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Topic:Disease Diagnosis
Disease diagnosis in horses involves the identification and characterization of illnesses through various diagnostic methods and tools. This process is essential for effective veterinary care and management of equine health. Techniques used in diagnosing diseases in horses include clinical examinations, laboratory tests, imaging modalities such as ultrasonography and radiography, and molecular diagnostics. Blood tests are frequently utilized to assess parameters such as complete blood count and biochemical profiles, which can indicate underlying health issues. Additionally, advancements in genetic testing and biomarker identification have enhanced the ability to detect specific diseases early. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore diagnostic methodologies, their applications, and their impact on equine health management.
[Pathology of cardiac ventricular aneurysms in the horse]. The authors describe pathologic and histopathologic findings of three cardiac aneurysms in horses, two of which in the left ventricle and one in the right ventricle. The aneurysms were always associated with multiple foci of myocardiac fibrosis. A hypothesis concerning histogenesis of the lesion is formulated.
Large granular lymphocyte neoplasia in an aged mare. No abstract available
Evolution of alphaviruses in the eastern equine encephalomyelitis complex. Evolution of viruses in the eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) complex was studied by analyzing RNA sequences and oligonucleotide fingerprints from isolates representing the North and South American antigenic varieties. By using homologous sequences of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus as an outgroup, phylogenetic trees revealed three main EEE virus monophyletic groups. A North American variety group included all isolates from North America and the Caribbean. One South American variety group included isolates from the Amazon basin in Brazil and Peru, while the other included strain...
The development of Babesia (Theileria) equi (Laveran, 1901) in the gut and the haemolymph of the vector ticks, Hyalomma species. The development of the piroplasm Babesia equi was studied by light microscopy in the gut and the haemolymph of three different Hyalomma species during and after the nymphs had engorged on parasitaemic horses. The stock of B. equi used was isolated from a horse imported from Turkmenistan (CIS) in 1991. The existence of gamogony was identified by the occurrence of gamonts and gametes in the gut contents of the nymphs at between 3 and 4 days after infestation of the nymphs, before the ticks dropped off the experimentally infected horses. Zygotes and kinetes were observed in the intestinal cells f...
An unusual manifestation of nettle rash in three horses. Three horses with an apparent neurological disorder resulting from nettle rash showed signs of ataxia, distress and muscle weakness, and two of them had urticaria. In each case the condition resolved within four hours, with no long term problems or recurrence.
Measurements of urethral pressure profiles in the male horse. Urinary tract pressure profiles were evaluated in 6 clinically normal geldings over 3 consecutive days. This was performed by introducing a 1.3 m-long cuffed catheter into the urinary tract, under xylazine sedation (0.8 mg/kg, iv). The method was reproducible. The mean (+/- sd) intra-vesicular pressure (IVP) and maximal urethral closure pressures (MUCP) were 10.3 (+/- 1.7) and 129.8 (+/- 19.6) cmH2O, respectively, and the ratio between MUCP and IVP was 13.2 (+/- 2.5). A gelding with urinary incontinence showed a significantly lower MUCP (73.4 cmH2O), and an MUCP to IVP ratio of 8.0. It was con...
[Adverse effects of veterinary drugs]. We report cases of adverse reactions, some of which serious, of four frequently used therapeutic substances in several animal species. In order to avoid similar cases we discuss special measures or alternative therapies.
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in thoroughbred foals: identification of a genetically distinct organism by DNA amplification. Genetically distinct forms of Pneumocystis carinii infect several mammalian hosts. We report the amplification of P. carinii DNA from samples of two infected thoroughbred foal lungs by using primers designed from the sequence of a P. carinii mitochondrial rRNA gene; these primers also prime the amplification of P. carinii DNA from other hosts. The nucleotide sequence of part of the mitochondrial rRNA gene amplified from P. carinii infecting one of the foals was determined and found to be distinct from that of published rat-, rabbit-, ferret-, and human-derived P. carinii sequences.
Cystic adenomatous hyperplasia of the equine allantois: a report of eight cases. No abstract available
Muscular changes in Venezuelan wild horses naturally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Skeletal muscle biopsy specimens were taken from 10 male horses naturally infected with Trypanosoma evansi and from 10 uninfected males. An indirect fluorescent antibody test was used to provide a rapid and reliable indication of infection. Histological, histochemical and transmission electron microscopical techniques were used to examine skeletal muscle. The ultrastructural features in muscle fibres were those usually seen in autoimmune disease, namely fibre and capillary necrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration, consisting of macrophages. Changes in fibre-type percentages did not occur in ...
Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and pharynx in horses. Medical records were reviewed for 11 horses with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and/or pharynx. The average age at presentation was 15.3 years. No breed or sex predilection was present. At presentation, 6 of 11 horses were dyspneic and 4 horses had inspiratory stridor. Endoscopy was performed in all cases and was more useful in demonstrating a mass in the laryngopharyngeal region than laryngeal or guttural pouch radiography. Surgical excision was attempted in 3 horses and in 1 horse alleviated clinical signs for 4 months. Ten horses were euthanatized and 1 horse died. Results of this st...
Age-related storage of iron in the liver of horses. The non-haem iron concentration was estimated in post-mortem liver samples from 51 horses (age range 1-25 years). Two were normal and 49 had been suffering from conditions that were not expected to have had long-term effects on iron metabolism. Muscle samples (splenius and biceps femoris) from 23 of these horses were also analysed. There was a highly significant age-related increase in the non-haem iron concentration in the liver (r = 0.635, p < 0.001), but not in the muscles, in which the iron concentration was much lower than in the liver.
