The equine endometrium is the innermost lining of the uterus in horses, playing a vital role in reproductive health and fertility. It is responsible for providing a suitable environment for embryo development and implantation. The endometrium undergoes cyclical changes during the mare's estrous cycle, influenced by hormonal fluctuations. These changes prepare the uterus for potential pregnancy and are essential for maintaining uterine health. Various conditions, such as endometritis or endometrial fibrosis, can affect the endometrium, impacting reproductive efficiency. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the structure, function, and pathological conditions of the equine endometrium, as well as their implications for equine reproduction.
Cazales N, Estradé MJ, Pereyra F, Fiala-Rechsteiner SM, Mattos RC.This study aimed to determine whether the insemination site and dose with cryopreserved sperm of reproductively normal mares affect the sperm population in uterine tubes and the intensity of endometrial inflammatory response. Experimental subjects were estrous mares inseminated, in the mid-uterine body (Body) or the tip of the uterine horn (Tip), ipsilateral to the dominant follicle, with one 0.5 mL straw with 50 × 106 sperm (50) or with eight straws with 50 × 106 sperm/straw (400). Mares were slaughtered 2 h, 4 h and 12 h after artificial insemination (AI) and randomly assigned to f...
Abdelnaby EA, Emam IA, Salem NY, Ramadan ES, Khattab MS, Farghali HA, Abd El Kader NA.This study aimed to evaluate the use of Doppler ultrasound for determining alterations in uterine thickness and uterine arteries, use of chromohysteroscopy in evaluating endometritis with biopsies, and the impact of endometritis on oxidative and hormonal status. Twenty Arabian mares were divided into control and endometritis groups. Each underwent a physical examination, Doppler ultrasound, chromoendoscopy, and uterine biopsy. Blood samples from each animal were collected for hematologic, hormonal, and oxidative analysis. Results revealed a significant increase in estradiol, malondialdehyde (M...
Miró J, Gutiérrez-Reinoso M, da Silva JA, Fernandes C, Rebordão MR, Alexandre-Pires G, Catalán J, Ferreira-Dias G.Collagen fibers and inflammatory cells are the basis for jenny endometrium Kenney and Doig's classification developed for the mare. The infiltration of a large number of eosinophils in the jenny endometrium is intriguing. Eosinophil and fibroblast produced IL33, which has been related to fibrosis development and chronicity. This work on the endometrium consisted of (i) quantification of collagen type I (COL1A2), type III (COL3A1), and IL33 transcripts; (ii) histological localization and quantification of COL1 and COL3 proteins; and (iii) eosinophil and neutrophil count and correlation with col...
H A Morris L, M McCue P, Aurich C.Endometritis in the mare begins as a normal physiological inflammatory response to breeding that involves both a mechanical and immunological response pathway activated to rid the uterus of semen and bacteria. With successful resolution of this inflammation, the mare's uterus will provide a hospitable environment for the development of the semi-allogenic conceptus. If the mare fails to resolve this inflammatory response within 48 h of breeding, she will become susceptible to persistent breeding-induced endometritis (PBIE) which will have detrimental effects on her fertility. This condition can...
Camacho Benítez A, Vasconcellos R, Lombide P, Viotti H, Pérez W, Cazales N, Cavestany D, Martin GB, Pedrana G.Heat shock proteins play a crucial role in cellular development, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) has been localised in the human endometrium, where its immunoexpression changes during the menstrual cycle. Similar studies have not been done for the equid species, so the present study aimed to describe endometrial HSP90 immunoexpression in mare endometrium. Endometrial biopsies were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded, and sections were stained with haematoxylin-eosin in preparation for HSP90 immunohistochemistry. Immunostaining and morphometric analy...
Ponthier J, de la Rebière G, Salciccia A, Deleuze S.In mares, endometrial cysts are associated with endometriosis and can cause maternal recognition failure or compromise and delay pregnancy diagnoses. Historical treatments were invasive and had adverse effects on the endometrium. Hysteroscopically guided laser therapy is easy and effective for endometrial cysts resection, with no deleterious effects for the endometrium. A 110 cm long and 1.0 cm wide endoscope is sterilely introduced in the uterus through the open cervix of an estrous mare after vulvar cleaning. The uterus is slowly infused with less than 1 L of physiologic solution and the las...
