Disease treatment in horses encompasses a range of medical interventions and management strategies aimed at addressing various health conditions affecting equine species. These treatments can include pharmacological approaches, such as the administration of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antiparasitic medications, as well as non-pharmacological methods like physical therapy, dietary adjustments, and surgical procedures. The selection of appropriate treatments depends on the specific disease, its severity, and the individual needs of the horse. This topic brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the efficacy, safety, and advancements in therapeutic options for equine diseases, providing insights into best practices and emerging trends in equine veterinary medicine.
Sarasola P, McKellar QA.Ampicillin is an antibiotic commonly administered to horses by both the intramuscular (i.m.) and the intravenous (i.v.) route. Its physicochemical properties restrict its absorption after oral administration and explain its rapid elimination from the body. To prolong the effects of ampicillin in the horse, attempts have been made to alter its elimination and absorption rates. The alteration of urinary pH did not change the plasma disposition of the antibiotic but when probenecid was administered concurrently with ampicillin, a significant reduction of total body clearance was achieved. Ampicil...
Tesarowski DB, Viel L, McDonell WN, Newhouse MT.The purpose of the study was to administer therapeutic aerosol generated by metered-dose inhalers to horses exhibiting clinical signs of heaves using a compact inhalation device developed for human medicine. It was fitted to a custom face mask in order to study the effect of an inhaled beta 2-agonist, fenoterol. Pulmonary function testing was performed on six horses following an acute exacerbation of heaves, characterized by tachypnea, wheezes, crackles, and spasmodic cough. Horses inhaled fenoterol in 1 mg increments administered as one 200 microgram puff every 5-10 s with the recording of da...
Grahwit G.A historical review is given on the reasons to use restraint measures in animals, their definitions and classifications as well as their mode of action. An attempt is made to give an assessment of these measures according to animal welfare aspects formerly and today. Special emphasis is put on considerations in conformity with the "reasonable reason", as required in the German Animal Welfare Act.
MacAllister CG, Lowrey F, Stebbins M, Newman MS, Young B.The ponies were apparently healthy and 6-20 months of age. In Study 1, gastric lesions were created by transendoscopic electrocautery in the non-glandular gastric mucosa, adjacent to the margo plicatus in 9 ponies which were then treated with water, 12 mg cimetidine HCl/kg bwt or 18 mg cimetidine HCl/kg bwt per os every 12 h for 35 days. In Study 2, gastric lesions were similarly induced in 9 ponies in the non-glandular mucosa and also in the glandular mucosa just below the non-glandular lesion on the greater curvature of the stomach. The ponies were treated with water, 8 mg cimetidine/kg bwt ...
Stanley S, Wood T, Goodman JP, Henry PA, Woods WE, Chang SL, Tai HH, Watt D, Kwiatkowski S, Blake JW.We have raised antibodies and developed one-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for the diuretics ethacrynic acid and bumetanide as part of a panel of pre- and post-race tests for high potency drugs in racing horses. These ELISA tests are rapid (completed within one hour), sensitive, and can be read by eye. The ELISA detects ethacrynic acid at a drug concentration for half-maximal inhibition (I-50) of about 2.5 ng/mL for the parent drug. After dosing horses intravenously with 5 mg ethacrynic acid per horse, the parent drug or its metabolites are detectable in urine for at least 8 h...
Krasnianskiĭ VP, Mikhaĭlov VV, Borisevich IV, Gradoboev VN, Evseev AA, Pshenichnov VA.Immunization of horses with Ebola virus resulted in the production of specific virus-neutralizing antibody with maximum titres at 28-42 days. Repeated cycles of immunization led to a rise in antibody titres to 1:4096.
Hamlen HJ, Timoney JF, Bell RJ.A 2-phase study was performed to characterize the effects of Streptococcus equi infection in unexposed and previously exposed foals. In phase I, 22 weanling foals involved in a naturally occurring S equi epizootic were studied, along with a comparison group of 11 unexposed foals, matched for age, sex, and breed. Six months later (phase II), an epizootic was experimentally induced in previously exposed and unexposed foals from phase I. The prevalence and duration of clinical signs, the relative risk of developing disease, bacteriologic culture results, hematologic responses, and mucosal and ser...
