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Topic:Diagnostic Technique
Diagnostic techniques in equine medicine encompass a range of procedures and tools used to identify diseases, injuries, or other health conditions in horses. These techniques include imaging methods such as radiography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as laboratory tests like blood work and tissue biopsies. Each diagnostic method provides specific information that can aid in the assessment and management of equine health issues. Radiography is commonly used for evaluating bone structures, while ultrasonography is useful for soft tissue examination. MRI offers detailed images of both soft and hard tissues, though its use is limited by cost and availability. Laboratory tests can detect biochemical and hematological changes indicative of disease. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the development, application, and efficacy of various diagnostic techniques in equine veterinary practice.
The development of a radio-stethoscope for use in the horse at rest and during exercise. The development of a radio-stethoscope for horses is described. The equipment consisted of a sound transducer applied to the skin adjacent to the trachea and a radio transmitter attached to the saddle. The signals emitted were detected by telemetry and recorded on a magnetic tape-recorder. The recorder incorporated a monitor earphone so that sounds could be reproduced at the time of recording. The frequency response obtainable ranged from a few Hz to 4 KHz. This technique provided an objective means of studying the respiratory sounds generated during exercise although absolute values could not...
Horner’s syndrome in the horse: experimental induction and a case report. The findings in 6 experimental and 1 natural case of Horner's Syndrome (HS) are presented. The experimental cases were induced by unilateral surgical section of the cervical sympathetic trunk in the middle third of the neck. The naturally occurring case was seen in a 17 year old gelding with a mediastinal tumour. The signs of HS in these horses included ptosis, miosis, enophthalmos, hemilateral sweating and temperature increase of the face and cranial cervical region on the affected side. The intensity of these signs was variable between and within animals. Miosis, enophthalmos and temperature...
Comparative studies on blood serum alpha-L-fucosidases from several mammalian species. 1. Peripheral blood serum alpha-L-fucosidases have been studied from various mammalian species: Sus scropha var domestica L. (pig), Capra hircus L. (goat), Bos taurus L. (bull, races Morucha and Charolais), Equus caballus L. (horse) and Equus asinus L. (donkey). 2. Fluorimetric and spectrophotometric procedures were used for determination of alpha-L-fucosidases. 3. alpha-L-Fucosidases were more active towards fluorescent substrates than towards chromogenic substrates. 4. pH optima values of the enzymes are: (A) 5.5 for sera from all above-mentioned species when fluorescent substrates were empl...
The null allele in the horse esterase (Es) system detected by enzyme assay and rocket immunoelectrophoresis in heterozygous animals. The detection of the recessive null allele of horse serum esterase (Es) is possible in heterozygotes Es+/EsO which by starch gel electrophoresis appear like homozygotes Es+/Es+. Two methods are proposed, the titration of enzymatic activity of esterase and the immunochemical titration of esterase as antigen. These methods can be applied to solve the cases of suspect parentage or in population studies.
Special topics in clinical pathology. The following topics are discussed in this presentation: A. Recent advances in the use and interpretation and methodology of antibiotic susceptibility testing. B. Improvements in sample submittal to obtain accurate results from your laboratory. C. Staining blood, bone marrow, and cytology specimens in the office laboratory. D. Pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of lipemia. E. Differential diagnosis of abdominal effusions.
Analysis of a complex antigenic site on horse cytochrome c. Of the antigenic determinants so far identified for cytochrome c, only one involves more than a single amino acid substitution between the immunogen and host proteins. Both a threonine at position 89 and a glutamic acid at position 92 control one of the three antigenic sites identified in horse cytochrome c, as expressed in rabbits. Three antibody subpopulations, all directed against this region of the molecule, were isolated from the serum of a single rabbit by adsorption on a series of insolubilized cytochromes c. Antibody fluorescence quenching titrations with a variety of cytochromes c wer...
Some unusual cases of abnormal respiratory noises in the horse. Any condition which leads to a diminution in the size or alteration of the shape of the lumen of the respiratory tract in the horse may result in the production of abnormal respiratory noises at exercise.
Circular dichroism of porcine, bovine, and equine pancreatic phospholipases A2 and their zymogens. Unusual conformations simulating helix content. Conformation of porcine, bovine, and equine pancreatic phospholipases A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) and their zymogens was studied by the circular dichroism (CD) probe in the far and near ultraviolet spectral zones.
All these phospholipases and their zymogens displayed CD curves suggesting the presence of moderate amounts of α-helical conformation. However, on the basis of known primary structure and recent X-ray structural analysis of prophospholipase A2 crystals (Drenth, J., Enzing, C.M., Kalk, K.H. and Vessies, J.C.A. (1976) Nature 264, 373–377), it has to be concluded that the positive CD band cen...
