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Topic:Disease Treatment
Disease treatment in horses encompasses a range of medical interventions and management strategies aimed at addressing various health conditions affecting equine species. These treatments can include pharmacological approaches, such as the administration of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antiparasitic medications, as well as non-pharmacological methods like physical therapy, dietary adjustments, and surgical procedures. The selection of appropriate treatments depends on the specific disease, its severity, and the individual needs of the horse. This topic brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the efficacy, safety, and advancements in therapeutic options for equine diseases, providing insights into best practices and emerging trends in equine veterinary medicine.
Effect of povidone-iodine on in vitro locomotion of equine neutrophils. Incubation of equine neutrophils with povidone-iodine solutions of greater than or equal to 0.2 per cent resulted in total inhibition of migration under agarose. This was caused by the cytotoxic effects of the solutions as shown by pyknosis and cell lysis. Lower concentrations of povidone-iodine, however, did not adversely affect neutrophil viability or locomotion.
Allergic dermatitis (sweet itch) of Icelandic horses in Sweden: an epidemiological study. A survey of allergic dermatitis (sweet itch) in Sweden contained information on 441 Icelandic horses. Results of a questionnaire indicated that approximately 15 per cent of the country's Icelandic horses suffered from the disease. The prevalence of allergic dermatitis was significantly higher among horses imported from Iceland (26.2 per cent) compared to that of Swedish-born animals (6.7 per cent). In addition, horses born in Iceland were significantly more severely affected than horses born in Sweden. The risk of allergic dermatitis in Sweden appeared to be more than six times higher for hors...
Evaluation of ivermectin paste in the treatment of ponies for Parascaris equorum infections. Twenty ponies less than 18 months of age and infected with Parascaris equorum were treated with either 0.2 mg of ivermectin/kg of body weight (n = 10) or a placebo (n = 10; controls). Five control and 5 ivermectin-treated ponies were euthanatized 14 and 35 days after treatment, respectively. At necropsy, the small intestinal contents, lungs, and liver were examined for larvae and/or adult P equorum. Significantly (P less than 0.02) higher mean total numbers of P equorum were found in the small intestinal contents of the controls on day 14 (51) and on day 35 (21) than in the ivermectin-treated ...
Antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms isolated from equine orthopedic patients. Positive cultures were obtained from 60 equine orthopedic cases during a 12 year period (1974-1985). These cases consisted of 34 long or cuboidal bone fractures, 13 arthrotomy/arthroscopy procedures for removal or internal fixation of a fracture, 7 proximal splint bone fractures, and 6 facial or mandibular fractures. Excluding the 13 arthrotomies, only 10 (21%) of the 47 were open fractures. Multiple organisms were isolated from 36 cases (20 long or cuboidal bone fractures, 7 splint bone fractures, 5 mandibular fractures, and 4 intra-articular fractures). Of the 142 isolates, 35 (24%) were mem...
Imipramine-induced erection, masturbation, and ejaculation in male horses. Imipramine hydrochloride was administered to five male horses (400-500 kg b.wt.): one experienced young stallion, two mature normal breeding stallions, one 5-year-old stallion with erection and ejaculatory dysfunction, and one long-term castrated male horse. Oral imipramine treatment (100 to 600 mg, twice daily) led to frequent erection and masturbation while at rest in the stall in a nonsexual context. Intravenous imipramine treatment over a range of doses (50 to 1000 mg) similarly induced erection and masturbation in all animals. Erection typically occurred within 10 minutes after injection,...
Absorption of neomycin from the equine uterus: effect of stage of oestrous cycle and volume of vehicle. Plasma concentrations of neomycin were measured following intrauterine infusion of 3.3 mg/kg bodyweight neomycin sulphate. Mares in oestrus absorbed approximately 6 per cent of neomycin infused whereas mares in a luteal phase absorbed 56 per cent. The volume of infusate also affected absorption as increased volume resulted in decreased absorption. The decreased absorption both during oestrus and when large volumes were used was probably due to reflux of antibiotic through the cervix.
Responses of horses to acepromazine maleate administered orally in a paste. The effects of acepromazine maleate (ACP), given orally in a paste form, were examined in six standard-bred geldings over a 12 hour period. Three dose rates, zero (placebo paste), 0.13 mg kg-1 and 0.26 mg kg-1, given before or after feeding, were investigated. The data were divided into two sampling periods for analysis, one from zero to 120 minutes and the other from four to 12 hours. Sedation was assessed by a score (TS score) based on general appearance, anal sphincter relaxation and penile protrusion. This TS score was significantly elevated 40 minutes after dosing with ACP, irrespective o...