Muylle S, Simoens P, Lauwers H.The evolution of the healing process of venous puncture wounds was studied macroscopically and light-microscopically in order to determine the time of venipuncture. Seven small equids of various ages, all in normal healthy condition, were experimentally injected in the external jugular vein with a physiological Hartmann solution at different times before euthanasia. Two types of needle diameters i.e. 16.5 G and 19 G, were used. A fairly good uniformity in the healing process was seen in the 7 animals. In most cases the lesions induced within 5 weeks before death were macroscopically visible, w...
Lumsden JM, Derksen FJ, Stick JA, Robinson NE, Nickels FA.The efficacy of partial arytenoidectomy was assessed in 6 Standardbred horses, with surgically induced laryngeal hemiplegia, at rest (Period A) and during exercise at speeds corresponding to maximum heart rate (Period C) and 75% of maximum heart rate (Period B). Peak expiratory and inspiratory airflow rate (PEF and PIF), and expiratory and inspiratory transupper airway pressure (PUE and PUI) were measured and expiratory and inspiratory impedance (ZE and ZI) were calculated. Simultaneously, tidal breathing flow-volume loops (TBFVL) were acquired using a respiratory function computer. Indices de...
Green SL, Little CB, Baird JD, Tremblay RR, Smith-Maxie LL.The case records of 20 horses with tetanus referred to the Ontario Veterinary College-Veterinary Teaching Hospital between 1970 and 1990 were reviewed. The fatality rate was 75%. There was a strong association with previous vaccination and survival (P = .03). Most of the animals had been injured an average of 9 days (range 2 to 21 days) prior to development of clinical signs. Hyperesthesia and prolapse of the third eyelid were the most common clinical signs. Treatment regimens varied during hospitalization; however, all horses received parenteral penicillin, tranquilizers, tetanus toxoid, and ...
Rojas G, Jiménez JM, Gutiérrez JM.A simple methodology for hyperimmune horse plasma fractionation, based on caprylic acid precipitation, is described. Optimal conditions for fractionation were studied; the method gives best results when concentrated caprylic acid was added to plasma, whose pH had been adjusted to 5.8, until a final caprylic acid concentration of 5% was reached. The mixture was vigorously stirred during caprylic acid addition and then for 60 min; afterwards the mixture was filtered. Non-immunoglobulin proteins precipitated in these conditions, whereas a highly enriched immunoglobulin preparation was obtained in...
Hunt RJ, Brandon CI, McCann ME.Palmar digital arterial blood flow was measured in 6 conscious, standing horses, using surgically placed perivascular ultrasonic flow probes. The effects of 2 dosages of xylazine (0.55 and 1.1 mg/kg of body weight) and of 3 dosages of acetylpromazine (0.01, 0.02, and 0.04 mg/kg), as well as the effect of vertical load, on digital blood flow were evaluated. Intravenous administration of xylazine induced a significant (P < 0.05), transient decrease in digital blood flow. Intravenous administration of acetylpromazine induced a significant (P < 0.05), prolonged increase in digital blood flow...
Coles GC, Borgsteede FH, Geerts S.As a result of a recent European Union meeting on anthelmintic resistant nematodes of farm animals, a list was made of nine proposals for research and five to control anthelmintic resistance. The most important were the need to have standardised and new tests to monitor the development and spread of resistant nematodes in sheep, goats, horses, cattle and pigs, and for education of veterinary surgeons and farmers in the optimal control strategies to be used to delay the development of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes.
Wang SZ, Rushlow KE, Issel CJ, Cook RF, Cook SJ, Raabe ML, Chong YH, Costa L, Montelaro RC.The potential for antibody-dependent enhancement of replication of macrophage/monocyte tropic viruses has posed a significant problem in the development of vaccines for several animal and human viruses and has raised significant concern in the design of potential AIDS vaccines. Using the previously described equine infectious anemia virus/Shetland pony system as a model for HIV-1 vaccine development, we have evaluated the efficacy of a recombinant subunit vaccine containing a baculovirus-expressed envelope surface glycoprotein (gp90) of EIAV. The results of these trials demonstrate not only th...