Camacho CA, Estradé MJ, Cazales N, Caballeros JE, Fiala-Rechsteiner SM, Neves AP, Mattos RC.This experiment aimed to verify if the proteins present in a 13 day conceptus induce changes in the equine endometrial ultra-structure, histology, and vascularization, two days after its infusion. Ten healthy cyclic mares were used. Once estrus was confirmed, mares were examined daily to detect ovulation (day 0). After ovulation, mares were examined daily until day seven by transrectal palpation and B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography. In this first cycle, intrauterine biopsies were collected at day seven after ovulation, constituting the Cyclic group (n = 10). In the second cycle, the same mar...
Navarrete F, Saravia F, Cisterna G, Rojas F, Silva PP, Rodríguez-Alvarez L, Rojas D, Cabezas J, Mançanares ACF, Castro FO.Horse mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are potential anti-inflammatory tools for post-breeding induced endometritis (PBIE). In this research MSCs isolated from the endometrium or subcutaneous fat of the same donors were infused iu into mares with PBIE for assessment of their anti-inflammatory action and engraftment. PBIE was induced in nine gynecologically healthy mares by iu infusion of 500 million dead sperm in saline. Inflammatory markers were analyzed in uterine lavages and biopsies immediately before (phase I) and 3 h after infusion of sperm (phase II). Measurements: polymorph nuclear cells ...
Fraser NS, Wilborn RR, Johnson AK, Braden TD, Wiley AA, Canisso IF, Bartol FF.Equine uterine development, including endometrial histogenesis, begins prenatally and is completed postnatally. Little is known about this process in the horse. Uterine tissue was acquired from 38 foals, ranging in developmental age from gestational day (GD) 300 to postnatal day (PND) 180, for assessment of endometrial histogenesis. Patterns of endometrial cell proliferation were evaluated by multispectral imaging of uterine tissue sections stained immunofluorescently for Ki-67. Labeling index (LI, % labeled cells) for Ki-67 was calculated for each endometrial cell compartment (luminal epithel...
Caissie MD, Gartley CJ, Scholtz EL, Hewson J, Johnson R, Chenier T.Persistent breeding-induced endometritis (PBIE) is a major cause of infertility in mares. Endometrial inflammation that persists until embryonic descent ultimately results in early embryonic death. A poor endometrial biopsy grade (IIb or III) has been identified as a risk factor for PBIE. Intrauterine fluid accumulation (>2 cm in depth), pathologic endometrial edema, and elevated intrauterine neutrophil levels are all clinical features of PBIE. Commonly applied treatment options include uterine lavage and oxytocin therapy. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a mucolytic used to treat bacterial endome...
Jones CJP, Aplin JD, Allen WRT, Wilsher S.From Day 6.5-7 post-conception until its loss around Day 22, the equine embryo is enclosed in a mucinous capsule that prevents direct intercellular interaction between the trophectoderm and uterine epithelium. The embryo is, however, bathed in glycoprotein-rich secretions. In this study, lectin histochemistry was used to characterise the distribution and glycan composition of uterine glycoproteins destined for secretion, and to ascertain the local effect of an embryo on glycosylation in the endometrium. Endometrial biopsies were taken from mares in estrus, on Days 5, 8, 12 and 15 of diestrus, ...
Amaral A, Fernandes C, Rebordão MR, Szóstek-Mioduchowska A, Lukasik K, Gawronska-Kozak B, Telo da Gama L, Skarzynski DJ, Ferreira-Dias G.Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) fight endometritis, and elastase (ELA), a protease found in NETs, might induce collagen type I (COL1) accumulation in equine endometrium. Metallopeptidases (MMPs) are involved in extracellular matrix balance. The aim was to evaluate the effects of ELA and sivelestat (selective elastase inhibitor) on MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and gelatinolytic activity, as well as the potential inhibitory effect of sivelestat on ELA-induced COL1 in equine endometrium. Endometrial explants from follicular (FP) and mid-luteal (MLP) phases were treated for 24 or 48 h with ELA...
