Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Topic:Disease Treatment
Disease treatment in horses encompasses a range of medical interventions and management strategies aimed at addressing various health conditions affecting equine species. These treatments can include pharmacological approaches, such as the administration of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antiparasitic medications, as well as non-pharmacological methods like physical therapy, dietary adjustments, and surgical procedures. The selection of appropriate treatments depends on the specific disease, its severity, and the individual needs of the horse. This topic brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the efficacy, safety, and advancements in therapeutic options for equine diseases, providing insights into best practices and emerging trends in equine veterinary medicine.
Herpesviral abortion in domestic animals. Abortion or neonatal disease may follow infection with several alpha, beta and gamma-herpesviruses. The alpha-herpesvirus, equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), causes single or epizootic abortions or neonatal deaths in equids, and the closely related virus EHV-4 causes sporadic equine abortions. In cattle, the alpha-herpesviruses, bovine herpesvirus-1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus) and bovine herpesvirus-5 (bovine encephalitis virus), and a gamma-herpesvirus, bovine herpesvirus-4, have all been implicated as causes of abortion. In pigs, suid herpesvirus-1 (SHV-1: pseudorabies virus), an alp...
Melatonin protects mice infected with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. We investigated whether the administration of melatonin (MLT) reduces the death rate and evolution of the disease in mice infected with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus. Our results show that, MLT protects mice infected with the virus. The mortality rate was reduced from 100% to 16% merely by increasing the dose from 0 to 1000 micrograms/MLT per kg body weight MLT significantly postponed the onset of the disease and death by several days. In surviving mice very high titres of VEE virus IgM antibodies were found seven weeks after virus inoculation. MLT significantly reduced VEE v...
Insulin-like growth factor 1 and corticosteroid modulation of chondrocyte metabolic and mitogenic activities in interleukin 1-conditioned equine cartilage. To evaluate potential stimulatory or matrix-sparing effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), alone or in combination with a corticosteroid, in an interleukin 1 (IL-1)-induced model of cartilage degradation. Methods: Cartilage from the weightbearing surfaces of trochlea and condyles of clinically normal 2-year-old male horses. Methods: Triamcinolone acetonide and IGF-1 effects were evaluated by assessing: matrix responses by sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) assay and [35S]sulfated GAG synthesis; collagen content by hydroxyproline assay; and mitogenic response by [3H]thymidine incorporat...
Treatment of a keratoma in a Clydesdale horse. A keratoma was diagnosed in a six-year-old Clydesdale gelding with recurrent 'pus in the foot'. The keratoma was excised through an inverted 'V' dorsal wall hoof resection up to 2 cm distal to the coronary band, the foot was bandaged and shod, and the horse treated with antibiotics and phenylbutazone. The dorsal hoof wall regrew completely and the horse gradually returned to full work.
Determination of flunixin in equine urine and serum by capillary electrophoresis. A capillary electrophoresis (CE) and a solid-phase extraction method was developed for the determination of flunixin in equine urine and serum. The suitable CE run conditions were described. The factors affecting flunixin recovery rates were investigated and optimum solid-phase extraction conditions for flunixin in equine urine and serum were established. Limits of detection and quantitation were 3.4 and 5.6 ng/ml for serum and 16.9 and 33.1 ng/ml for urine, respectively. The recoveries exceeded 96% for urine and 79% for serum. Urine samples from race horses and urine and serum samples from a ...
[Idiopathic pericardial effusion with tamponade in a Friesian gelding]. A 7-year-old Friesian gelding was referred to the Department of Large Animal Medicine and Nutrition of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine because of an inadequate response to treatment for vague symptoms of colic. An extensive physical examination showed there to be circulatory problems, with right-sided decompensation. Heart sounds were muffled on both sides of the thorax, and ECG showed a low voltage and variable amplitude of the QRS complex. Further investigations indicated idiopathic pericardial effusion. Pericardiocentesis was performed and supportive therapy started. Three weeks later th...
Lateral approach for endoscopic removal of solitary osteochondromas from the distal radial metaphysis in three horses. A lateral approach to the carpal sheath was used for endoscopic removal of osteochondromas from the distal aspect of the radius in 3 horses. Previously osteochondromas have been removed through an incision into the carpal sheath; however, endoscopy is less invasive, requires less surgery and convalescence time, provides better cosmetic results, is associated with a lower risk of infection, and allows better examination of structures within the sheath. A medial approach for endoscopic removal has been described previously; however, the lateral approach was advantageous, because it avoided the m...
Control of equine infectious anemia virus is not dependent on ADCC mediating antibodies. Horses infected with equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) have recurrent episodes of viremia which are eventually controlled, but the immune mechanisms have not been identified. Antibodies were detected to the surface of EIAV-infected cells within 1 month postinfection and remained for at least 3.5 years postinfection. These antibodies recognized cell surface-exposed envelope (Env) glycoproteins, but could not mediate antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) using EIAV-WSU5-infected equine kidney (EK) cells as targets and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or polymorphonuclear c...
