Disease treatment in horses encompasses a range of medical interventions and management strategies aimed at addressing various health conditions affecting equine species. These treatments can include pharmacological approaches, such as the administration of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antiparasitic medications, as well as non-pharmacological methods like physical therapy, dietary adjustments, and surgical procedures. The selection of appropriate treatments depends on the specific disease, its severity, and the individual needs of the horse. This topic brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the efficacy, safety, and advancements in therapeutic options for equine diseases, providing insights into best practices and emerging trends in equine veterinary medicine.
Hort I.In this study the treatment of a mandibular fracture in a 26 year old Arab horse, the history during the subsequent 4 years and the anatomical post-mortem findings are presented and described.
Robinson RC.Most practitioners will have experienced the
frustration encountered in the treatment of sprains
of the flexor tendons and suspensory ligaments
of racehorses. After apparent recovery, the
damaged structure will often break down again
when the horse returns to hard training. Milne
(1960), Reed (1962), Jubb and Kennedy (1963)
and Hickman (1964) have written detailed ac-
counts of the pathology of tendon injuries and the
mechanism of repair of tendon tissue. These
writers substantiate that when a tendon is
sprained, there is a tearing or rupture of some of
the tendon fibres, varying i...
Rubarth S, Krook L.Following a description of the histopathology of so-called mucoid degeneration of the nasal conchae in the horse, the authors conclude that the morphologic nature of the disease is osteodystrophia fibrosa. The lesions are believed to be expressions of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Dodman NH, Lehr JL, Spaulding GL, Gavriely N.Three sheep, a foal, a pony, and a calf were anesthetized and ventilated for short periods, using a high-frequency oscillatory ventilator. The efficiency of CO2 elimination was characterized at various oscillatory frequencies (50 to 30 Hz) and various tidal volumes, although the tidal volume used was always less than the measured dead space of the animal. In general, increasing either the oscillatory frequency or tidal volume increased CO2 elimination, but increasing the tidal volume had more effect. The relationship between these 3 variables was best described by a power law equation. Ventila...
Pathania VP, Sharma AK, Joshi GR, John JT.India accounts for approximately 10 million orthopaedically handicapped children and adults with limb deformity. Ilizarov ring fixator could treat most of these deformities. Methods: Twenty cases of deformities of lower limb managed with Ilizarov technique during period between March 2001 and February 2003 were studied. Results: 55% were in the age group of 11-30 years. Out of the 20 cases studied, 6 were congenital talipes equino varus, 8 were fixed flexion deformity of knee, 4 were equines deformity of the ankle and 2 were malunited fracture shaft of tibia.4 patients who had recurrence were ...
Reina MA, López A, de Andrés JA.Cauda equine syndrome is a rare neurological complication associated with subarachnoid anesthesia, and particularly with the use of 5% hyperbaric lidocaine and small gauge catheters. Our aim was to study a possible anatomical factor that might impede adequate dilution of local anesthetic and explain the development of cauda equine syndrome and transitory radicular irritation. Methods: The spinal dura matters and their contents from two male human cadavers were examined after organs had been extracted for transplantation. Both men had recently died at ages 56 and 65 years of age. Samples were f...
Clayton HM, Trawford AF.A field study was designed to investigate the re-establishment of patent lungworm infections in donkeys following an anthelmintic treatment regime which was effective against Dictyocaulus arnfieldi. In April 1979 faecal samples from 259 donkeys were examined and each animal classified as a negative, low positive or high positive excretor of lungworm larvae. During the summer the control group of 126 donkeys showed an increase in the number of excretors from 80 per cent in April to 91 per cent in October. At the same time there was a rise in the faecal larval output of individual animals so tha...
Antal A, Szabó I, Vajda G, Antal VD, Polner A, Totth B, Szollár I, Stipkovits L.Clinical, microbiological, haematological, and immunological investigations were carried out in mares and their foals of 2 studs. A considerable number of foals fell ill with pneumonia, the mortality rate was high. Mycoplasmas were mostly isolated from nasal swabs and from the lungs. The isolation rate of bacteria was lower. Serum IgG concentration was reduced in the diseased or dead foals compared to that of healthy animals, the data stress in importance of IgG in the development of respiratory diseases also in foals.
Nielsen MK, Doran D, Slusarewicz P.Fecal egg counts are essential monitoring tools in veterinary parasite control. In recent years, several groups have developed automated egg counting systems based on image analysis and deep learning algorithms. Work in our laboratory demonstrated that an automated system performed with significantly better precision than traditional egg counting techniques. However, while the counting process is no longer operator dependent, the pre-analytical homogenization steps still are. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of sample homogenization on diagnostic performance on an automated equine ...