Gillis JP, Taylor TS, Puckett MJ.A 5-year-old Arabian stallion was treated medically 6 days for proximal enteritis. On the sixth day, exploratory celiotomy verified the diagnosis and ruled out other intraluminal and extraluminal gastrointestinal tract obstructions. A gastrojejunostomy was performed. The horse had trouble maintaining and gaining weight in the first year after surgery, but 8 years after surgery, the owner reported that the horse was doing well.
Mumford JA, Jessett DM, Rollinson EA, Hannant D, Draper ME.Seven previously untreated five-month-old New Forest ponies received two doses of equine influenza immunostimulating complex vaccines, one with and one without an immunopurified tetanus toxoid component, given by deep intramuscular injection six weeks apart, followed by a booster dose without tetanus toxoid five months later. Fifteen months after the third dose of vaccine, the ponies were challenged by exposure to an aerosol of influenza A/Equine 2/Sussex/89 (H3N8), a virus isolated from a recent outbreak of influenza A/equine 2 in Britain. The challenge produced severe clinical signs of influ...
Maddison JE.Fifty-nine reports of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were received by the Adverse Drug Reaction Subcommittee of the Australian Veterinary Association from April 1992-March 1993 inclusive. The number of reports received/number of animals involved per species was: dogs (30/43); cats (11/14); horses (8/10); cattle (9/30); ferret (1/1). Of these, 37 (63%) were classified as definite ADRs and 12 (20%) as probable ADRs. In 10 (17%) reports an ADR could not be substantiated or there was insufficient information available to make a decision. Twenty-three reports involved apparent hypersensiti...
Elze K, Schulz J, Rob O.Necrosis of the skin on both lateral aspects of the hind limbs following the caudal branch of the lateral saphenous vein in 22 suckling foals is described. The first clinical signs were observed on days 2-5 post natum. S. aureus was isolated from the wounds. Decubitus in the region of the malleolus lateralis tibiae was considered the starting point of an ascending infection. This type of dermonecrosis was only observed in boxes with hard floors where the straw bedding was pushed aside by the lying foals regularly, never, however, in boxes with deep and permanent sawdust or straw bedding. Thera...
Tanaka S, Kaji Y, Taniyama H, Matsukawa K, Ochiai K, Itakura C.Typical Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was found in a male thoroughbred foal (46 days old) suffering from diarrhea and hypogammaglobulinemia after birth. The characteristics of the organisms were demonstrated by Grocott methenamine silver staining, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The present focal had no histological lesions suggesting immunodeficiency. However, he could not get adequate colostrum from his dam, because she died of hemorrhagic shock due to immuno-mediated thrombocytopenia at delivery. This condition was considered to have predisposed the foal to the pneumonia...
McD￮ LA, Dart AJ, Schiffman P, Parrot JJ.Enterolithiasis, as a cause of colic, was diagnosed and treated during surgical intervention in 2 Grant's zebras (Equus burchelli bohmi). The zebras were part of a wild herd in a zoo in the western United States. The clinical signs of enterolithiasis in both zebras were similar to those reported for horses. Analysis of the enterolith from 1 zebra revealed a composition identical to enteroliths that have been analyzed from horses. Three other zebras from this herd had enteroliths at necropsy. Enterolithiasis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for zebras with low-grade obstructive ...
Jaglan PS, Roof RD, Yein FS, Arnold TS, Brown SA, Gilbertson TJ.Ceftiofur sodium, a broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic approved for veterinary use, is metabolized to desfuroylceftiofur which is conjugated to micro as well as macromolecules. Twelve horses, weighting 442-618 kg, were injected intramuscularly with a single dose of 2.2 mg ceftiofur/kg (1.0 mg/lb) body weight. Blood was collected at various intervals over 24 h after treatment. Three groups of four horses each were euthanized and lungs were collected at 1, 12, and 24 h after treatment. The concentration of desfuroylceftiofur and desfuroylceftiofur conjugates in the plasma and lungs was dete...