Leukoencephalomalacia. Leukoencephalomalacia in horses is caused by fumonisins. These mycotoxins are produced by Fusarium spp. that contaminate corn and corn byproducts while in the field. The most common clinical presentation is a multifocal neurologic disease that affects multiple horses in a herd. Although the majority of affected horses die, treatment directed at decreasing inflammation and edema in the CNS may result in recovery in some animals.
Equine herpesvirus 1 myeloencephalopathy. Myeloencephalopathy is an uncommon manifestation of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), but it can cause devastating losses during outbreaks on individual farms. Clinical signs of neurologic disease reflect a diffuse multifocal hemorrhagic myeloencephalopathy secondary to vasculitis and thrombosis. Sudden onset and early stabilization of signs, including ataxia, paresis, and urinary incontinence; involvement of multiple horses on the premises; and recent history of fever, abortion, or viral respiratory disease in the affected horse or herdmates are typical features, although there is considerable va...
Chronic exertional rhabdomyolysis. This article presents a brief description of what is known about the cause and pathogenesis of chronic intermittent rhabdomyolysis in horses. Clinically applicable diagnostic tests and published results in affected horses, prophylaxis, and treatment of the acute case are discussed.
Effect of feeding deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin)-contaminated barley to horses. No abstract available
White muscle disease of foals. White muscle disease (nutritional myodegeneration) of foals is a peracute to subacute myodegenerative disease affecting skeletal and cardiac muscle. It is caused by a dietary deficiency of selenium and vitamin E, usually in association with predisposing factors such as a high intake of dietary unsaturated fats or unaccustomed exercise. White muscle disease has been observed in foals from birth to 1 year of age, particularly those foals born to dams fed selenium-deficient diets, during gestation. The disease in foals may present as an acute, fulminant syndrome, which is rapidly fatal, or a suba...
Epizootic of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis on a farm. To determine the clinical findings, course of treatment, and long-term outcome of horses on a farm in central Kentucky during an epizootic of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Methods: Cohort study. Methods: 21 horses on a farm in central Kentucky, 12 of which developed clinical signs of EPM. Methods: Horses on the farm were serially examined for signs of neurologic disease and serum and CSF antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona. Horses were considered to have EPM if they had neurologic signs and positive test results for antibodies to S neurona in CSF. Blood values were monitored for evid...
Equine motor neuron disease. This article reviews the subject of equine motor neuron disease, a neurodegenerative disease of horses. The authors discuss various topics, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical signs, laboratory findings, diagnosis, and treatment.
Botulism. Equine botulism is being recognized with increasing frequency by veterinarians throughout North America. Muscular weakness and dysphagia that progress during a period of 1 to 4 days, in the absence of laboratory derangements that indicate the presence of systemic disease, are suggestive of botulism. A tentative diagnosis usually is based on the presence of the following findings on physical examination: delayed pupillary light response, mydriasis, ptosis, generalized weakness, decreased tail tone, and slow prehension of feed. Definitive diagnosis requires detection of botulinum toxin in plasma...
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis is an autosomal codominant genetic disease of horses who are descendants of the quarter horse sire Impressive. It produces a muscular phenotype that has been selected by show judges, which has resulted in the rapid dissemination of this disease. Clinical attacks are characterized by muscle fasciculation and spasm, and they respond to treatments for the concurrent hyperkalemia.
Adverse reactions to veterinary drugs reported in Sweden during 1991-1995. The present article gives a summary of suspected adverse reactions reported by Swedish veterinarians during the period 1991-1995. The summary shows that severe adverse drug-reactions sometimes occur in Swedish veterinary practice. In horses, several cases of acute reactions in animals treated with procaine benzylpenicillin were reported and seven horses died within a few minutes after intramuscular injections of the drug. In cattle and swine most reports referred to the use of antimicrobial agents. In dogs reactions to vaccines were the most frequently reported adverse effects. The reactions w...
Risk factors for colic in the Michigan (USA) equine population. A population-based prospective epidemiological study was conducted to assess risk factors for equine colic. A stratified sample of 3925 equids in 138 randomly selected equine farms in the state of Michigan was monitored in two 12-month rounds of data collection. Incidence densities were used to describe the rate of development of colic in the study population. Mortality rates, case fatality rates and survival rates were used to describe the severity of colic on the study population. Multivariable logistic regressions with random effects (grouped according to farm) were used to identify risk fa...
