Disease treatment in horses encompasses a range of medical interventions and management strategies aimed at addressing various health conditions affecting equine species. These treatments can include pharmacological approaches, such as the administration of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antiparasitic medications, as well as non-pharmacological methods like physical therapy, dietary adjustments, and surgical procedures. The selection of appropriate treatments depends on the specific disease, its severity, and the individual needs of the horse. This topic brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the efficacy, safety, and advancements in therapeutic options for equine diseases, providing insights into best practices and emerging trends in equine veterinary medicine.
The Journal of hygieneJune 1, 1971
Volume 69, Issue 2 201-207 doi: 10.1017/s0022172400021434
Sinclair IS, McCormick JS, Clark JG.The three heterologous anti-sera currently provided for tetanus prophylaxis have been compared with reference to the production of untoward reactions in 498 patients, and to the blood antitoxin concentrations produced in 76 patients. Equine serum, although giving rise to more reactions, was the only effective agent in terms of the levels and duration of serum antitoxin concentration produced. The local response to a test dose of any of the three sera is not a reliable guide to immediate or late general reactions.
Lawrence WC.Autoradiographic analyses of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in randomly growing KB cell cultures infected with equine abortion virus (EAV) suggested that viral DNA synthesis was initiated only at times that coincided with the entry of noninfected control cells into the S phase of the cell cycle. Synchronized cultures of KB cells were infected at different stages of the cell cycle, and rates of synthesis of cellular and viral DNA were measured. When cells were infected at different times within the S phase, viral DNA synthesis was initiated 2 to 3 hr after infection. However, when cells ...
DeMeio JL, DeSanctis AN.Normal and immune sera were obtained from horses immunized with either aqueous, alum, or adjuvant bivalent vaccines containing Milford equine 2 virus. Upon heating at 56 C for 30 min, a factor, required for hemagglutination-inhibition but not complement fixation or neutralization testing, was destroyed. This factor which is present in normal sera does not appear to be complement.
Gruber J.Purified and concentrated Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus derived from tissue cultures, rendered noninfectious by ionizing radiation with retention of in vitro serological activity, also retained a high level of immunogenicity. In mice, fluid vaccines afforded excellent protection against lethal challenge with homologous Trinidad strain VEE virus. A direct relationship was observed between concentration of vaccine or number of injections and survival. One intraperitoneal inoculation of undiluted vaccine protected essentially all mice challenged 21 days later with 100,000 mouse intra...
James K, Pullar DM, Morton JB, Dalton RG, Nolan B, Woodruff MF.Methods are described for the intravenous administration of equine antilymphocytic globulin (ALG) to renal transplant recipients. The development of circulating antibodies to the equine IgG has been investigated using primary and secondary immunological procedures. The need for primary immunoassay procedures to assess both the immune response and induction of tolerance to equine IgG in ALG treated patients is extensively discussed.
Kofler J, Kübber-Heiss A, Schilcher F.Clinical, ultrasonographic and pathological findings of a cutaneous, multilocular T-cell lymphosarcoma (malignant lymphoma) in a 13-year-old, brown Austrian warmblood mare are reported. The horse was under clinical observation, and the tumours were sonographically monitored over an 8 month period, revealing worsening of body condition, weight loss, lameness of the left hindlimb and a slight increase in the tumours size. Most of the tumours were covered by normal skin, one showed ulceration. Ultrasonography of the tumours allowed accurate anatomical localization in relation to the adjoining tis...
van der Kolk JH, van der Wijden MW, Jongejan F.Equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (EGE) has been observed in the U.S.A., Brazil, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland and possibly in Great Britain. The causative agent is rickettsia Ehrlichia equi, identified for the first time in 1969. The clinical features of the disease are anorexia, fever, depression, (limb) oedema, icterus, ataxia, petechiae and orchitis. Hematologic changes are leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the neutrophils and eosinophils. Vasculitis may be observed at autopsy. Following a positive hematological diagnosis (Giemsa stained blood smear) of...
Gehlen H, Bubeck K, Rohn K, Stadler P.The aim of this study was to investigate the potential haemodynamic effects of valvular insufficiency and recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses with atrial fibrillation (AF). Therefore in ten healthy horses (group 1) and 40 horses with AF a clinical examination, a lung examination, echocardiography and right heart catheterization for measurement of intracardic and pulmonary pressures were performed. According to the clinical findings the horses with AF were subdivided into 4 groups (group 2: AF; group 3: AF/valvular insufficiency; group 4: AF/RAO; group 5: AF/valvular insufficiency/RAO)...
