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Topic:Domestic Animals
The study and analysis of "Domestic Animals" and horses examines the historical domestication, breeding, and management practices that have shaped the role of horses in human society. It also explores the anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics that differentiate horses from other domestic species. Comparative studies often focus on aspects such as nutrition, health management, and the economic and cultural importance of horses relative to other domesticated animals. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the various dimensions of equine domestication, including genetic studies, welfare considerations, and the impact of domestication on horse behavior and physiology.
[New types of virus infections of domestic animals in the German Democratic Republic. 1. Serologic survey studies of the distribution of equine torovirus infections in the GDR]. Sera collected from 124 horses were checked by means of the serum neutralisation test against equine Bern virus. Torovirusspecific antibodies were recordable from 35 percent of all horses tested. These results are likely to suggest that toroviruses are widespread in the GDR and occur not only in horses but in other domestic animals and in man, as well.
Population data and a fourth allele for equine complement component 3 (C3). The C3 polymorphism of equine serum or plasma revealed by agarose gel electrophoresis can be diagnosed with protein stain following acid protein fixation. In addition to the three alleles previously described (C31, C32, C33), a fourth allele (C34) was found. Population data for 25 domestic breeds and Equus przewalskii are presented.
Standard karyotype of the domestic horse (Equus caballus). Committee for standardized karyotype of Equus caballus. The Second International Conference for Standardization of Domestic Animal Karyotypes, INRA, Jouy-en Josas, France, 22nd-26th May 1989. The following decisions concerning the banded karyotype of the horse (Equus caballus) were made at the second International conference for Standardization of Domestic Animal Karyotypes, held at Jouy-en Josas, France, 22nd-26th May 1989: (1) numbering of the chromosomes was modified to correspond to an arrangement into only two groups (the non-acrocentrics and the acrocentrics) within which the autosomes are placed according to length alone; (2) a more compact karyotype arrangement was adopted: chromosomes 1 to 5 on the first row, 6 to 10 on the second, 11 to 13, and, at the far right, X and Y ...
Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis associated with domestic animals in Venezuela and Brazil. After outbreaks of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Solano State, Venezuela, 5% of the population had parasitized ulcers while after similar outbreaks in Mesquita, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, 9% had the disease. In these foci children, including some under six years of age, were affected. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of the disease according to sex or type of employment. In Solano, 3% of dogs and 28% of donkeys had parasitized lesions, while in Mesquita these indices were 19.8% and 30.8% respectively. The parasite from man, dogs and equines was identified as Leishmania (Vi...
The pathogenesis and significance of pre-iridal fibrovascular membrane in domestic animals. Histologic examination was made of 1,419 globes from domestic animals (964 dogs, 374 cats, 41 horses, and 40 cattle) with ocular disease; pre-iridal membranes (rubeosis iridis) were found in 98. The membranes originated as endothelial budding from the anterior iridal stroma and seemed to mature into fibrous or fibrovascular membranes that were often followed by hyphema or, occasionally, glaucoma. Pre-existent disease in the 98 affected globes included chronic endophthalmitis (27/98), chronic glaucoma (24/98), anterior uveal melanoma (15/98), ciliary body adenoma (14/98), neoplasms metastatic t...
[Intersexuality in domestic mammals]. With the exception of bovine freemartinism, intersexuality is rarely reported in domestic animals. The few cases of intersexuality reported here in dogs, cattle, goats, sheep and horses were classified according to the karyotype. The XX intersexes described here included goats which were either polled male pseudohermaphrodites or true hermaphrodites and dogs which were female pseudohermaphrodites. Among the XY intersexes studied, one dog was a true hermaphrodite, whereas the others were male pseudohermaphrodites, all mares showed gonadal dysgenesis and one cow was a female pseudohermaphrodite....
Forms of employment and species caseload of veterinary practitioners in New Zealand. A survey by means of a postal questionnaire was undertaken to investigate the patterns of work and the need for information of veterinary practitioners in New Zealand. Of the 670 eligible veterinarians, 399 practitioners (60 per cent) participated in the survey. Of these, 38 per cent were in large animal practice (less than 20 per cent of work devoted to cats and dogs) and 31 per cent were in small animal practice (more than 80 per cent of work with cats and dogs). The remaining 31 per cent were in mixed practice, with a workload intermediate between the other two groups. Across the entire sam...
Culture of equine trophoblastic vesicles in vitro. Trophoblastic vesicles have been used to study early embryonic development and maternal recognition of pregnancy in domestic animals. The purpose of this study was to characterize the formation of trophoblastic vesicles from Day-12 to Day-16 equine conceptuses. Conceptuses (n = 19) were collected nonsurgically from mares, the capsule was removed, and the conceptus (trophoblast and inner cell mass) was dissected into 2- to 4-mm fragments. Conceptus fragments were cultured in either Ham's F10 (HF10) or Minimum Essential Media (MEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in 24-well plates. Plates were...