Cardiovascular effects of intravenous sodium penicillin, sodium cefazolin, and sodium citrate in awake and anesthetized horses. Sodium penicillin, sodium cefazolin, and sodium citrate were administered to six adult horses on separate occasions, when awake and during anesthesia. The order of administration was randomized and studies were separated by a minimum of 7 days. Arterial blood pressure decreased significantly (less than 0.05) from control 5 minutes after intravenous (IV) sodium penicillin in awake and anesthetized horses. Systolic arterial blood pressure remained significantly (less than 0.05) decreased 10 minutes after IV sodium penicillin in anesthetized horses. Sodium cefazolin and sodium citrate did not sig...
Extension large colon resection in 12 horses. Extensive resection (50-75%) of the large colon was performed in 12 horses. Indications for resection were: loss of viability due to large colon volvulus (seven), thromboembolic episode (three), impairment of flow of ingesta due to adhesions (one), or congenital abnormalities (one). The time required to correct the primary cause of abdominal pain and complete the resection ranged from 2.5 to 4.75 hours. Three horses had severe musculoskeletal problems postoperatively and were euthanized in the recovery stall. Four other horses were euthanized early in the postoperative period because of: furth...
Effects of multiple low doses of flunixin meglumine on repeated endotoxin challenge in the horse. Previous work has shown repeated low doses of flunixin meglumine (FM) inhibit thromboxane production in normal horses. Enhanced concentrations of thromboxane in serum occurred after the drug therapy was discontinued. Our study was performed to evaluate the effects of low doses of FM in horses repeatedly challenged with endotoxin. Group I horses received E. coli endotoxin (0.1 microgram/kg IV) at 0 and 90 h. Group II horses received endotoxin and were also treated with FM (0.25 mg/kg IV) at 2, 10, 18, 26, 34, and 42 h after the initial administration of endotoxin. Clinical signs of endotoxemia ...
Low dose flunixin meglumine: effects on eicosanoid production and clinical signs induced by experimental endotoxaemia in horses. The efficacy of low doses of flunixin meglumine in reducing eicosanoid generation and clinical signs in response to experimentally induced endotoxaemia was investigated. Thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha were measured in serum and plasma by radioimmunoassay. Plasma flunixin concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography and pharmacokinetic parameters derived non-compartmentally. In horses administered flunixin meglumine before endotoxin challenge, a significant suppression in plasma thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha generation was observe...
Pelvic fractures in horses: 19 cases (1974-1984). The clinical features of 19 horses with pelvic fractures were reviewed. The most common problem was a grade III or IV unilateral hind limb lameness. The prevalence of fractures was greater in females and horses less than 4 years old. All horses were treated with a combination of analgesic administration and stall rest for 2 to 6 months. Seven of 11 horses (64%) available for long-term follow-up evaluation recovered and 4 of 11 (36%) had no lameness when being ridden. Five of seven (71%) horses with fractures that involved the acetabulum recovered, and 4 (57%) had complete resolution of lamenes...
Screening of amphetamines by gradient microbore liquid chromatography and pre-column technology. Amphetamine-type drugs with a wide polarity range have been screened in both human and horse urine using on-line pre-concentration on pre-columns packed with hydrophobic and cation-exchange sorbents in series and gradient microbore high-performance liquid chromatography. The underivatized amphetamines were identified by UV detection at 210 nm. The method has potential for the automated liquid chromatographic screening of amphetamines in urine, e.g., for doping control.
2-Hydroxypyridine-N-oxides: effective new chelators in iron mobilisation. The 2-hydroxypyridine-N-oxide derivatives, 2-hydroxypyridine-N-oxide, 2,4-dihydroxypyridine-N-oxide, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxypyridine-N-oxide and 2-hydroxy-4-(2'-methoxyethoxy)pyridine-N-oxide have been shown to remove iron from human transferrin and horse spleen ferritin at pH 7.4 at levels higher than those caused by desferrioxamine. Their reactions with transferrin were mainly biphasic and took 2-5 h to reach completion but iron mobilisation from ferritin was slower and their reactions continued after 40 h of incubation. The intraperitoneal and intragastric administration of 2,4-dihydroxypyridin...
Group C streptococcal arthritis. A case report of equine transmission. Presented is the third known case of a group C streptococcal arthritis, this case documented in a healthy 42-year-old horse trainer, apparently transmitted by a mare. After a delayed diagnosis, the patient responded favorably to surgical drainage and parenteral penicillin G, but required a manipulation of his knee under general anesthesia. Although rare, group C streptococcal arthritis can occur in hosts with no apparent predisposing factors. Frequent exposure to farm animals may increase the risk.
Principles of drug disposition in the horse. This article is intended to give the reader an understanding of the mathematic and conceptual framework underlying equine pharmacology. The methods by which the veterinary practitioner determines drug concentrations, disposition, and bioavailability are discussed.