Lloyd KC, Wheat JD, Ryan AM, Matthews M.Sudden onset of hematuria was associated with mucosal ulceration of the proximal portion of the urethra in 1 stallion and 3 geldings. Hematuria was observed characteristically and consistently at the end of urination. Mucosal ulceration was identified endoscopically in the proximal portion of the urethra at the level of the ischial arch. Biopsy of an ulcerated area of the proximal urethra in one gelding revealed transitional cell carcinoma. Treatment regimens varied from systemic antimicrobial and/or vasoactive therapy to diversion of urinary flow via a temporary perineal urethrostomy. Hematur...
Emmerich IU.In 2017, no new active pharmaceutical ingredients were released on the German market for horses or food-producing animals. Four established veterinary active pharmaceutical ingredients became available for additional species: the ectoparasitic Fluralaner (Exzolt®) of the isoxazoline group was additionally authorized for chickens, the macrolide antibiotics Gamithromycin (Zactran®) and Tulathromycin (Draxxin®) for sheep and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug Tolfenamic Acid (Tolfedol®) from the fenamate group for cattle and pigs. Additionally, one drug with a new combination of active i...
Squires EL.Twinning is a major cause of abortion in mares. Although early management of twins is quite successful, twins that remain after 40 days are difficult to manage. This article reviews the current knowledge of the use of transvaginal ultrasound probe for elimination of twins. Several techniques are presented, as well as discussion on the best time during gestation for this technique to be used.
Foreman-Hesterberg CR, Foreman JH.Muscle damage can result in leakage of intracellular enzymes such as creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate transaminase (AST) into plasma. There are no controlled documentations of the effects of intramuscular antibiotic drug administration on plasma CK and AST activities in horses. The objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that 5 days of intramuscular procaine penicillin G injection in normal horses would result in increased plasma activities of CK and AST. Nine healthy adult horses were sampled for 7 days preceding, 5 days during, and 32 days following procaine penicillin G (2...
May SA, Wyn-Jones G, Church S, Brouwer GJ, Jones RS.The use of the non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent iopamidol for myelography in seven horses is described. Contrast columns of diagnostic quality were produced in all seven cases and the procedure did not invoke any adverse reactions in the five cases which were recovered from general anaesthesia. It is concluded that iopamidol is a safe and effective contrast agent for myelography in the horse.
Steiner N, Lindner A.By means of a survey, the reproductive rate of mares and the foal losses in ten Thoroughbred, Saddlebred and Pony studs in Germany, mainly from North-Rhine-Westfalia, were collected and evaluated. Data for the survey were recorded for 1985-1990. The study also examined the hygienic management in the surveyed studs, and the morbidity rate of suckling foals was obtained for 1990. In addition to the survey questionnaire each stud was visited once. Two studs of each horse group were visited several times every week from March to August in order to evaluate as exactly as possible the husbandry and ...
Firth EC.In chondro-osseous disease in the foal there are three main categories of lesions: (i) synovitis alone (type S), (ii) synovitis accompanied by osteomyelitis originating in the epiphysis of the juxta-articular bone (type E) and (iii) synovitis accompanied by osteomyelitis originating directly adjacent to the physis of the juxta-articular bone (type P). Observations made in studies of the immature radius and metacarpus provide an explanation for the apparent predisposition of some joints for this disease. Relevant clinical and therapeutical aspects are discussed.
Kydd J, Nielsen M, Waller A.Julia Kydd, Martin Nielsen and Andrew Waller highlight some of the key presentations given at last year's 11th International Equine Infectious Diseases Conference, which was held virtually.
Menzies RA, Lewis JR, Reiter AM, Lundström TS.Equine dentistry should no longer be thought of as art over science. To be an effective equine dental clinician requires considerable investment in knowledge beyond the basic veterinary degree. It requires current scientific dental knowledge and adherence to the fundamental principles of medicine, dentistry, and surgery. Knowledge and principles will provide clinicians with the necessary information to make more evidence-based decisions as the scientific literature continues to evolve. Diagnosis and therapy should be seen as journeys with a destination, keeping in mind the values of the Hippoc...