Epidemiology of Potomac horse fever: an investigation into the possible role of non-equine mammals. A serological study of antibodies to Ehrlichia risticii was carried out on 10 species of wild and domestic mammals found on or near 21 horse farms in an area of the USA in which Potomac horse fever is endemic. No antibodies were found in 133 peridomestic rodents (Norway rats and house mice), nor in 108 wild rodents (white-footed mice and meadow voles) captured on farms. Three of the six domestic animal species examined, cats, pigs and a goat, showed serological evidence of exposure to E risticii. Seropositive animals were detected on three of the 21 premises. The eight seropositive cats (of 48...
Retinal vascular patterns in domestic animals. In this paper a morphological study of the retinal vascular patterns in various species of domestic animals is reported. A classification of these patterns into four well-defined groups is described. In the domestic ruminants, pigs and carnivores the retina contains a compact plexus of blood vessels located in the major part of the light-sensitive portion of the retina (euangiotic or holangiotic pattern). In other domestic animals blood vessels are present only in a smaller part of the retina. In the rabbit, vessels are confined to a broad horizontal band coincident with the area of dispersion...
An intersex horse with X chromosome trisomy. An X-trisomy has been detected in an intersexuality Spanish-bred horse by using G- and C-banding methods. The external characteristics and the behavioural and physiological irregularities of the horse are described. This is the first time that an association between an X-trisomy and a case of intersexuality has been reported in any domestic animal.
Relation of intrinsic heart rate and autonomic nervous tone to resting heart rate in the young and the adult of various domestic animals. Intrinsic heart rate (IHR) and autonomic nervous tone (ANT) were measured using the young and the adult of horses, cows, pigs, goats and chickens in order to elucidate species differences in a decrease of resting heart rate (RHR) with growth or age. The IHR and ANT were estimated from the changes in heart rate after the administration of atropine and/or propranolol. The IHR in all species decreased progressively with an increase in body weight from young to adult, and moreover the ANT altered toward the direction of parasympathetic predominance by a decrease in sympathetic tone and/or an incre...
Prednisolone binding to plasma proteins in domestic species. The binding of prednisolone to total plasma proteins of dogs, horses, cows, and sheep was characterized using equilibrium dialysis. Prednisolone was bound to a first protein with high affinity but low capacity (transcortin) and to a second protein according to a nonsaturable mechanism (albumin). Interspecies differences were observed, with cows and dogs exhibiting the lowest, and sheep and horses the highest specific binding capacities. The results are in good agreement with known pharmacokinetic properties of prednisolone in domestic species.
California serogroup virus infections in Wisconsin domestic animals. A serologic survey and experimental virus transmission studies were done to assess the role of domestic animals as amplifier hosts of La Crosse (LACV) and Jamestown Canyon (JCV) viruses. Serum from 319 cows, 88 dogs, 122 equines, 47 swine, 10 goats, and 4 cats were tested for neutralizing antibody to LACV, JCV, trivittatus (TVTV), and snowshoe hare (SSHV) viruses. Antibody prevalences of LACV, TVTV, and SSHV were less than 10% in all species. Antibody to JCV was detected in all species except cats. Prevalence ranged from 10% in goats and swine to 29% in dogs. No age-associated trends in JCV pr...
Effects of some calcium modulators on monensin toxicity. Monensin is extremely toxic to some domestic animals, like the equine species, if they ingest poultry or cattle rations containing the drug. From a treatment standpoint, no specific compounds are known to alleviate or interact with monensin. Effects of some cardiovascular drugs which antagonize calcium influx in cardioskeletal and smooth muscles were evaluated in mice receiving varying lethal doses (80, 100, 120 or 140 mg/kg ip). Calcium channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem and lidocaine), a calmodulin antagonist (chlorpromazine), adrenergic receptor blockers (yohimbine, tolazoline and propr...
An outbreak of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis) in a periurban area of Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil: clinical and epidemiological studies. From July 1984 to September 1986, 105 cases of American cutaneous leishmaniasis were studied in a locality closely situated to an urbanized area of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Settlement in this area was established at least 20 years ago but the first cases were noted six months prior to the beginning of this study. Cases were almost exclusively cutaneous and ulcerated, with one to six months of evolution. Montenegro's skin tests were positive in all cases and anti-Leishmania antibodies were detected by indirect immunofluorescence test in 74.3% of the patients. Parasites were demonstra...
Biochemical and toxigenic characteristics of Aeromonas spp. isolated from diseased mammals, moribund and healthy fish. In this study we describe biochemical, toxigenic and surface characteristics of 33 motile Aeromonas isolated from diseased mammals, 3 from moribund marine mammals, 24 from healthy fish and 4 from moribund fish. Aeromonas hydrophila, A. caviae and A. sobria were isolated from both mammals and fish but at a different incidence. Aeromonas hydrophila was the predominant species isolated from clinical specimens; it was isolated from pneumonia, wound infections, septicemia and abortion in horses, cattle and pigs. Aeromonas sobria was isolated from one mammal and 11 healthy fish. Aeromonas caviae was...