Loux SC, Conley AJ, Scoggin KE, El-Sheikh Ali H, Dini P, Ball BA.Steroid production varies widely among species, with these differences becoming more pronounced during pregnancy. As a result, each species has its own distinct pattern of steroids, steroidogenic enzymes, receptors, and transporters to support its individual physiological requirements. Although the circulating steroid profile is well characterized during equine pregnancy, there is much yet to be explored regarding the factors that support steroidogenesis and steroid signaling. To obtain a holistic view of steroid-related transcripts, we sequenced chorioallantois (45 days, 4 months, 6 months, 1...
Miró J, Marín H, Catalán J, Papas M, Gacem S, Yeste M.In the donkey, artificial insemination (AI) with frozen-thawed semen is associated with low fertility rates, which could be partially augmented through adding seminal plasma (SP) and increasing sperm concentration. On the other hand, post-AI endometrial inflammation in the jenny is significantly higher than in the mare. While previous studies analyzed this response through recovering Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils (PMN) from uterine washings, successive lavages can detrimentally impact the endometrium, leading to fertility issues. For this reason, the first set of experiments in this work inten...
Szóstek-Mioduchowska AZ, Baclawska A, Rebordão MR, Ferreira-Dias G, Skarzynski DJ.An increasing number of studies have shown that prostaglandins (PGs) exert multiple regulatory actions in the processes associated to tissue remodeling and fibrosis. Extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover is mediated by matrix metallopeptidases (MMPs). The knowledge about the regulation of their expression in mare endometrium is still limited. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether: (i) profibrotic transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 modulates PG production in equine endometrium; and (ii) PGE and PGF modulate MMPs, their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs), and collagen 1 (COL1) expression...
Piotrowska-Tomala KK, Jonczyk AW, Skarzynski DJ, Szóstek-Mioduchowska AZ.Prostaglandins (PGs) play crucial roles in the regulation of the oestrus cycle and establishment of pregnancy in animals. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and ovarian steroids are involved in regulating endometrial PG production in many species. Their effects on PG production and associated pathways in the mare myometrium and endometrium are the subjects of our interest. This study aimed to evaluate the specific effects of LH and ovarian steroids on equine myometrial and endometrial tissues on (i) PGE and PGF secretion and (ii) transcription of genes encoding specific enzymes responsible for PG synthe...
Data in briefApril 25, 2020
Volume 30 105616 doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105616
Nieto-Olmedo P, Gaitskell-Phillips G, Martín-Cano FE, Ortiz-Rodríguez JM, Peña FJ, Ortega-Ferrusola C.This article provides the dataset for the use of power Doppler ultrasound to assess the equine uterus from the recent research article titled "Power Doppler can detect the presence of 7-8 days conceptuses prior to flushing in an equine embryo transfer program"(1). The vascularization of the endometrium was objectively assessed in mares by quantification of pixels in bitmap format (BMP) using computer assisted analysis of images. Fifty-two mares were examined on days 7 (26 mares) and 8 (26 mares) post-ovulation prior to performing flushing procedures for embryo recovery. Receiver operating char...
Linhares Boakari Y, El-Sheikh Ali H, Dini P, Loux S, Barbosa Fernandes C, Esteller-Vico A, Scoggin K, Lawrence L, Ball B.An intravenous large dose of protein led to an increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN), resulting in a lesser uterine pH and altered uterine gene expression in mares. The objective of the present study was to evaluate effects of a more physiological methodology to increase BUN on the endometrium of mares. Mares were fed hay and a treatment or control diet (n = 11 mares/treatment) in a crossover design starting at time of ovulation detection (D0) and continuing until D7. Mares of the treated group were fed urea (0.4 g/kg BW) with sweet feed and molasses, and those of the control group were fe...
Köhne M, Mönnig F, Papin J, Schöniger S, Tönissen A, Rohn K, Martinsson G, Schoon HA, Sieme H.The effects of standard uterine body and hysteroscopic insemination on endometrial health were investigated. For this purpose, 33 mares were assigned to five different protocols: control (no insemination; n = 7), sham AI (sham uterine body insemination; n = 6), sham HysAI (sham hysteroscopic insemination; n = 7), standard AI (standard uterine body insemination, 300 × 106 progressively motile sperms (PMS); n = 7) and HysAI (hysteroscopic insemination, 100 × 106 PMS; n = 6). Sampling included uterine swabbing for microbiological examination, cytology for determination of polymorphonucle...