Sönmez C, Eroglu A.The present study was carried out to investigate the pregnancy rate after covering in the foal heat (Group I), in the subsequent spontaneous heat (Group II), and in the induced heat (Group III) after administration of 7.5 mg of the prostaglandin F2 alpha analogue Luprostiol (Reprodin, Bayer) between the 20th and 22nd day post partum. Breeding during foal heat resulted in a pregnancy rate of 43.9% compared to 48.6% in the subsequent spontaneous heat post partum. Of 18 mares in group III, 14 mares had a foal heat, whereas 4 others had not shown a foal heat. 1-8 days after treatment, 14 mares (77...
Van Duijkeren E, Vulto AG, Van Miert AS.The indications for use, side-effects, and pharmacokinetic parameters of trimethoprim, sulfonamides and their combinations in the horse are reviewed. Trimethoprim/sulfonamide (TMPS) combinations are used for the treatment of various diseases caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including infections of the respiratory tract, urogenital tract, alimentary tract, skin joints and wounds. TMPS combinations can be administered orally, since absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is relatively good. However, peak serum concentrations can vary significantly between individual horses....
Ewing PJ, Burrows G, MacAllister C, Clarke C.The pharmacokinetic properties of four erythromycin formulations were compared in six adult horses after administration of single and multiple oral doses. Formulations of erythromycin administered were estolate and phosphate given 37.5 mg/kg every 12 h and 25 mg/kg every 8 h, and stearate and ethylsuccinate given 25 mg/kg every 8 h. Areas under the curve (AUC) and maximum plasma erythromycin concentrations (Cmax) were equal or greater (P > or = 0.05) following administration of erythromycin phosphate and stearate compared with those values following administration of erythromycin estolate or e...
Exner G, Engelmann A, Lange K, Wenck B.A total of 67 patients, both paraplegic and quadriplegic, had participated in a hippotherapy programme over a study period of almost 18 months, with positive effects found relative to spasticity, certain pain syndromes, as well as contraction syndromes associated with impaired joint mobility. Frequently the only effective measure at all, and moreover of astonishingly lasting effect, the spasticity-reducing treatment turned out especially beneficial. Along with these statistically supported findings, a number of associated effects were noted in the physiotherapy and, especially, the nursing sec...
Aviad AD, Houpt JB.Various molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HA) preparations have been injected into joints for the treatment of human and equine osteoarthritis. A therapeutic advantage has been claimed for commercial products with a molecular weight in the range found in normal synovial fluid (SF), compared to lower molecular weight products. But a correlation between molecular weight and efficacy is not borne out by an analysis of the available literature on clinical results. SF viscosity, HA concentration, HA molecular weight and rate of synthesis in joint disease. It is proposed that the beneficial effect o...
Cohen ND, Parson EM, Seahorn TL, Carter GK.Medical records of 116 horses admitted to the Texas Veterinary Medical Center between Jan 1, 1984 and Dec 31, 1991 with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis (DPJ) were reviewed. The prevalence of laminitis was 28.4% (33/116; 95% confidence interval: 20.2 to 36.6%). The prevalence of DPJ and DPJ-associated laminitis did not appear to vary significantly by year during the study period. Anamnesis, physical examination, clinicopathologic data, and initial treatment recorded at the time of admission were reviewed to determine risk factors associated with development of laminitis associated with DPJ. A tre...
Bianchi CP, Bruno S, Videla Dorna I, Rodríguez E, Aba MA.In study I, plasma progesterone concentrations were evaluated in anoestrous mares that received an intravaginal progesterone release device (IPRD) for 10 days. Mares were divided into 3 groups based on the dosage of progesterone (0 g, n=3; 1.38 g, n=5; and 1.9 g, n=5). No statistical differences were found in plasma progesterone concentrations between the two doses tested. In study II, the effects of a protocol based on a short program of artificial light combined with an IPRD containing 1.38 g of progesterone on oestrous behaviour and onset of ovulation were evaluated. IPRDs were inserted int...
