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Topic:Disease Treatment
Disease treatment in horses encompasses a range of medical interventions and management strategies aimed at addressing various health conditions affecting equine species. These treatments can include pharmacological approaches, such as the administration of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antiparasitic medications, as well as non-pharmacological methods like physical therapy, dietary adjustments, and surgical procedures. The selection of appropriate treatments depends on the specific disease, its severity, and the individual needs of the horse. This topic brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the efficacy, safety, and advancements in therapeutic options for equine diseases, providing insights into best practices and emerging trends in equine veterinary medicine.
Effects of heparin treatment on colonic torsion-associated hemodynamic and plasma eicosanoid changes in anesthetized ponies. Large colon torsion frequently is a fatal condition in horses. The purpose of the study reported here was to determine systemic arterial pressure, plasma eicosanoid concentrations, colonic blood flow, vascular resistance, tissue pH, and morphologic features associated with large colon torsion and detorsion, and to evaluate the effects of sodium heparin (80 IU/kg of body weight, IV) treatment on these values. Values were determined in 20 anesthetized ponies that were randomly assigned into 4 equal groups: control; control/heparin; torsion; torsion/heparin. Torsions were created by a 720 degrees...
Comparison of ivermectin, oxibendazole, and pyrantel pamoate in suppressing fecal egg output in horses. Thirty resident horses at a boarding stable in Alberta were used to evaluate the relative efficacies of ivermectin, oxibendazole, and pyrantel pamoate in reducing fecal egg output in adult horses under routine management conditions during spring and early summer, and to more clearly define the duration of suppression of fecal egg production following anthelmintic treatment. Horses were blocked according to pretreatment egg counts and randomly assigned to one of three treatments: pyrantel pamoate at 6.6 mg/kg body weight; oxibendazole at 10 mg/kg body weight; or ivermectin at 200 mug/kg body we...
Biochemical study of repair of induced osteochondral defects of the distal portion of the radial carpal bone in horses by use of periosteal autografts. Periosteal autografts were used for repair of large osteochondral defects in 10 horses aged 2 to 3 years old. In each horse, osteochondral defects measuring 1.0 x 1.0 cm2 were induced bilaterally on the distal articular surface of each radial carpal bone. Control and experimental defects were drilled. Periosteum was harvested from the proximal portion of the tibia and was glued into the principal defects, using a fibrin adhesive. Control defects were glued, but were not grafted. Sixteen weeks after the grafting procedure, the quality of the repair tissue of control and grafted defects was asse...
[The effects of crude drugs using diuretic on horse kidney (Na+ + K+)-adenosine triphosphatase]. In the folk-medicine, several kinds of crude drugs are used as diuretics. Twenty three kinds of diuretic drugs were chosen, and examined for their effects on the horse kidney (Na+ + K+)-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), which is an intrinsic enzyme of the plasma membrane and responsible for the active transport of Na+ and K+ across the membrane. Twenty one out of twenty three kinds of ethanol extracts of diuretic drugs inhibited the kidney (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. The intensity of the inhibition of these drugs was compared by estimating the amounts of their ethanol extracts which inhibited...
Atrial septal defect and atrial fibrillation in a foal. Clinical examination of a four-and-a-half-month old foal revealed evidence of progressive heart failure associated with an atrial septal defect and atrial fibrillation. Atrial septal defects are rarely reported in foals and the foal's growth, development and demeanour were normal until a sudden onset of lethargic behaviour. The value of B-mode echocardiography in identifying the congenital lesion is indicated.
Use of gastrotomy to relieve esophageal obstruction in a horse. Esophageal obstruction of 1 week's duration in a gelding was diagnosed by contrast radiography and esophagoscopy. A food bolus was found at the junction of the caudal thoracic portion of the esophagus and the cardia. A gastrotomy was performed through a cranial abdominal incision and a phytobezoar was manually broken down and removed. The gelding was started on complete pellet food and water on the fifth day after surgery. The horse remained clinically normal more than 1 year after surgery.
Prognostic factors and survival of horses with ocular/adnexal squamous cell carcinoma: 147 cases (1978-1988). Between January 1978 and December 1988, 147 horses with ocular/adnexal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were admitted to the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (CSU-VTH). Diagnosis was confirmed by histologic examination of appropriate tissue specimens. Medical records and communication with owners, referring veterinarians, or both provided information regarding initial examination, treatment at the CSU-VTH, and final outcome. At initial examination, 123 (83.7%) horses had unilateral involvement and 24 (16.3%) horses had bilateral involvement. The nictitating membrane, nasal c...