Pezzanite LM, Hackett ES.To compare survival and complications in horses undergoing large colon resection with either sutured end-to-end or stapled functional end-to-end anastomoses. Methods: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: Twenty-six client-owned horses with gastrointestinal disease. Methods: Retrospective data were retrieved from the medical records of 26 horses undergoing colectomy, including 14 horses with sutured end-to-end and 12 horses with stapled functional end-to-end anastomoses, between 2003 and 2016. Records were evaluated for signalment, medical and surgical treatments, and survival to hospital disch...
Miszczak F, Pronost S, Vabret A.Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis, a disease observed only in equids. EAV is the prototype of the family Arteriviridæ within the order Nidovirales. EAV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus with a considerable variation in the genome as observed in other RNA viruses. During natural infections, EAV may cause abortion and persistent subclinical infections in stallions which can shed the virus in the semen for years, or even lifetime. Chronically infected stallions represent the natural reservoir of the virus. They ensure the persi...
Parlevliet JM.The studies described in this thesis investigated the factors that can affect the fertility of stallions. The introduction describes the male gamete and the processes that occur during maturation of sperm and fertilization. Methods to evaluate the quality of sperm and ova are then discussed. Fertility can be expressed in various ways and is also affected by many factors such as the stallion, the mare and management factors. The fertility of stallions is usually assessed a good year after they have served mares, because then the number of foals is known. However, it would be preferable to be ab...
Carlsten J, Kvart C, Jeffcott LB.A practical and safe method of angiocardiography for the horse is described. The technique involved the rapid injection of 50 to 150 ml contrast agent via catheters in the right and left heart, pulmonary artery and aorta. The examination was carried out with the horse in the standing position or under general anaesthesia. Angiocardiograms were performed on 10 normal horses and satisfactory pictures of the right and left ventricles, pulmonary arteries, aorta and coronary circulation were obtained. The technique was also used in a foal with severe congenital heart disease. The most practical met...
Cramp P, Derksen FJ, Stick JA, de Feijter-Rupp H, Elvin NG, Hauptman J, Robinson NE.The nerve-muscle pedicle graft technique is a treatment for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN), but the optimal placement of the pedicles within the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (CAD) muscle is unknown. Objective: The magnitude and direction of force placed on the muscular process of the left arytenoid cartilage affects the magnitude of laryngeal abduction. Methods: Five larynges were harvested from cadavers. Using increments of 0.98 N, a dead-weight force generator applied a force of 0-14.7 N for 1 min each to the left muscular process at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 degrees angles. The r...
Hampe M.Torsteinsdottir S, Scheidegger S, Baselgia S et al. A prospective study on insect bite hypersensitivity in horses exported from Iceland into Switzerland. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60: 69 BEIM SOMMEREKZEM HANDELT ES SICH UM EINE IGE-VERMITTELTE DERMATITIS INFOLGE EINER ALLERGISCHEN REAKTION AUF DEN SPEICHEL STECHENDER INSEKTEN (Z. B. CULICOIDES SPP.). BIS ZU 50 % DER AUS ISLAND NACH KONTINENTALEUROPA IMPORTIERTEN TIERE ERKRANKEN, DAGEGEN NUR 3–10 % DER AUF DEM FESTLAND GEBORENEN ISLäNDER. IN ISLAND GIBT ES DIE ERKRANKUNG NICHT, DA DIE VERURSACHENDEN GNITZEN DORT NICHT VORKOMMEN. HAT EINE SENSIBIL...
Mayinda GD, Serreau D, Gesbert A, Reigner F, Sutra JF, Lespine A, Sallé G.The management of equine strongyles has become problematic over the last decade because of an increased prevalence of drug-resistant isolates worldwide. Therapeutic options are therefore limited, leaving macrocyclic lactones as the most often effective drug class. However, their lipophilic properties result in a long-lasting elimination that could favour drug resistance selection. As a result, ivermectin treatment in lactating mares could promote suboptimal exposure of their foal parasites to ivermectin, thereby selecting for more resistant worms. To test for this putative transfer, we selecte...
Hermann M, Bretscher R, Thiébaud G, Meister D.HAES Steril 10% is a colloidal plasma expander rarely used in veterinary medicine. In this study HAES was used in clinical cases for the treatment of shock and in a comparative hypervolemic hemodilution study (HAES versus lactated Ringer's solution) using two experimental horses. Injection of a HAES volume equivalent to 10% of estimated blood volume resulted in a highly significant drop in PCV and in a significant drop in total protein concentration. Half live of HAES was approximately two hours. No incompatibility reactions were observed. In man HAES improves microcirculation. Studies in prog...