Makra Z, Csereklye N, Riera MM, McMullen RJ, Veres-Nyéki K.In this controlled, blinded, randomized block pilot study, the main objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of intravenous flunixin meglumine, phenylbutazone, and acupuncture on ocular pain relief using a multifactorial pain scale in the horse. Four experimental horses underwent corneal epithelial debridement in four sessions, when a randomly selected treatment or a control was used. All horses were pain scored before corneal wounding, then at 18 time points, when 11 parameters were allocated. Differences in the area under the curve of pain scores between the treatment groups were analyzed...
Lyons ET, Drudge JH, Tolliver SC, Swerczek TW, Stamper S, Granstrom DE.Studies in a band of ponies harboring Population S benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles were initiated in 1974 and have continued for 18 years. Treatment (bimonthly) was with cambendazole for the first 4 years and with oxibendazole (OBZ) for the next 14 years. Data on the first 10 years have been published. The present investigation includes the last 8 years (4 October 1984-11 September 1992), which are the seventh through fourteenth years, of treatment with OBZ. Pre- and posttreatment mean counts of strongyle eggs (epg) and larvae (lpg) per gram of feces were determined biweekly during th...
Freestone JF, Seahorn TL.Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism is associated with horses that are fed diets with an imbalance of calcium and phosphorus or diets containing oxalates. Clinical signs include a shifting lameness, with tenderness of the joints, reluctance to move, or a stiff, stilted gait. Some horses may have broadening of the nasal bones, enlargement of the maxilla and/or the mandible, or a ridge over the nasal bones. Diagnosis may include physical examination findings; analysis of feed; and clinical pathologic data, which may include normocalcemia, normal to increased serum phosphorus, and increased...
Harkins JD, Carney JM, Meier M, Leak SC, Tobin T.Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or endotoxin, is a component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and is toxic to humans and animals. The GI tract of horses contains large numbers of endotoxins which may cause disease if gut wall integrity is compromised. The objective of this study was to develop a unique therapeutic approach to the treatment of endotoxemia with a sulfonyl analog of the alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl-nitrone (PBN) spin-trap molecule which may prevent the LPS-induced cytokine cascade. Following challenge with 55 mg/kg LPS, the survivability of ICR Swiss mice was significantly impro...
Knight PK.This study analysed the race day veterinary reports from harness racing meetings controlled by the New South Wales Greyhound and Harness Racing Regulatory Authority between 1 September 2008 and 30 June 2009. The findings of all prerace and postrace examinations were analysed, and the frequency of observations was recorded. Chi-square testing was used to determine whether the incidence of abnormalities differed between age groups and tracks. A total of 542 meetings were conducted during the period of the study, with veterinary examinations conducted at 395 of these meetings. A total of 520 vete...
O'Neill HD, Bladon BM.Records of horses admitted to a veterinary surgery in the UK for lameness investigation during 2000 to 2008 were reviewed. Twenty-one horses were identified with both scintigraphic and radiological evidence of enostosis-like lesions (ELLs), in which 68 individual foci of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake were confirmed in 57 long bones. The presenting lameness was attributed to ELLs in 15 of 21 (71 per cent) horses; the remainder were thought to be incidental findings. Five horses were subjected to a repeat examination, four of which showed the occurrence of new lesions in the same or diffe...
Mitchell SM, Zajac AM, Davis WL, Lindsay DS.Toxoplasma gondii is an important apicomplexan parasite of humans and other warm-blooded animals. Ponazuril is a triazine anticoccidial recently approved for use in horses in the United States. We investigated the mode of action of ponazuril against developing RH strain T. gondii tachyzoites in African green monkey kidney cells. Host cells were infected with 2.0 x 10(5) tachyzoites and treated with 5 microg/ml ponazuril. Cultures were fixed and examined by transmission electron microscopy 3 days after treatment. Ponazuril interfered with normal parasite division. This led to the presence of mu...