Solitary osteochondroma of the nasal bone in a horse. A 3-year-old Appaloosa stallion with a 4 cm x 4 cm x 2.5 cm mass protruding from his nasal bone was evaluated. Radiographs revealed an osseous mass, with a radiopaque outer margin and several radiolucent areas within the body of the mass. The mass was surgically removed and evaluated histopathologically. The histopathological diagnosis was osteochondroma. This case represent the first reported occurrence of an osteochondroma arising from intramembraneous bone in the horse.
Urinary concentration of corticoids in normal horses and horses with hyperadrenocorticism. The urinary corticoid:creatinine (c:c) ratio was determined in eight horses with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC). The mean (+/- SD) urinary c:c ratio of the eight horses with HAC (29 +/- 14 x 10(-6)) was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than the ratio in seven control horses (11 +/- 4.3 x 10(-6)). The urinary concentration of corticoids in control horses (201 +/- 60.4 nmol litre-1) was significantly (P 0.05) between both groups. As both false negative and false positive cases were found, it is concluded that a measurement of the urinary c:c ratio in the horse should not be used as the sole test...
[Ultrasonography of ovarian pathology in the mare: a review for the practitioner]. The aim of this review is to give the practitioner the ability to be familiar with the echographic exam of ovarian abnormalities. He should be able to recognize different stages of the development of these important structures and to estimate the effect that they can have on the normal cycle of the mare. Various specific criteria and details regarding the equine echography of ovarian abnormalities are reported and illustrated, using the last scientific data published on that particular topic.
Proteolytic enzymes in equine joints with infectious arthritis. Significant amounts of collagenase and caseinase activity were detected in infected synovial fluid samples. Partial characterisation of the enzymes by gel filtration suggested that synovial fluid from cases of infectious arthritis may contain enzymes from both the synovial cells and neutrophils. This finding was also supported by analysis of sequential synovial fluid samples from 4 infected joints. In 3 joints the concentration of caseinase and in 1 joint collagenase paralleled the decline in total nucleated cell count. However, in 3 joints the concentration of collagenase remained high after ...
Incarceration of the jejunum in the epiploic foramen of a four month old foal. A 4-month Arabian filly presented for abdominal pain of 30 hours duration was found to have tachycardia, tachypnea, congested mucous membranes and gross abdominal distension. Further examination disclosed gastric reflux and small intestinal distension. Dehydration, prerenal azotemia, electrolyte abnormalities and metabolic alkalemia were observed. There was a progressive nonresponse to analgesic medication and deterioration in the foal's physiologic condition consistent with a small intestinal strangulating obstruction. Surgical exploration was declined. Necropsy examination revealed incarcera...
Penetration injury of the pyramis caused by a kick from a racehorse. A 56-year-old man presented with an unusual cranial penetration injury due to a horse's hoof. The CT number of the hoof was 269, and thus clearly not that of a wooden fragment or bone. An emergency operation was performed to remove the foreign body. The operation went well, and no infection developed. Eight months later he could walk unaided and had only mild disorientation.
[Rhinopneumonia and equine viral arteritis: seroepidemiological study in the northeast of Tunisia]. A seroepidemiological survey was realized in the Nord-Est Tunisia to study the prevalence of complement fixing and neutralizing antibodies to equine rhinopneumonitis and viral arteritis of horse, respectively. Four hundred sera were tested, using complement fixation reaction and seroneutralization test. The results show that 8.75% of sera have antibodies to viral arteritis and only 1.25% are positive for equine rhinopneumonitis.
The frequent occurrence of thyroid tumours in aged horses. Thyroid tumours have been described as "moderately common" in horses, but diseases associated with them are rare and the actual incidence has not been reported. A survey of thyroids from 29 horses aged 12 to 32 years revealed gross lesions in 11 animals, all older than 17. Most lesions were microfollicular adenomas. There was no evidence that the horses suffered from long-standing iodine deficiency or diffuse hyperplasia. Adenomas were more common than hyperplastic nodules and it is unlikely that the former arose from the latter. One thyroid adenocarcinoma was discovered. Progression from thyr...
[Hematological reference values for foals in the first two months of life]. Hematologic reference values were established in 18 healthy foals in the first two months of life. Blood samples were collected prior to colostrum consumption and at 30 hours, 1 week, 3, 5, 7 and 9 weeks of age. PCV, Hb and RBC decreased during the first week and RBC, but not PCV and Hb, increased toward the end of the second month. With the exception of the sample at 1 week, the foals had mean RBC values significantly higher than those of controls. Mean MCV and MCH did not change during the first week, but decreased slightly thereafter; all means were smaller than in controls. The numbers of ...
[The genital microflora in the stallion–microbiological study of presecretion samples from 1972 to 1991]. From 1972 to 1991, presecretion on an average of 183 stallions per year had been examined. Facultatively pathogenic germs were ascertained in 13.5% of the samples. However, the portion showed considerable annual fluctuation, as did the percentage of the different kinds of germs. In most of the cases, only minimal growth had been observed in culture. Except for the total percentage, these results are contradictory to those we found during the examination of cervical swabs of mares. In order to ascertain the importance of the respective results and to render possible a correct interpretation, th...
Idiopathic peripheral neuropathy in a horse with knuckling. We report the pathological findings of the skeletal muscle and peripheral nerves from a male 14-months-old thoroughbred horse showing idiopathic knuckling. The affected animal, when in staining position, presented knuckling at the fetlock joint of both forelegs, and dragged both fore- and hindlegs when attempting forward movement. The skeletal muscles demonstrated neurogenic atrophy characterized by the scattering of single angular fibers, groups consisting of five to ten angular fibers, and multiple fascicles of atrophic and hypertrophic fibers. The severity of changes tended to be a distal g...