Liu X, Liu Q, Feng X, Tang Q, Wang Z, Li S, Feng Z, Zhu J, Guan X.Due to the disadvantages of human and equine rabies immunoglobulin, it is necessary to develop a substitute for HRIG and ERIG, especially for those people living in the developing countries. Because of higher affinity and lower immunogenicity of rabbit's immunoglobulins, anti-rabies immunoglobulins specific to rabies virus were produced in rabbits as a bioreactor, and had been characterized by ELISA, affinity assay, immunofluorescence assay (IFA), immunocytochemistry, rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). ELISA, affinity assay and IFA showed that rabbit RIG (RRIG) bound specifically...
Trotter GW.Numerous conditions, including trauma, infection, neoplasia, and developmental problems, can affect the paranasal sinuses. Successful resolution of these problems is predicated upon a thorough diagnostic workup to ensure the most accurate presumptive diagnosis. Surgical intervention is enhanced by using approaches that allow wide access to sinus compartments. Rigorous postoperative management is also important to a successful outcome.
Cooley PL, Milvae R, Riis RC, Laratta LJ.A study was performed to identify prostacyclin (PGI2) in equine aqueous humor, demonstrate an increase in PGI2 following anterior chamber paracentesis, and determine the effects of subconjunctival injection of flunixin meglumine on PGI2 accumulation. Twenty ponies were found to be normal upon ocular examination and were placed under general anesthesia. Anterior chamber paracentesis was performed in both eyes (right and left); immediately afterward, 25 mg of flunixin meglumine was injected (subconjunctivally) in the left eye. Aqueous paracentesis was performed 1.5 hours later (both eyes). Aqueo...
Piccot-Crézollet C, Casamatta JM, Lepage OM.Digital semiological anesthesia in horses: Technique and elements of interpretation. Semiological anesthesia of the pes is used during examinations for lameness in horses. Recent research data on the distal digital, distal interphalangeal articular, and podotrochlear intrathecal nerve blocks indicate that they are less than specific when considered in isolation. They should be used in combination to localize pain in the pes. A positive response to anesthesia of the distal interphalangeal articulation could also indicate that the source of the pain was in the podotrochlear apparatus or the dors...
Freeman DE, Inoue OJ, Eurell TE.To study the effect of flunixin meglumine on short circuit current (Isc) in equine right ventral colon in vitro. Methods: Intestinal mucosa from healthy horses and ponies. Methods: Isc was measured in mucosa from the right ventral colon mounted in Ussing chambers. In experiment 1, collection and incubation solutions were: control (no additions); flunixin meglumine, 4 micrograms/ml; indomethacin, 10(-6) M; and flunixin meglumine (4 micrograms/ml) with 10(-6) M prostaglandin E2. In experiment 2, incubation conditions were: control [plain Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate [KRB] solution]; flunixin meglumi...
Hartung J, Klinckmann G, Adrian U.Dust in horse barns is assumed to contribute to pulmonary disease, it is attempted to reduce the airborne dust by soaking or sprinkling the hay before feeding. Both means cause considerable efforts and increase the relative humidity of the air. This is why a commercial dust-binding agent (Revesto pur) was used in a pilot investigation which was carried out during 2 weeks - one week for control and one week using the agent - in a private horse barn where three horses were regularly stable. The airborne dust was measured by a continuously working instrument. Once a day (7.00 a.m.) the number of ...
Dunlop CI.Physiologic similarities and differences between foals and adult horses, including response to pain, cardiopulmonary function, ability to compensate for dehydration and hemorrhage, and response to anesthetic drugs, are considered in this article. Preanesthetic evaluation, choice of anesthetic drugs, technique, and monitoring support requirements through to anesthetic recovery are based on these physiologic considerations. Anesthetic techniques discussed include drugs for premedication, parenteral or inhalational anesthetic induction, and maintenance using inhalational and parenteral anesthesia...
Nichols CL, Doherty TJ, Schumacher J, Jones PD, Sun X.To determine whether palmar digital nerve (PDN) blockade in horses with a combination of dexmedetomidine and mepivacaine would block the response to mechanical force applied to the digit longer than would anesthetizing these nerves with mepivacaine alone or dexmedetomidine alone. Methods: 8 mares with no signs of lameness. Methods: In a randomized, crossover, blinded, experimental study, both PDNs of the same forelimb of each horse were anesthetized by perineural injection with either 30 mg mepivacaine alone, 250 µg of dexmedetomidine alone, or 30 mg mepivacaine combined with 250 µg of dexme...