Henson KL, Alleman AR, Cutler TJ, Ginn PE, Kelley LC.A 9-year-old Arabian mare was admitted for evaluation of multiple subcutaneous nodules and infertility. Fine-needle aspiration of one of the subcutaneous nodules resulted in a cytologic diagnosis of histiolymphocytic lymphoma. Palpation per rectum and transrectal ultrasonography revealed a mass associated with the left ovary. Excision of the ovarian tumor was performed, and a histopathologic diagnosis of granulosa-theca cell tumor was made. After removal of the granulosa-theca cell tumor, subcutaneous nodules regressed. The referring veterinarian reported that the nodules had also disappeared ...
Murphey ED, Schneider RK, Adams SB, Santschi EM, Stick JA, Ruggles AJ.To determine clinical features of horses with a slab fracture of the central or third tarsal bone and to report outcome of horses in which treatment did not include surgery. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 25 horses (14 Standardbreds, 6 Thoroughbreds, 5 Quarter Horses). Methods: Medical records of horses with a slab fracture of the central (n = 9) or third (16) tarsal bone were reviewed. Only horses for which treatment consisted of confinement to a stall were included in this study. Clinical features and radiographic findings were recorded and summarized. Outcome was determined for raci...
Gozalo-Marcilla M, Hopster K, Gasthuys F, Krajewski AE, Schwarz A, Schauvliege S.To compare the effects of a constant rate infusion (CRI) of dexmedetomidine and morphine to those of morphine alone on the minimum end-tidal sevoflurane concentration necessary to prevent movement (MACNM ) in ponies. Methods: Prospective, randomized, crossover, 'blinded', experimental study. Methods: Five healthy adult gelding ponies were anaesthetized twice with a 3-week washout period. Methods: After induction of anaesthesia with sevoflurane in oxygen (via nasotracheal tube), the ponies were positioned on a surgical table (T0), and anaesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane (Fe'SEVO 2.5%) i...
Lustgarten M, Redding WR, Schnabel LV, Prange T, Seiler GS.Navigational ultrasound imaging, also known as fusion imaging, is a novel technology that allows real-time ultrasound imaging to be correlated with a previously acquired computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. It has been used in man to aid interventional therapies and has been shown to be valuable for sampling and assessing lesions diagnosed with MRI or CT that are equivocal on ultrasonography. To date, there are no reports of the use of this modality in veterinary medicine. Objective: To assess whether navigational ultrasound imaging can be used to assist commonly...
Canada NC, Beard WL, Guyan ME, White BJ.Clinicians frequently place post operative abdominal bandages on horses undergoing laparotomies. Presently, no information exists on the amount of incisional support provided by these bandages. Determination of sub-bandage pressure provides a means of comparing the ability of different bandages to support incisions. Objective: Determination of sub-bandage pressure over a 24 h period using 3 bandaging techniques. Methods: A randomised, crossover design using 9 healthy horses. Methods: Horses were randomly assigned to a treatment regimen consisting of placement of 3 abdominal bandage types, name...
Verkade ME, Suthers J, Wiemer P, Martens A, De Clercq E, Burford J.To determine the variability in length, width, and thickness of the equine linea alba (LA) and the effect of a standing vs dorsal recumbent position on these measurements. Methods: Descriptive anatomical comparative study. Methods: Standing horses (N = 75; in 30 horses, measurements were obtained in dorsal recumbency first and repeated after horses were standing). Methods: Linea alba length was measured in standing position from xiphoid to umbilicus, and transverse ultrasonographic images were obtained at five reference points to measure LA width and thickness. In 30 horses, measurements were ...
Mason DK, Watkins KL, McNie JT, Luk CM.In late November 1988 large numbers of thoroughbred horses in training in Hong Kong developed a transient pyrexia with, in some cases, the clinical signs of viral respiratory disease. Serial blood samples for haematological examination were taken from 10 of the horses which were stabled in six different blocks. They had developed a high temperature within three days of each other and subsequently seroconverted to equine herpes virus 1 (EHV1). The absolute monocyte count was more than 0.5 x 10(9)/litre in all 10 within the first five days, and nine of them had a high neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio...