Adams R, Nixon A, Hager D.Real-time ultrasound was used to identify a foreign-body abscess causing an extraluminal esophageal obstruction in the neck of a horse. Surgical exploration to remove the foreign body and drain the abscess was performed after 2 months of medical management that had failed to resolve the problem. The abscess could not be visualized because there was no draining tract or other localizing sign of inflammation. Ultrasound was used aseptically to guide surgical dissection to the walled off abscess with minimal damage to adjacent vital structures in the surgical field. The signs of esophageal obstru...
Platt H.From a perinatal survey carried out on Thoroughbred studs, information was obtained on the incidence, mortality and long-term effects of joint-ill and other bacterial infections. Many of these infections occurred in foals with a history of other perinatal abnormalities, and in foals in which receipt of colostrum was delayed. There was no direct relationship between the incidence of infection and maternal age, but prenatal lactation and loss of colostrum were more frequent in older mares. There was a significant reduction in the incidence of infections in foals given neomycin and framomycin dur...
Muir WW.The haemodynamic effects of milrinone hydrochloride were determined in halothane-anaesthetised horses. Six healthy adult horses were anaesthetised with guaifenesin and thiamylal and maintained with halothane in oxygen (end-tidal halothane concentration of 1.15%). Baseline haemodynamic data were recorded after a 45 min stabilisation period. All 6 horses received a single loading dose of milrinone HCl, 0.2 microgram/kg i.v., followed by progressively increasing infusions of 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 micrograms/kg bwt/min. Each infusion lasted for 15 min and produced dose related increases in heart rate,...
Bertone JJ, Traub-Dargatz JL, Wingfield WE.Atrial fibrillation in a pregnant, lactating, 15-year-old mare nursing a 70-day-old foal was converted to normal sinus rhythm, using quinidine sulfate. The maximum concentration of quinidine was 4.3 mg/L in the mare's milk and was 2.6 mg/L in the mare's serum. Treatment with quinidine did not interrupt the pregnancy. Six months after treatment, the mare developed acute volvulus of the large colon and died. At necropsy, the mare did not have macroscopic or microscopic cardiac lesions. The fetus was macroscopically and histologically normal.
Valdez H, Adams OR, Peyton LC.Of 124 horses determined to have navicular disease during a 5-year period, 6 had clinical and radiographic signs of the disease in both hindlimbs. These 6 were all castrated males, ranging in age from 3 to 12 years, and were used for work of similar nature: roping, cutting, and pleasure. Treatment consisted of posterior digital neurectomy and corrective shoeing in 2 cases, posterior digital neurectomy alone in 2 cases, and corrective shoeing alone in 2 cases. Following treatment, lameness subsided, and all 6 horses were returned to full use.
Kareche H, Daly JM, Laabassi F.Equine influenza (EI) is one of the most contagious respiratory infections in horses, donkeys and mules, caused by equine influenza A virus (EIV). It remains a disease with a strong economic stake for the equine industry. This review focuses on the epidemiological situation of EIV in the Maghreb area, which includes Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. There is serological evidence for extensive circulation of EIV in the Maghreb area since the early 1970s, but reports of detailed investigation of outbreaks are scarce with no documented isolation or molecular characterization of EIV from Tunisia. Isol...
McD￮ LA, Dart AJ, Schiffman P, Parrot JJ.Enterolithiasis, as a cause of colic, was diagnosed and treated during surgical intervention in 2 Grant's zebras (Equus burchelli bohmi). The zebras were part of a wild herd in a zoo in the western United States. The clinical signs of enterolithiasis in both zebras were similar to those reported for horses. Analysis of the enterolith from 1 zebra revealed a composition identical to enteroliths that have been analyzed from horses. Three other zebras from this herd had enteroliths at necropsy. Enterolithiasis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for zebras with low-grade obstructive ...
White SD, Bourdeau P.Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA) in Quarter Horses is an inherited degenerative skin disease. Initially reported as hyperelastosis cutis, HERDA has a phenotype of hyperextensible, fragile skin, with secondary seromas, haematomas, ulcers and scarring. It primarily affects the dorsal aspect of the body. An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance is considered likely, with affected horses more at risk to produce affected offspring. A mutation in cyclophilin B (PPIB) as a novel, causal candidate gene for HERDA has been described, and verified as segregating with carriers and affe...
Jensen H, Mikkelsen R, Paulsen ET.Therapeutic riding for somatic disabled has been established as one of the treatment modalities at Beitostølen Health Sports Centre ever since it opened in 1970. The accumulated experience indicates positive effects of the treatment, on empirical grounds, but there is a need of further evaluation and controlled studies. The authors briefly review the principle of the treatment and present the results of a study on the level of pain in patients with Bechterew's disease before and after treatment.