Lagneaux D, Pomarici AM, Sattler M, Bruneau B, Duchamp G, Camillo F, Palmer E.Day 6.5 equine embryos (n=30) were frozen in a medium containing glycerol (2.5-10.0%) supplemented with 0, 20 or 100 mmol L-glutamine 1(-1). After thawing, the embryos were tested individually, using 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining to evaluate cell death. Three embryos (one frozen at each L-glutamine concentration) were transferred together into individual recipient mares. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed at day 12 (age of embryo). Embryos were collected at day 14 (age of embryo) and were identified by PCR amplified microsatellite analysis. Nine of ten recipient mares that rece...
Grenager NS, Durham MG.This report describes the use of ultrasound to diagnose right dorsal displacement of the large colon (RDDLC) in 13 horses prior to surgery. Horses had ultrasonographic examinations performed of the right lateroventral aspect of the abdomen upon admission to the hospital with a 2-5 MHz broadband curvilinear sector scanning transducer after alcohol was used to wet the hair. First, the caecal vessels were identified in the right flank and followed medially and cranially. Next, each intercostal space, from caudal to cranial, was scanned from dorsal to ventral evaluating for abnormally-located mese...
Sokolov PL, Dremova GV, Samsonova SV.Influence and therapeutic efficacy of horseback riding (hippotherapy) as a method for complex rehabilitation of patients with late residual stage of infantile cerebral palsy were studied. Significant increase of a range of active and passive mosements in large joints of lower extremities, higher, indices of hand dynamometry on the left, of vital lung capacity as well as a relief of relief of reactive and personality anxiety and depression, higher motivation for rehabilitation treatment, etc., were registered. Neurophysiological study revealed significant changes of afferentation at stem and th...
Torres BT, Dover RK, Sapora JA, Sandberg GS, Budsberg SC.To document the publication rate of abstracts presented at 10 ACVS conferences and report the time required for publication and level of evidence. Methods: Literature review. Methods: All scientific abstracts published in the ACVS proceedings from 2001 to 2010 were reviewed. The level of evidence of each abstract was evaluated and scored (1-4). Publication information was determined after a broad bibliographic search through multiple online databases. Results: The overall publication rate for ACVS abstracts (n=1,395) was 66% and 11% were published before conference presentation. The majority o...
Moore JN, Garner HE, Shapland JE, Roberts MC.The infusion (IV) of prostacyclin (PGI2) into conscious ponies resulted in systemic arterial hypotension and tachycardia. Mean systemic arterial pressure decreased from 103.3 mm of Hg to 88.5 mm of Hg when 125 ng of PGI2/kg/minute was infused, and heart rate increased from 55.0 to 102.0 beats/minute. When 208 ng of PGI2/kg/minute was infused, mean systemic arterial pressure decreased from 103.3 to 78.0 mm of Hg and heart rate increased from 55.0 to 109.3 beats/minute. There were no significant alterations in pulmonary arterial pressure, lactate, PCV, total WBC count, platelet count, serum lact...
Turk MA, Thomas DE.To study the role of cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed function oxidase reactions in equine 3-methylindole (3MI) toxicosis, ponies were given 20 mg of phenobarbital/kg of body weight at 72, 60, 48, 36, and 24 hours before 100 mg of oral 3MI/kg to induce cytochrome P-450 or no treatment (controls). Maximal 3MI plasma concentration was decreased and clearance was faster in phenobarbital-treated ponies. Plasma 3MI was still detectable 12 and 36 hours after dosing in phenobarbital-treated and control ponies, respectively. Phenobarbital treatment induced a distribution phase with transition from a 1...
van Leeuwen W, Noden PA, Dieleman SJ.Three experiments were conducted to test the abortifacient effects of PGF2 alpha analogues on mares during midgestation (average gestation length 141.5 days). The progesterone concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. In experiment 1. five mares received an injection of PGF2 alpha analogue (fluprostenol: 500 micrograms intramuscularly) and a second injection either at 24, 48, of 72 h. Although the progesterone concentration decreased (P less than 0.05) an average of 44 per cent in 24 h, none of the pregnancies were terminated. In experiment 2, beginning at least 10 days after experiment ...
Ludewig E, Rowan C, Schieder K, Frank B.The aim of this review is to describe the steps of constructing exposure tables for use of digital detector systems (DRx) in equine practice. Introductory, selected underlying technical aspects of digital radiography are illustrated. Unlike screen-film radiography (SFR), DRx have a uniform signal response of the detector over a large dose range. This enables generation of diagnostic images from exposures that were previously nondiagnostic on SFR, thus reducing retakes. However, with decreasing detector entrance dose, image noise increasingly hampers the image quality. Conversely, unlike the bl...