Ross MW.Cecal impaction and cecal perforation, the two most common equine cecal diseases, are thought to develop after slowing or interruption of a single progressive motility pattern, which begins in a pacemaker area near the apex, occurs once every 3 minutes, and propels ingesta from the cecum to the right ventral colon. Rectal examination in horses with cecal impaction is the most useful technique to grade the severity of the condition. Medical treatment is undertaken if the impaction is judged to be mild to moderate. Surgical correction of cecal impaction in severe cases requires a ventral midline...
Tam K, Rezende M, Boscan P.To compare and correlate right atrial pressure, which represents central venous pressure (CVP) to jugular vein pressure (JVP) in laterally recumbent horses under anesthesia. Methods: Retrospective clinical trial. Methods: Seven adult healthy horses (411 ± 8.7 kg). Methods: Horses were sedated with IV xylazine and anesthesia was obtained with IV ketamine and diazepam. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen. All horses were positioned in left lateral recumbency. An 8F catheter introducer was inserted into the right jugular vein to measure JVP. An 8F catheter introducer was i...
Dyson DH, Pascoe PJ, McDonell WN.The purpose of this study was to determine the heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) effect of glycopyrrolate in anesthetized horses with low HR ( 5 beats/min within 10 min), glycopyrrolate (same dose) was administered. Heart rate increased by > 5 beats/min in 3 out of 9 horses following the initial glycopyrrolate treatment. Overall changes in HR and mean BP were not significantly different, while systolic and diastolic BP increased significantly (P 5 beats/min, which was significant. A significant increase in BP was produced following treatment with 2.5 micrograms/kg BW, but not followi...
Cruz AM, Kerr CL, Bouré LP, Sears WC.To determine the cardiovascular effects of 60 minutes of abdominal insufflation with CO2 to an intra-abdominal pressure of 15 mm Hg in standing horses receiving a constant rate infusion of detomidine. Methods: 5 horses. Methods: Horses were randomly allocated into treatment or control groups. A washout period of a minimum of 7 days separated the 2 experimental periods of the crossover study. Catheters were placed into the right atrium, pulmonary artery, jugular vein, and right transverse facial artery after lidocaine infiltration. All horses were sedated with detomidine (8.54 microg/kg/h, i.v....
Boone LH, DeGraves FJ, Klein CE, Cole RC, Schumacher J.To assess onset of analgesia for 3% chloroprocaine hydrochloride and 2% mepivacaine hydrochloride when used for median and ulnar nerve blocks in lame horses. Methods: 6 naturally lame horses. Methods: A crossover experiment was conducted. Horses were assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups (3% chloroprocaine or 2% mepivacaine first). Median and ulnar nerve blocks were performed in the lame limb with the assigned treatment. Lameness was objectively evaluated before treatment administration and at various points for 120 minutes after treatment with a wireless inertial sensor-based motion analysis sy...
Arora S, Sharma S, Goel SK, Singh US.Implementation of the recommended post-exposure prophylaxis by vaccination and specific immunoglobulin therapy for rabies is largely hampered by its high cost and inadequate production. Therefore, the development and availability of an economic preparation of rabies immunoglobulin is a high priority for India, where rabies is a major cause of death. We studied the efficacy of four different adjuvants in raising antibodies to rabies antigen in older, discarded equines. Methods: Eleven equines, 23-26 years old, were divided into 4 groups to receive four different adjuvants in small amounts (1-2 ...
Fürst AE, Lischer CJ.Many disorders affect the equine foot, and many hoof problems have multiple predisposing causes. Surgery may be necessary after conservative management has failed. Diseases of the hoof capsule may seem simple, but their effect on performance can be long-lasting and healing is often prolonged. Diagnosis of problems within the hoof capsule is enhanced with the use of computed tomography and MRI. The prognosis of fractures has improved with strategic placement of lag screws across fracture planes using aiming devices and advanced intraoperative imaging techniques. Collaboration between the clinic...