Clinical pharmacology of the gastrointestinal tract. This article discusses the various drugs that affect the equine gastrointestinal tract. Drugs that alter intestinal motility, that protect the gastrointestinal tract, and that alter secretions, as well as analgesics, appetite stimulants, and orally administered antimicrobial agents are reviewed.
Cardiovascular drugs. Their pharmacology and use in horses. Knowledge of the dosage, rate and route of administration, and potential side effects of drugs used to treat cardiac disease in horses has been refined. The judicious use of these drugs can increase exercise capacity, improve health, and potentially prolong life. Currently, antiarrhythmics (quinidine, lidocaine), positive inotropies (digoxin), and diuretics (furosemide) are the primary agents used to treat cardiovascular disease in horses. The development of newer drugs (verapamil, milrinone, bumetanide) and their usefulness in therapy for horses with cardiovascular disease require further inv...
Rational selection of antimicrobial drugs for treatment of infections of horses. The goal of antimicrobial drug use is quite specific. Consideration of many microbe-related, host-related, and drug-related factors is necessary for appropriate selection and use of antimicrobial drugs in equine patients. The concepts and data presented in this article demonstrate that fact. At the risk of oversimplification, "The bug denotes the drug, and the horse directs the course."
Pharmacologic considerations in drug therapy in foals. Rational drug therapy in the foal requires a sound knowledge of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of various drugs as well as a thorough understanding of the physiologic differences that exist between the neonate and the adult and that may serve to alter drug disposition and, therefore, drug response. A summary of these physiologic factors with emphasis on the foal is presented and is followed by recommendations regarding the applied therapeutics of various antimicrobial agents.
Drug therapy of respiratory disorders. The emphasis of this article is on the clinical application of drugs in therapy for treatment of disorders of the lower respiratory tract. Medications discussed include those used to enhance clearance of secretions and those employed to prevent and/or alleviate bronchoconstriction. Antimicrobial agents and respiratory stimulants are briefly mentioned.
Adverse drug reactions in the horse. Adverse drug reactions occasionally occur in the horse. The majority can be anticipated and avoided. The practicing veterinarian should understand the various types of adverse reactions as well as their mechanisms so that should such a reaction occur, the practitioner can promptly recognize the problem and institute corrective measures.
Antimicrobic susceptibility of bacterial pathogens from horses. Rational choice of an antimicrobial agent requires that the condition for which the drug is prescribed contain an infectious agent and, if so, knowledge of the susceptibility of the microorganism to antimicrobial drugs. Unfortunately, most infectious conditions necessitate the use of an antimicrobic drug before data from the microbiology laboratory are available. The data presented are meant to serve as a guide in the choice of antimicrobic drugs for treatment of infectious processes of the horse before knowledge of the nature of the microorganism isolated as well as its susceptibility to anti...
Actions of BW540C in an equine model of acute inflammation: a preliminary study. An equine model of acute non-immune inflammation has been developed to facilitate studies of the inflammatory process and the actions of novel anti-inflammatory drugs. Five polyester sponge strips soaked in sterile 2% carrageenin solution were placed in subcutaneous pouches prepared under local anaesthesia in the necks of conscious ponies. Serial removal of the strips and harvesting of the exudate enabled studies to be made of the cellular, biochemical and mediator aspects of the localised, acute inflammation, and the heat generated by the lesion was monitored by infra-red thermometry. Maximal...
Neurological disease and lipofuscinosis in horses and sheep grazing Trachyandra divaricata (branched onion weed) in south Western Australia. A severe paretic syndrome accompanied by intense neuronal lipofuscinosis is described in sheep and horses exposed to Trachyandra divaricata. This is a newly recognised toxic hazard for grazing livestock in the coastal region of the south west of Western Australia. Animals appear to become affected over a period of weeks when summer conditions induce a scarcity of alternative feed. The disease is discussed in relation to its recent documentation in South Africa where the plant is indigenous.
Pathology of equine phycomycosis. The pathological findings in three cases of equine phycomycosis in Costa Rica are described. Two cutaneous (Pythium sp) and one nasal lesion (Conidiobolus) were observed.
Injectable anesthetics and anesthetic adjuncts. The purpose of this article is to review the use of selected anesthetics and anesthetic adjuncts in horses. Emphasis is placed on the pharmacologic bases of their use.
Repeat sternotomy after reconstruction of the pericardial sac with glutaraldehyde-preserved equine pericardium. The risk of repeat sternotomy is higher than that of the initial sternotomy, especially if the pericardial sac was left open at the first intervention. In 200 consecutive patients with a pericardial defect after open heart operations, the pericardium was closed with a glutaraldehyde-preserved equine pericardial patch. Precardiac adhesions at reoperation were assessed in four groups of patients on a scale of 6, ranging from 0 (no adhesions) to 5 (calcified or ossified adhesions). Group I comprised 13 patients in whom the pericardium was left open at the first operation and an equine pericardial...