Gibson C, de Ruijter-Villani M, Bauersachs S, Stout TAE.Preimplantation horse conceptuses require nutrients and signals from histotroph, the composition of which is regulated by luteal progesterone and conceptus-secreted factors. To distinguish progesterone and conceptus effects we shortened the period of endometrial progesterone-priming by asynchronous embryo transfer. Day 8 embryos were transferred to synchronous (day 8) or asynchronous (day 3) recipients, and RNA sequencing was performed on endometrium and conceptuses recovered 6 and 11 days later (embryo days 14 and 19). Asynchrony resulted in many more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ...
Schöniger S, Schoon HA.Mares are seasonally polyestric. The breeding season in spring and summer and the winter anestrus are flanked by transitional periods. Endometrial diseases are a frequent cause of subfertility and have an economic impact on the horse breeding industry. They include different forms of endometrosis, endometritis, glandular maldifferentiation, and angiosis. Except for suppurative endometritis, these are subclinical and can only be diagnosed by the microscopic examination of an endometrial biopsy. Endometrosis is characterized by periglandular fibrosis and nonsuppurative endometritis by stromal in...
Canisso IF, Segabinazzi LGTM, Fedorka CE.Post-breeding endometritis (i.e., inflammation/infection of the endometrium), is a physiological reaction taking place in the endometrium of mares within 48 hours post-breeding, aimed to clear seminal plasma, excess sperm, microorganisms, and debris from the uterine lumen in preparation for the arrival of an embryo. Mares are classified as susceptible or resistant to persistent breeding-induced endometritis (PBIE) based on their ability to clear this inflammation/infection by 48 hours post-breeding. Mares susceptible to PBIE, or those with difficulty clearing infection/inflammation, have a def...
Pinto CRF.It has been more than a hundred years that studies aiming to elucidate the processes involved in cyclicity and pregnancy pointed out the requirement of ovaries and corpora lutea for embryo survival and pregnancy establishment. For horses, luteal progesterone is essential for pregnancy only during the first trimester. This progestational support is complex among domestic animals as ovarian luteal function is further enhanced by the LH-action role of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) starting ∼ on Day 35 of pregnancy. Increased eCG secretion leads to the formation of supplementary corpora ...
Rapacz-Leonard A, Leonard M, Chmielewska-Krzesińska M, Siemieniuch M, Janowski TE.Despite their importance in mammalian reproduction, substances in the oxytocin-prostaglandins pathways have not been investigated in the horse placenta during most of pregnancy and parturition. Therefore, we quantified placental content of oxytocin (OXT), oxytocin receptor (OXTR), and prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha during days 90-240 of pregnancy (PREG), physiological parturition (PHYS), and parturition with fetal membrane retention (FMR) in heavy draft horses (PREG = 13, PHYS = 11, FMR = 10). We also quantified OXTR and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 (PTGS2) mRNA expression ...
Diel de Amorim M, Khan FA, Chenier TS, Scholtz EL, Hayes MA.The objective of this study was to evaluate the differences in the uterine flush fluid proteome between healthy mares and mares with endometritis or fibrotic endometrial degeneration (FED). Uterine flush fluid samples were collected from healthy mares (n=8; oestrus n=5 and dioestrus n=3) and mares with endometritis (n=23; oestrus n=14 and dioestrus n=9) or FED (n=7; oestrus n=6 and dioestrus n=1). Proteomic analysis was performed using label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Of 216 proteins identified during oestrus, 127 were common to all three groups, one protein was exclu...
Domino M, Jasinski T, Kautz E, Juszczuk-Kubiak E, Ferreira-Dias G, Zabielski R, Sady M, Gajewski Z.Equine endometrosis is a multifactorial chronic degenerative condition, considered to be one of a major causes of equine infertility. The formation of periglandular fibrosis seems to be linked to chronic inflammation of the mare endometrium in a paracrine way and in a response to numerous forms of inflammatory stimuli elicit the net deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) around the endometrial glands and stroma. We hypothesized some of these stimuli, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and hyaluronan synthases (HASs), may share the nuclear factor-κB (NF...