Isolation of horse IgG with protein A. Horse immunoglobulins were obtained from normal serum defatted with dextran sulfate and precipitated with ammonium sulfate. Eight mg of this preparation was submitted to affinity chromatography with protein A-Sepharose CL-4B. Low temperature (4 degrees C) and a starting buffer at pH 8.0 were conditions required for all IgG subclasses to bind to protein A, even those with low affinity. The IgGs bound to protein A were eluted with glycine buffer at pH 2.8. The yield was about 90%. It is suggested that isolated IgG, instead of whole Igs, be used in serum therapy, reducing the amount of Igs and di...
Pulsed radio frequency therapy of experimentally induced arthritis in ponies. The effect of pulsed radio frequency therapy (PRFT) was evaluated on seven ponies with no arthritis and in 28 ponies in which arthritis was created using intra-articular amphotericin B to induce synovitis in the right middle carpal joint. The ponies were divided into five treatment and two control groups. Two levels of arthritis were created and two dosage levels of PRFT were evaluated. The effect of PRFT on arthritic and nonarthritic joints was measured by comparing synovial fluid parameters, the degree and duration of lameness, the range of carpal motion, and carpus circumference, for treate...
Mycotic keratitis in a horse caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. The first reported case in Finland. The first identified Finnish case of equine mycotic keratitis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus is described. The clinical picture, the sampling method, the macro- and micromorphology of the causative fungus and the therapy applied are reported in detail. Therapy with natamycin (Pimafucin 2.5% eyedrops. Gist-Brocades) was successful. Mykotisk keratit hos häst orsakad av beskrivs första gången i Finland. Klinisk bild, provtagning, makroskopisk och mikroskopisk morfologi av svampen samt terapi rapporteras i detalj. Terapin med natamycin (Pimafucin® 2.5 % ögondroppar, Gist-Brocades) var effek...
Fracture of the apex of the patella after medical patellar desmotomy in a horse. Fractures of the patella in the horse are infrequently reported
in the literature. Most of these have been associated with trauma
or sudden forceful contraction of the quadriceps resulting in an
avulsion fracture of the patella (Parks and Wyn-Jones 1988).
There have been few reports of fractures associated with des-
motomy of the medial patellar ligament to correct upward
fixation of the patella (Wright and Rose 1989; Gibson ef ul1989).
This paper describes one such case including the radiographic
findings before the desmotomy, after fracture of the patella and
after arthroscopic trea...
Penicillin-induced hemolytic anemia and acute hepatic failure following treatment of tetanus in a horse. Acute, severe hemolytic anemia occurred in a horse being treated for tetanus with intravenous penicillin and tetanus antitoxin. During treatment, the horse developed a positive direct antiglobulin test and a high titer (maximum 1:1024) of IgG anti-penicillin antibody. The horse recovered from the tetanus and penicillin induced hemolytic anemia, but later developed acute hepatic failure, probably resulting from the administration of equine origin tetanus antitoxin.
Enrichment of Babesia caballi-infected erythrocytes from microaerophilous stationary-phase cultures using Percoll gradients. A rapid and simple method for concentrating leucocyte-free Babesia caballi-infected erythrocytes from in vitro cultures is described. Infected erythrocytes amounted to at least 95% of all red cells obtained.
Protection against naturally acquired Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals by administration of hyperimmune plasma. A 2-year field study was performed to determine the capability of increasing Rhodococcus equi specific antibody in foals via plasma transfusion or mare vaccination, to determine the kinetics of R. equi (ELISA) antibody decay and to assess the protective effects of these procedures in foals on a farm endemic for R. equi. Plasma donors were vaccinated with a killed R. equi bacterin and produced high levels of anti-R. equi antibodies, which were harvested by plasmapheresis. In Experiment 1, 68 foals were given 1 litre of hyperimmune plasma intravenously (i.v.) between 1-60 days of age. Foal plasm...
Effects of intra-articular administration of methylprednisolone acetate on normal equine articular cartilage. The effects of the corticosteroid 6-alpha-methylprednisolone acetate on normal equine articular cartilage were evaluated, using the middle carpal joint in 4 clinically normal young horses. One middle carpal joint of each horse was injected 3 times with 100 mg of 6-alpha-methylprednisolone acetate, at 14-day intervals. The opposite middle carpal joint (control) was injected with 2.5 ml of lactated Ringer solution at the same intervals. Effects were studied until 8 weeks after the first injection. Evaluation included clinical and radiographic examination, and gross, microscopic, and biochemical ...
Chloramphenicol 3. Clinical pharmacology of systemic use in the horse. The use of chloramphenicol in the horse is now prohibited as horses are classified as food-producing animals. However, chloramphenicol has until recently been widely available for oral, intramuscular or intravenous administration. A critical appraisal of the published literature on the use of chloramphenicol in the horse clearly demonstrates that there are sound pharmacokinetic and microbiological reasons for concluding that chloramphenicol is not an appropriate antibiotic for systemic use. The short half-life of chloramphenicol in the horse, together with the broad range of minimum inhibitory...