Antigenic relationship between the Tokyo and the Miami strains of equine influenza subtype 2 virus. The first outbreak of equine influenza (EI) infection in Japan was recognized during the period December 1971 to January 1972 [1, 6]. No evidence of the disease had been found before then [2,6]. The etiological agent of this epizootic was identified by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and neutralization tests with chicken or ferret antiserum as the subtype 2 of EI virus (6, 7). However, the isolate, A/equine/Tokyo/71 (Tokyo) strain, was not completely identical to the prototypic A/equine/Miami /63 (Miami) strain of the subtype 2, since antibody responses of convalescent horses were 2 to 16 tim...
Radiological protection in equine radiography and radiotherapy. The principles of radiological protection are summarised and consideration is then given to problems, which may confront the equine practitioner, in the fulfillment of these principles during diagnostic radiography of the limbs, head, and spine of the horse. The place of anaesthesia in such procedures is discussed and the special problems associated with therapeutic radiography of the horse are considered.
A case of primary lymphoid leukaemia in a horse. Progressive leukaemic changes and a persistent anaemia were demonstrated in the blood of a 7 year old gelding, which had shown early signs of lowered performance and unthriftiness, and later developed dependent oedema and became dull and listless. The total leucocyte count, initially within the normal range although reflecting an absolute lymphocytosis, increased fourfold in 6 days from excessive lymphoid production involving predominantly the more immature cell types; lymphoblasts, prolymphocytes and large lymphocytes. The severity of the condition was confirmed by bone marrow biopsy.
Pacing techniques in assessing cardiac function in the horse. The problem of transitory cardiac arrhythmias in equidae is discussed particularly with regard to the referral of suspect cases to specialist institutions for second opinion. Recently developed electro-stimulation techniques designed to uncover problem arrythmias, are briefly described and their potential in the analysis of cardiac electrical function under varying conditions is reviewed. The author cautions on the too rapid evaluation of the techniques for this purpose while remaining optimistic of the potential of electro-stimulation in the objective analysis of cardiac electric parameters.
Intramural esophageal cyst in a horse. A yearling Quarter Horse colt was examined because of intermittent esophageal obstruction. A soft tissue mass was palpated in the cervical portion of the esophagus. Plain and contrast radiography and esophagoscopy were utilized to confirm the location of the lesion in the esophageal wall. Surgical exploration and removal of the mass was performed through a ventral midline cervical incision. Histologically, the mass was a keratinizing squamous epithelial inclusion cyst.
The value of arterial blood pressure measurement in assessing the prognosis in equine colic. Indirect arterial blood pressure was determined on 33 horses prior to surgical intervention for the diagnosis and/or correction of acute abdominal disorders and a relationship between low systolic blood pressure and non-survival was established. It is suggested that blood pressure determination should be used to augment other methods of clinical and laboratory examination in cases of equine colic.
[Fibrinogen level in clinically healthy horses]. Various sets of horses were examined in view of the necessity of widening the range of biochemical substances for diagnostic purposes in the field of veterinary medicine. The aim of the investigations was to obtain basic information on fibrinogen level and its variability. The average value stated was 280 mg% s = 89, sx = 12, V% = 32). The fibrinogen level in horses of the pronounced oxidation type was lower than in those with reduced metabolism, the difference being connected with the speed of sedimentation of erythrocytes. Repeated examination of a part of the set of horses (n = 10) on three...
Methods in the evaluation of antiparasitic drugs in the horse. The critical test is the primary method used for the efficacy evaluation of drugs against the major internal parasites (bots, ascarids, large strongyles, small strongyles, and pinworms) of the horse. The critical test determines: (1) spectrum of activity, (2) effectiveness of removal, (3) pattern of discharge, and (4) physical condition of each species of these parasites. General characteristics of the major parasitisms of the horse are discussed briefly. Criteria of the critical test also are considered including: (1) number of tests, (2) strain variation and drug resistance, (3) selection of...
Horner’s syndrome in large animals. The sympathetic nervous innervation of the head was surgically transected in the horse, cow, sheep and goat. The site of transection was preganglionic in all 4 species and ganglionic-postganglionic in 2 additional horses. The Horner's syndrome, manifested as a result of the iatrogenic lesion, varied with the species. Ptosis was the most constant sign in all species. Unilateral sweating over the face and proximal neck, particularly at the base of the ear, was the most prominent feature in the horse. The cow revealed distension of vasculature and cutaneous heat of the pinna, and a reduced produc...