Szóstek-Mioduchowska A, Słowińska M, Pacewicz J, Skarzynski DJ, Okuda K.Equine endometrial fibrosis (endometrosis) is described as a degenerative chronic condition in the uterus. Its characteristic feature is excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components around the endometrial glands and stroma. Although matrix metallopeptidases (MMPs) that mediate ECM turnover are important factors in the process of fibrosis, knowledge of their expression and regulation in endometrosis is limited. In other species, one of the important regulators of MMPs and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) is transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. The goal of this study was to de...
Skarzynski DJ, Szóstek-Mioduchowska AZ, Rebordão MR, Jalali BM, Piotrowska-Tomala KK, Leciejewska N, Łazarczyk M, Ferreira-Dias GM.The innate and adaptive immune mechanisms are key components of regulation of reproductive physiological function and uterine disorders in equine uterus. The predominant immunological response in equine endometrium, characterized by an innate immune response, occurs under estrogens influence, in the follicular phase. Although, the increase in immune-related genes in equine endometrium during estrus has been suggested to play a role in uterine clearance after mating, immune cells and their product, i.e. cytokines play also mandatory role in the luteal development and maintenance, regression of ...
Despite being one of the major causes of infertility in mares, the mechanisms responsible for equine endometrosis are still unclear and controversial. In the last few years, many investigations focused on local immune response modulation. Since it is generally accepted that endometrial fibrosis increases with age, we hypothesize that older mares could show altered local immune modulation, initiating a pro-inflammatory and tissue remodeling cascade of events that could lead to endometrosis. The aim of this study, indeed, is to evaluate and describe the local gene expression of genes involved in...
Podico G, Canisso IF, Roady PJ, Austin SM, Carossino M, Balasuriya U, Ellerbrock RE, Lima FS, Ferreira-Dias G, Douglas RH.Pregnancy loss during the normal lifespan of endometrial cups (∼37-120-150 days of gestation) may affect a mare's ability to conceive again in the same breeding season, as equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) secretion by retained endometrial cups can lead to abnormal ovulations and follicular growth. While intrauterine kerosene infusion has anecdotally been proposed as a treatment for endometrial cup retention, there are no controlled studies evaluating kerosene's ability to enhance endometrial cup regression following abortion. The objectives of this study were to assess uterine response, s...
Klein C, Troedsson MH, Rutllant J.The expression of 12 different aquaporin subtypes in equine endometrium was examined at the mRNA and protein level. Endometrial samples were obtained during anoestrus, oestrus, 8, and 14 days after ovulation in non-pregnant mares, and 14 days after ovulation in pregnant mares. Quantitative PCR revealed a time-dependent pattern for all aquaporin subtypes examined except for AQP10 and 12. AQP3, 5 and 7 showed highest mRNA abundance 8 days after ovulation, while AQP0 and 2 were most abundant at Day 14 of the cycle in non-pregnant mares. At 14 days of pregnancy, AQP1, 4, 8, 9 and 11 displayed ...
de Mestre AM, Bacon SJ, Costa CC, Leadbeater JC, Noronha LE, Stewart F, Antczak DF.The chorionic girdle of the equine conceptus is comprised of specialized trophoblast cells which, at day 36-38 of equine pregnancy, gain an invasive phenotype and invade the endometrium to form endometrial cups. Studies of equine endometrial cups remain difficult to perform because of the invasive techniques required to obtain cup tissue and because sampling requires termination of the pregnancy. In this study we developed a system to model trophoblast differentiation and trophoblast-immune interactions in vitro and in vivo. We utilized a method of culturing chorionic girdle pieces in serum-fr...
Haneda S, Nagaoka K, Nambo Y, Kikuchi M, Nakano Y, Matsui M, Miyake Y, Macleod JN, Imakawa K.To identify factors involved in the establishment of pregnancy in the mare, endometrium was collected from day 13 (day 0=day of ovulation) cyclic and day 13, 19, and 25 pregnant animals. From initial cDNA subtraction studies, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN) mRNA was found as a candidate molecule expressed uniquely in the pregnant endometrium. Expression of IL-1RN mRNA was markedly increased in day 19 and 25 gravid endometrium. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that IL-1RN mRNA was localized to the glandular epithelium. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN) protein was fou...