Hassanpour A, Moghaddam S.Early detection of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals is essential for horse health and for veterinarians. Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate the usefulness of assessing the serum concentration of acute-phase proteins (APPs) in the early diagnosis of pneumonia. Methods: The study evaluated APPs in 19 Arabian foals with R. equi pneumonia and compared them with 18 normal Arabian foals in equestrian clubs in Tabriz, Iran. Affected foals were identified through history, clinical findings and bacterial culture of tracheal washing. Biochemical methods and polymerase chain reaction tests wer...
Fuller MC, Abutarbush SM.A 10-year-old gelding was presented with a tongue that had swelled immediately after oral administration of oxfendazole, using an udder infusion cannula. The tongue appeared to have been punctured inadvertently. The horse recovered after treatment with intravenous fluid, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Administering oral medication by this method should be discouraged. Un cheval hongre âgé de 10 ans a été présenté avec une langue devenue tuméfiée immédiatement après l’administration orale d’oxfendazole à l’aide d’une canule à infusion du pis. La langue semblait a...
Hasslinger MA, el-Seify MA.The investigation of 156 donkeys in the area of the veterinary faculty of the Tanta University in Kafr el-Sheikh showed that 49 animals (31.41%) were infected with trematodes, 34 donkeys (21.80%) served as hosts for Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus, 22 (14.10%) were infected with Fasciola gigantica und 7 (4.49%) with both trematodes. 6 of 40 examined horses (15.0%) showed monoinfections with G. aegyptiacus only. Because of the fragmentary knowledge on these paramphistomides of equids, some aspects concerning the morphology, pathology and clinical symptoms, differential diagnosis, occurrence, host spec...
Maniego J, Pesko B, Habershon-Butcher J, Hincks P, Taylor P, Stewart G, Proudman C, Ryder E.Gene doping in horses is a threat to the fairness in sport and has serious implications for animal welfare. To investigate the effect of long-term storage on the detection of AAV in plasma and whole blood, samples from an administration study using an adeno-associated virus serotype 6 expressing green fluorescence protein (AAV6-GFP) were stored at -20°C for 8 months before analysis. The AAV vector was detected in stored plasma samples, following the same detection profile as the fresh plasma samples. The stored blood showed lower overall DNA detection but followed the same detection profile ...
Takizawa T, Ito T.Supposing two mathematical models, additive and multiplicative, the authors estimated the secular trends of annual morbidities (1949 approximately 1975) of twelve infectious diseases of domestic animals. For each diseases ten different trend curves were fitted. It was found that five regression equations, namely, those for bovine trichomoniasis, bovine tuberculosis, equine infectious anemia, pullorum disease in chickens, and foulbrood, gave the coefficient of determination of 97.9, 92.7, 91.0, 93.5, and 85.2%, respectively. Four of them were multiplicative, and the remaining one for equine inf...
Aceto H, Miller SA, Smith G.To determine time to first detection of Salmonella organisms in feces of animals after experimental infection PO and times to onset of diarrhea and pyrexia to evaluate a common method for identifying nosocomial infections on the basis of time of admission and onset of clinical signs (ie, the 3-day criterion). Methods: Meta-analysis. Methods: Cattle, horses, goats, and sheep experimentally infected PO with Salmonella enterica subsp enterica. Methods: Online databases were searched for published reports describing results of experimental infection of cattle, horses, goats, and sheep PO with salm...
Daicker B, Gywat L, Keller M, Spiess B, Brückner R.The authors describe peculiar tumors with brown-white piebald anterior surface, which had grown bilaterally from the corpora nigra (C.N.) of an adult horse and occluded the pupils. The surgical procedure for removing the larger tumor and the postoperative treatment are described. The findings by light and electron microscopy suggest that the tumor represent a so-called adenoma of the iris pigment epithelium. The white patches on its surface consist of newly formed Descemet-like material produced by displaced corneal endothelial cells, which have probably grown on the tumor after contact with t...
Gregg AS, Jones RS, Snowdon SL.A fault in the assembly of a Matrix Large Animal Circle anaesthetic machine resulted in reversal of fresh gas flow through the vaporizer. The fault was discovered only after the sudden development of excessive depth of anaesthesia in two equine patients. Laboratory investigations were conducted to determine the effect of flow reversal on vaporizer output. Results indicated that output concentration was approximately doubled under these conditions.
