for hematologic measurements of canine, feline, and equine blood samples and for detection of microfilaremia in dogs. A quantitative buffy coat (QBC) analysis was evaluated for 175 canine, 125 feline, and 125 equine blood samples. The method used centrifuged whole blood and yielded rapid results expressed as respective band lengths for RBC, granulocytes, nongranulocytes, and platelets. Simple regression analysis of band lengths and reference laboratory methods yielded correlation coefficients (r) ranging from 0.72 to 0.99. The PCV, granulocyte count, and total WBC count, as determined by the 2 methods, correlated well (r greater than or equal to 0.93 in all cases). Platelet and nongranulocyte counts were less...
Duodenal impaction in a horse. An 8-cm compressed mass of dry cracked corn was found obstructing the duodenum of a horse with signs of colic. The mass was manipulated aborally and removed through jejunal enterotomy. The horse recovered and the impaction did not recur.
Clinical and diagnostic features of portosystemic shunt in a foal. Portosystemic shunt was diagnosed in a 6-month-old Quarter Horse filly with acute onset of apparent blindness and a 3-month history of depression, lethargy, and ataxia. Clinicopathologic test results indicated slightly high gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity and serum total bilirubin concentration. Sulfobromophthalein half time was prolonged, and plasma ammonia and serum bile acid concentrations were high as well. Histopathologic findings of percutaneous liver biopsy included widespread hepatocyte atrophy and numerous prominent small arterioles in the area of the portal triad. On the basis...