Navarrete F, Saravia F, Cisterna G, Rojas F, Silva PP, Rodríguez-Alvarez L, Rojas D, Cabezas J, Mançanares ACF, Castro FO.Horse mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are potential anti-inflammatory tools for post-breeding induced endometritis (PBIE). In this research MSCs isolated from the endometrium or subcutaneous fat of the same donors were infused iu into mares with PBIE for assessment of their anti-inflammatory action and engraftment. PBIE was induced in nine gynecologically healthy mares by iu infusion of 500 million dead sperm in saline. Inflammatory markers were analyzed in uterine lavages and biopsies immediately before (phase I) and 3 h after infusion of sperm (phase II). Measurements: polymorph nuclear cells ...
Bae SE, Corcoran BM, Watson ED.Little is known about neurogenic regulation of uterine contractility in mares. The present study investigated the distribution of adrenergic and peptidergic nerves in the mare uterus. Samples from the uterine horn, body and cervix were collected from 18 cyclic mares for immunohistochemistry. The uterus was well supplied with adrenergic nerves. A large number of tyrosine hydroxylase- and dopamine beta-hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerve bundles and fibres were present in the myometrium and endometrium in all regions of the uterus and cervix. These adrenergic nerve bundles and fibres travelled para...
Enders AC, Liu IK.The structure of the equine chorionic girdle between days 28 and 42 of gestation was examined. Of particular interest were differentiation of trophoblastic cells within the girdle, adhesion between girdle and endometrium, invasion and displacement of the uterine epithelium, and the nature of the endometrium when girdle cells migrate into it to form endometrial cup cells. The chorionic girdle, identified initially as a band of tall columnar cells, becomes a stratified columnar epithelium indented by clefts and pits. Adhesion to and penetration through the endometrial luminal epithelium are rapi...
Nash D, Lane E, Herath S, Sheldon IM.Endometritis after insemination is ubiquitous in the horse and is associated with semen and/or bacteria in the uterus. In up to 40% of horses, inflammation persists causing infertility. An endometrial explant culture was developed to study uterine secretion of prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) in response to physiological and pathological challenge. Methods: Uteri were collected from mares, the endometrium dissected and explants from the uterine body or horn cultured in William's or RPMI medium. The response of explants to oxytocin, semen or bacteria compared to untreated tissue was tested...
Alpoim-Moreira J, Fernandes C, Pimenta J, Bliebernicht M, Rebordão MR, Castelo-Branco P, Szóstek-Mioduchowska A, Skarzynski DJ, Ferreira-Dias G.Endometrium type I (COL1) and III (COL3) collagen accumulation, periglandular fibrosis and mare infertility characterize endometrosis. Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) are involved in collagen turnover. Since epigenetic changes may control fibroproliferative diseases, we hypothesized that epigenetic mechanisms could modulate equine endometrosis. Epigenetic changes can be reversed and therefore extremely promising for therapeutic use. Methylation pattern analysis of a particular gene zone is used to detect epigenetic changes. DNA...
Silva ES, Scoggin KE, Canisso IF, Troedsson MH, Squires EL, Ball BA.The objective of this study was to compare expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α), β (ER-β), progesterone receptor (PR), as well as prostaglandin E2 type 2 (EP2) and 4 (EP4) receptors in the equine myometrium and endometrium during estrus, diestrus and early pregnancy. Tissues were collected during estrus, diestrus, and early pregnancy. Transcripts for ER-α (ESR1), ER-β (ESR2), PR (PGR), EP2 (PTGER2) and EP4 (PTGER4) were quantified by qPCR. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize ER-α, ER-β, PR, EP2 and EP4. Differences in transcript in endometrium and myometrium were compared ...
Wingfield Digby NJ, Ricketts SW.The results of 4024 concurrent endometrial swab and smear tests taken from maiden, barren and post-parturient mares during early oestrus, before coitus demonstrated the practical value of these tests in routine stud farm practice. The use of cytological examinations provided a more direct diagnostic test for acute endometritis and this increased the accuracy of interpretation of the bacteriological findings.