Brain cholinesterase activity in animals and birds. Normal cholinesterase activity in brain tissue was measured in various mammalian and avain species. The cholinesterase activity in the cerebrum of cattle, swine, sheep and horses was approximately 2-3 umoles/min/g of tissue in each instance. The whole brain cholinesterase activity of small feral mammals was approximately 2 to 5 fold greater than the domestic animals. Considerable interspecies variability was present in the feral mammals. Similar variability was also observed in the avian brain cholinesterase determinations. The avian whole brain cholinesterase activities ranged from 9.78 to 21...
Incomplete subaortic stenotic rings in domestic animals–a newly described congenital anomaly. A newly described congenital heart anomaly, the incomplete subaortic stenotic ring was detected at necropsy in four dogs, one cat, one cow, one horse, one sheep and one pig. These structures were grossly and histologically similar to complete subaortic stenotic rings, being composed of variably dense interlacing bands and sheets of fibrous connective tissue. In all nine cases, their presence at necropsy was considered an incidental finding.
[Epidemiological study of leptospirosis in New Caledonia]. This epidemiological survey includes the study of human and animal leptospirosis in New Caledonia from clinical cases as well as a systematic serological study about exposed human and animal populations. The results show that this disease is endemic on the whole territory with a few important focuses in agricultural area, especially on the Western coast. Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae is the main serotype and is responsible for serious human leptospirosis. The male farmers constitute the most exposed population, especially from March to May, end of the host season. In order to reduce the import...
Comparative scanning electron-microscopic study of the lingual papillae in two species of domestic mammals (Equus caballus and Bos taurus). II. Mechanical papillae. The mechanical papillae of the horse and cow were studied by scanning electron microscopy in order to determine their morphostructural characteristics and the differences between the two species. The horse has only thin, small and interlaced filiform papillae, while the cow shows robust and more ordered filiform papillae. Furthermore, the cow tongue presents conical and lenticular papillae surrounded by a papillary groove. A characteristic distribution of stratified scales and channeled tracts is observed in conical and lenticular papillae but not in the filiform papillae. The morphostructural...
[Endangered domestic animal breeds in German-speaking countries. V. Horses]. Due to motorization the heavy horses, in particular draught horses and carriage horses, were deprived of their "raison d'être". At present therefore, they mostly are found in small livestocks. The past few years they regained some significance through their work in the forests, as an attraction in tourism or somewhere else. In German speaking countries approximately 15 horse breeds must be considered to be threatened in their existence. Breeding history, appearance, use and geographical distribution of 12 of them are discussed in this article.
[Frequency of the isolation of staphylococci from domestic animals and strain identification]. Staphylococci occur in donkeys more frequently than in other animals, and only from donkeys coagulase-negative staphylococci, characteristic of humans (S. hominis, S. capitis, S. cohnii), were isolated. Least frequently staphylococcal carrier state was registered in cats; in these animals only coagulase-negative strains were found to occur. From 30 donkeys coagulase-positive staphylococci belonging to 47 S. aureus strains were isolated. These strains differed from known ecological variants in their biological properties, thus suggesting the existence of S. aureus ecovar specific for donkeys. T...
Size referenced electronic leukocyte counting threshold and lysed leukocyte size distribution of common domestic animal species. Using a single channel electronic cell counter and attached particle size analyzer, leukocyte size distribution histograms were determined on canine, feline, bovine, and equine blood diluted with chloride-based diluent and treated with a conventional stromatolysin. Histograms were usually unimodal, but a few were bimodal. Mean values for mean lysed leukocyte particle volume were 49.2, 51.1, 55.4, and 65.0 fl for canine, feline, equine, and bovine blood, respectively. From inspection of histograms, a lower threshold of 30 fl referenced to latex spheres was interpreted to be appropriate for coun...
A review of the pharmacology and clinical uses of ivermectin. The avermectins were introduced in 1981 and constitute a potent new class of anthelmintic agents. They are naturally-derived products of microbial action displaying an exceptionally wide range of antiparasitic efficacy against internal and external parasites of domestic animals. This paper reviews their isolation and chemistry, mechanism of action, chemical efficacy and safety in cattle, sheep, swine, horses and dogs.
Ovarian disorders in domestic animals. The histologic appearance of the ovaries and persistence of corpora lutea vary considerably among domestic animals, particularly between spontaneous and induced ovulators. The seasonally polyestrous mare has a variety of unique characteristics in ovarian structure and general reproductive function. Among the anomalies of ovarian development is the bovine freemartin with gonads containing a mixture of male and female elements. A variety of ovarian cysts occur in domestic animals, and persistent corpora lutea with associated reproductive perturbations occur in several species. Ovarian tumors are...