Transforming growth factor-beta induced by live or ultraviolet-inactivated equid herpes virus type-1 mediates immunosuppression in the horse. Up to 21 days after exposure to live or ultraviolet-inactivated equid herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) autologous serum from ponies caused an immunosuppressive effect if incorporated into T-cell proliferation assays to EHV-1. The suppressive factor in the sera of ponies also inhibited T-cell response to phytohaemagglutinin. Increased levels of circulating activated transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) were detected, and the suppressive activity of the serum could be reversed by antibody to TGF-beta 1. In a challenge experiment the ponies which exhibited circulating TGF-beta 1 activity succ...
Otitis media and interna and temporohyoid osteoarthropathy. Otitis media/interna in the equine most commonly is a chronic, insidious infection with the unique sequella of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy in some horses. Head shaking may be the only clinical sign of the early stages of this disease. The arthritic condition often leads to fusion of the temporohyoid joint with resultant stress fractures of the petrous temporal bone. When this occurs, the horse presents as an acute neurologic case with clinical signs of vestibular and facial nerve dysfunction. Diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis are discussed. Recognition of this syndrome is important because...
Anthelmintic resistance in human helminths: Learning from the problems with worm control in livestock. During the past decade, the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in some economically important helminths of sheep, goats and horses has increased dramatically. In some regions of Australia, South America and South Africa, anthelmintic resistance has become a serious threat to the survival of the sheep industry. Mass treatment programmes and exclusive reliance on anthelmintics for worm control in livestock are amongst the most important reasons for the development of anthelmintic resistance. In this article, Stanny Geerts, Gerald Coles and Bruno Gryseels draw the attention to a number of erro...
Comparison of intratumoral administration of cisplatin versus bleomycin for treatment of periocular squamous cell carcinomas in horses. To compare therapeutic benefits of intratumoral administration of cisplatin and bleomycin for squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelids in horses. Methods: 25 horses with 27 T2-stage periocular squamous cell carcinomas. Methods: Horses were treated 4 times at 2-week intervals with a slow-release formulation of cisplatin (1 mg/cm3 of tissue) or bleomycin (1 IU/cm3 of tissue). A two-stage design was used to minimize the sample size in each treatment arm. Results: The local control rate at 1 year for lesions treated with cisplatin was 93 +/- 6%, and with bleomycin was 78 +/- 10%. Difference in local...
Use of Rhodococcus equi virulence-associated protein for immunization of foals against R equi pneumonia. To evaluate use of the virulence-associated protein of Rhodococcus equi in immunizing foals against R equi pneumonia. Methods: Eight (experimental group) and 6 (controls) mares with their foals. Methods: Virulence-associated protein extracted from R equi was used to prepare an acetone-precipitated. Triton X-extracted (APTX) antigen. After determination of the efficacy of passive immunization, in untreated foals or in foals given plasma from a horse vaccinated with APTX antigen or from a nonvaccinated horse, a field trial was done to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination of 8 mares, twice with A...
Lag screw fixation of an extensor process fracture in a foal with flexural deformity. A 4-month-old colt with stage I flexural deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint was diagnosed as having a type IV nondisplaced fracture of the extensor process of the 3rd phalanx. An inferior check ligament desmotomy and internal fixation of the fracture were performed. Favorable long-term results for internal fixation of extensor process fractures are presented.
Epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in La Guajira, Colombia, 1995. In 1995, the first Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) outbreak in Colombia in 22 years caused an estimated 75,000 human cases, 3000 with neurologic complications and 300 fatal, in La Guajira State. Of the state's estimated 50,000 equines, 8% may have died. An epizootic IC virus, probably introduced from Venezuela, was rapidly amplified among unvaccinated equines. Record high rainfall, producing high densities of vector Aedes taeniorhynchus, led to extensive epidemic transmission (30% attack rate) in the four affected municipalities. Native Wayuu Indians, constituting 24% of the state's popul...
Morphologic and quantitative evaluation of the myenteric plexuses and neurons in the large colon of horses. To determine the number of myenteric plexuses and neurons in the large colon of clinically normal horses and whether the number was decreased in the large colon of horses with colon disease. Methods: Prospective study. Methods: Colon samples from 15 clinically normal horses and 31 horses with colon disease. Methods: Samples were obtained, fixed, and stained with H&E. The number of myenteric plexuses and neurons and longitudinal muscle thickness were determined in each segment of colon for clinically normal horses. Counts for segments were compared with each other and with counts in the sam...
Corneal concentrations and preliminary toxicological evaluation of an itraconazole/dimethyl sulphoxide ophthalmic ointment. The objectives of this study were to determine the concentration of itraconazole achieved in corneal tissue and aqueous humour after topical application of a 1% itraconazole ointment: to determine the effect of including dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) in the ointment on achievable ocular tissue itraconazole concentrations; and to assess if any gross or histopathologic ocular toxicity results from the topical application of 1% itraconazole with or without the addition of DMSO. The experimental trial consisted of 6 horses considered to have normal eyes. Each horse had one eye treated with 0.3 mL of ...