Galvão A, Valente L, Skarzynski DJ, Szóstek A, Piotrowska-Tomala K, Rebordão MR, Mateus L, Ferreira-Dias G.Regulation of immune-endocrine interactions in the equine endometrium is not fully understood. The aims of the present study were to: (1) investigate the presence of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF), interferon gamma (IFNG), Fas ligand (FASLG) and their receptors in the mare endometrium throughout the oestrous cycle; and (2) assess endometrial secretory function (prostaglandins), angiogenic activity and cell viability in response to TNF, oestradiol (E2), progesterone (P4) and oxytocin (OXT). Transcription of TNF and FASLG mRNA increased during the early and late luteal phase (LP), whereas IF...
Jasiński T, Zdrojkowski Ł, Kautz E, Juszczuk-Kubiak E, Ferreira-Dias G, Domino M.Endometrosis is an important mares' disease which considerably decreases their fertility. As classic endometrial classification methods might be insufficient for tissue pathological evaluation, further categorization into active/inactive and destructive/non-destructive types was developed by Hoffmann and others. This study aimed to compare NF-κB pathway genes transcription among histopathological types of endometrosis, following Hoffmann and co-authors' classification. Endometrial samples, collected postmortem from cyclic mares ( = 100) in estrus or diestrus, were classified histologically an...
Piotrowska-Tomala KK, Jonczyk AW, Skarzynski DJ, Szóstek-Mioduchowska AZ.Prostaglandins (PGs) play crucial roles in the regulation of the oestrus cycle and establishment of pregnancy in animals. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and ovarian steroids are involved in regulating endometrial PG production in many species. Their effects on PG production and associated pathways in the mare myometrium and endometrium are the subjects of our interest. This study aimed to evaluate the specific effects of LH and ovarian steroids on equine myometrial and endometrial tissues on (i) PGE and PGF secretion and (ii) transcription of genes encoding specific enzymes responsible for PG synthe...
Lennard SN, Gerstenberg C, Allen WR, Stewart F.Northern blot and in situ hybridization techniques have demonstrated a marked increase in mRNA encoding epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the endometrium of mares, coincident with the start of interdigitation between the allantochorion and endometrium during placentation. In the present study, the unusually high EGF expression in the epithelium of the endometrial glands was shown to be maintained until at least day 250 of gestation (term = 320-340 days) in mares carrying normal horse conceptuses. However, in mares carrying failing donkey-in-horse pregnancies created by embryo transfer, EGF expr...
Atli MO, Kurar E, Kayis SA, Aslan S, Semacan A, Celik S, Guzeloglu A.The aim was to evaluate expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (PTG), Prostaglandin H Synthase-1 (PTGS1) and PTGS2, PGF synthase (PTGFS), and PGE synthase (PTGES), PGF receptor (PTGFR), PGE receptors (PTGER2 and PTGER4), prostaglandin transporter (SLCO2A1) and hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase-15 (HPGD). Endometrial biopsies were obtained from mares on day of ovulation (d0, n=4), late diestrus (LD, n=4), early luteolysis (EL, n=4) and after luteolysis (AL, n=4) during the cycle. Stages of the cycle were confirmed by plasma progesterone concentrations measured daily...
Reilas T, Rivera Del Alamo MM, Liepina E, Yeste M, Katila T.Cervical patency is considered to be important for uterine drainage after mating or artificial insemination (AI), and failure to relax or premature tightening of the cervix can lead to persistent endometritis. This study investigated the hypothesis that cervical occlusion after AI increases accumulation of fluid, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), and cytokines in the uterine lumen. Endometrial swabs were obtained from 29 normal cyclic mares during the first, third, and fifth estrus and biopsies during the first and fifth estrus. All mares were inseminated during the second and fourth estrus...
Starbuck GR, Stout TA, Lamming GE, Allen WR, Flint AP.Circulating concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin F2 alpha (PGFM) were measured before and after administration of oxytocin and after endometrial biopsy, with or without uterine flushing performed per vaginam, on days 10, 14 and 18 after ovulation in nine pregnant and nine cyclic mares. Concentrations of oxytocin receptor were measured in endometrial biopsy samples. Neither pregnancy status nor time after ovulation affected basal PGFM concentrations. PGFM concentrations were increased after oxytocin administration on each of the days studied in cyclic mares; on day 14 the mean r...