Disruption of the caudal component of the reciprocal apparatus in two horses. Two horses became acutely lame following a fall during strenuous exercise and were diagnosed as having disruption of the caudal component of the reciprocal apparatus. Clinical signs consisted of lameness of the right pelvic limb, characterized by flexion of the hock and simultaneous extension of the stifle. Radiography revealed an avulsion fracture from the supracondylar tuberosity and fossa of the distal portion of the femur in one horse. Clinical and radiographic findings indicated avulsion of the lateral origin of the gastrocnemius and superficial digital flexor muscles. Treatment consisted...
The effects of continuous treatment of stallions with high levels of a potent GnRH analogue. The effect of long-term treatment of stallions with a powerful gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue was investigated. In the first part of the study, 9 sexually mature pony stallions were allocated to 1 of 3 groups, each of which was treated with 240 micrograms or 60 micrograms Buserelin per day administered by subcutaneously sited osmotic pumps or 30-50 micrograms Buserelin per day via solid, slow-release implants injected subcutaneously. Peripheral blood plasma and serum samples were collected frequently and assayed for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (L...
The use of the walking cast to repair fractures in horses and ponies. The walking cast was used to repair 46 fractures of long bones (distal radius and tibia, metacarpus and metatarsus) and 10 fractures of first phalanx of 35 horses and 21 ponies. The walking cast proved to be highly effective. Even heavily comminuted and 'hopeless' fractures, which could not be treated with osteosynthesis, were treated successfully, because the weight of the animal, a common failure factor in large animal orthopaedics, was relieved from the injured leg. Immediate full weight bearing was possible post operatively. In five cases the walking cast was used in combination with osteo...
Evaluation of an electronic device used as a quick screening method to detect changes in the red cell content of the blood in horses participating in endurance trail rides. Dehydration, to varying degrees, will inevitably occur in horses participating in endurance trail rides. This water loss is directly related to the amount of body water lost through evaporative cooling, that in turn being related to the amount and rate of work performed, and to the environmental temperature and humidity. An electronic apparatus that can substitute for the conventional and time-consuming venous haematocrit was developed to measure the animals' hydration status. The mechanism of this electrometer is based upon the relationship between the red cell content and the electrical cond...
Low dose calcium heparin in horses: plasma heparin concentrations, effects on red blood cell mass and on coagulation variables. Low dose calcium heparin was administered subcutaneously at 12 hourly intervals to six healthy horses at an initial dose of 150 iu of heparin/kg bodyweight (bwt) and at a maintenance dose of 120 iu/kg bwt. All injections were given at 0900 and 2100 h. Blood samples for monitoring plasma heparin concentrations were obtained prior to, at 2 hourly intervals for 84 h (treatment period), and at Hours 24, 32, 48 and 96 of the control period. Blood samples for monitoring red blood cell (RBC) mass, plasma antithrombin III activity (AT III), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and thrombin ti...
Squamous cell carcinoma of the equine external genitalia: a review and assessment of penile amputation and urethrostomy as a surgical treatment. A retrospective analysis was performed on 48 cases of suspected neoplasia involving the equine external genitalia. Forty nine squamous cell carcinomata (SCC) and 23 squamous papillomata (SP) were identified. Two cases of epithelial hyperplasia and one case of habronemiasis were also recognised histopathologically. The glans penis was the most common site of tumour development accounting for 53 per cent of cases of SCC and 61 per cent of SP. The urethral diverticulum, urethral process or urethra was involved in 27.6 per cent (8/29) of cases of SCC. Twelve per cent (5/41) of cases of SCC were co...
Ovarian response in mares to prolonged treatment with exogenous equine pituitary gonadotrophins. Twelve anoestrous mares were treated with an intravaginal sponge containing 0.5 g allyl trembolone (Regumate; Roussel UCLAF, Paris) and 50 mg oestradiol benzoate for 7 days, followed by daily intramuscular (i.m.) injections of 25 mg crude equine pituitary extract (CEG), with (n = 6) or without (n = 6) 0.25 mg porcine growth hormone (pGH). No difference in ovarian response to this superovulation treatment was observed between the 2 groups (2.2 +/- 0.4 vs 2.3 +/- 0.4 ovulations per mare, respectively). CEG treatment was then combined with allyl trembolone (40 mg per os per day) and prolonged in ...
Cranial approach to the humerus for repair of fractures in horses and cattle. A cranial approach to the humerus was developed for application of a compression plate for repair of comminuted humeral fractures in a weanling foal, a calf, a heifer, and a mature cow. An incision was made from the cranial portion of the greater tubercle of the humerus to the radius. The cranial aspect of the humerus was exposed by retraction of the brachiocephalicus muscle and blunt dissection between the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles. A second plate was applied laterally in the heifer and cow by retraction of the brachialis muscle and elevation of the extensor carpi radialis muscle....