Steinfort S, Obach-Schröck C, Röcken M, Theiss F, Failing K, Vogelsberg J, Staszyk C.Equine periodontal disease (ePD) usually starts with food impaction, formation of diastemata, gingival inflammation and formation of periodontal pockets. This process proceeds toward the dentoalveolar space, causing detachment of tooth supporting periodontal fibers. Although several therapeutical procedures have been proposed, ePD is often only diagnosed in advanced stages, requiring dental extraction. A similar dilemma has been observed in small animal medicine, but has been overcome by the introduction of reliable examination protocols for the early diagnosis of periodontal diseases (PD). Th...
Caspers MK, Bell CD, Tatarniuk DM.Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and owner satisfaction following electrosurgical ventriculocordectomy (EVC), in conjunction with prosthetic laryngoplasty, in equine clinical cases affected with left- or right-sided recurrent laryngeal neuropathy. Methods: Retrospective data analysis of clinical signalment, surgery, athletic outcome, intra- and postoperative complications, and postoperative examinations from clinical cases wherein EVC was performed in conjunction with traditional prosthetic laryngoplasty from one practice. Owners were contacted by pho...
Hallamaa RE, Batchu KC, Tallberg T.Equine summer eczema, also known as insect bite hypersensitivity, affects horses recurrently during summer months. The treatment of this allergic pruritus is difficult and therefore there is a need for efficacious treatments. Autoserum therapy, based on the use of autogenous serum that is specifically prepared for oral administration and given when the animal shows clinical signs has been introduced recently. Lipids are thought to be responsible for the effect of this therapy. Objective: The main aim of this study was to analyse the phospholipid content of autogenous serum preparations and to ...
Barakzai SZ, Fraser BS, Dixon PM.Horses, usually foals, with a congenital defect of the soft palate have been reported infrequently, and most reports describe a surgical procedure to repair the defect. Results of conservative management have not been previously reported. Objective: To describe 15 horses affected with soft palate defects that were presented for examination when mature. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: Clinical records from horses identified as having been diagnosed with a soft palate defect when older than one year were reviewed retrospectively. Follow-up was obtained wherever possible. Results: Na...
Boyd EH, Allen WE.Plasma concentrations of neomycin were measured following intrauterine infusion of 3.3 mg/kg bodyweight neomycin sulphate. Mares in oestrus absorbed approximately 6 per cent of neomycin infused whereas mares in a luteal phase absorbed 56 per cent. The volume of infusate also affected absorption as increased volume resulted in decreased absorption. The decreased absorption both during oestrus and when large volumes were used was probably due to reflux of antibiotic through the cervix.
Hilton HG, Magdesian KG, Groth AD, Knych H, Stanley SD, Hollingsworth SR.Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used systemically for the treatment of inflammatory ocular disease in horses. However, little information exists regarding the ocular penetration of this class of drugs in the horse. Objective: To determine the distribution of orally administered flunixin meglumine and firocoxib into the aqueous humor of horses. Methods: Fifteen healthy adult horses with no evidence of ophthalmic disease. Methods: Horses were randomly assigned to a control group and 2 treatment groups of equal sizes (n = 5). Horses assigned to the treatment groups rece...
Ameni G.Epizootic lymphangitis (EL) was experimentally reproduced in four horses that had been purchased from an EL-free district. Two horses were injected with either 0.2 mL of the yeast form of Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum (HCF) in pus (Horse 1), or 0.2 mL (ca. 20 mg) of a suspension in saline of the mycelial form (Horse 2), both into the pre-scapular and pre-femoral lymph nodes, with scarification of the skin of the left hind limb, conjunctiva of the right eye and the nasal membrane of the right nostril. The two other horses served as controls. Nodular lesions of EL appeared during the ...
Pezzanite LM, Griffenhagen GM, Krause DM, Hendrickson DA.Prophylactic perioperative antimicrobial protocols in equine synovial endoscopy have been described but not compared with respect to post-operative outcomes and complications. Increasing antimicrobial resistance in equine practice and interest in promoting judicious use of antimicrobials has prompted reevaluation of drug selection and dosing strategies. To determine the frequency of and compare post-operative complications following elective synovial endoscopy between horses receiving different perioperative antimicrobial protocols. Records from the Colorado State University Veterinary Teachin...