Doig PA, McKnight JD, Miller RB.The results of a study on endometrial biopsies obtained from 700 infertile mares are reported. Infiltrative endometritis was present in 51% consisting of a combination of an acute and chronic cellular response in 6%, mild chronic infiltrations in 35% and moderate to severe chronic infiltrations in 10%. Demonstrable endometrial fibrosis was found in 88% of the mares with the majority having mild (51%) or moderate (35%) changes. The age of the mares and the average number of years barren gradually increased with the severity of endometrial fibrosis, as did the combined incidence of fetal loss (e...
Grünig G, Triplett L, Canady LK, Allen WR, Antczak DF.Invading trophoblasts form endometrial cups in the endometrium of the pregnant mare. In the present study we characterized the maternal leucocyte response to endometrial cups from their formation to their regression. The maternal leucocyte response was correlated with the stages of trophoblast development. (1) Aggregates of CD4+ and CD8+ cells were present between the migrating and differentiating endometrial cup trophoblasts and surrounding the forming endometrial cups. (2) Numbers of CD4+ cells within the mature endometrial cups were much reduced. At the periphery of the endometrial cups CD4...
Arai KY, Tanaka Y, Taniyama H, Tsunoda N, Nambo Y, Nagamine N, Watanabe G, Taya K.In this study, the expression patterns of inhibins, activins, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and steroidogenic enzymes in equine placentae recovered during the latter two-thirds of gestation were examined. Concentrations of inhibin A and inhibin pro-alphaC in endometrial and fetal placental tissue homogenates were very low during the period examined, whereas these tissues contained high concentrations of activin A. In both maternal endometrial and fetal placental tissues, activin A levels decreased as pregnancy progressed. Expression of inhibin alpha-subunit was not observed in the place...
Nocera FP, D'Eletto E, Ambrosio M, Fiorito F, Pagnini U, De Martino L.Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus), is a β-hemolytic Streptococcus belonging to the Lancefield group C; it is a rare human pathogen, but in horses, it is frequently associated with endometritis. This study aimed to isolate S. zooepidemicus strains, associated with bacterial endometritis in mares, and to define their antimicrobial resistance profile. Twenty-three isolates were recovered from one hundred ninety-six equine uterine swabs (11.7%). Bacterial identification was carried out by Api 20 Strep and confirmed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of fl...
Ferris RA.Infectious endometritis is among the leading causes of subfertility in the mare. However, the best way to reliably diagnose these cases of infectious endometritis can be confusing to the veterinary practitioner. The goal of this article is to describe how to perform various sample collection techniques, what analyses can be performed on these samples, and how to interpret the results of these analysis. Additionally, future technologies will be presented that are not currently used in equine reproduction practice.
Lennard SN, Stewart F, Allen WR.In situ hybridization, Northern blotting, and immunohistochemical techniques were used to study the expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1) in the endometrium of the mare during the first 150 days of pregnancy (term = 330-340 days). In situ hybridization using an oligonucleotide (45mer) probe, based on a homologous region within all known mammalian TGF beta 1 DNA sequences, demonstrated TGF beta 1 mRNA accumulation in the glandular and lumenal epithelial cells of the endometrium from day 33 onwards which corresponds to the time of implantation (day 33-45). Expression in th...
Card C.Endometritis has been reported to be the third most common medical condition of horses. Timely diagnosis and treatment of endometritis in mares increases the chance of pregnancy. Exfoliative endometrial cytology is often used as a clinical tool to evaluate endometrial inflammation through detection of neutrophils. There is a lack of information on the time frame for changes in endometrial cytologic parameters following breeding. The main objectives of this article are to use current information to describe systematic analysis of endometrial cytology using standardized methods for sample collec...
Hoppen HO.Chorionic gonadotrophins seem to be unique for primate and equid species. Unlike primates, the equine conceptus does not implant in the maternal uterine endometrium until around day 37 of pregnancy. At this time specialized cells of the trophoblast, organized in the embryonic girdle, invade the endometrium and become established in the endometrial stroma, forming the so-called endometrial cups. This migration of girdle cells is accompanied by their morphological transformation into large decidual-like cells and by the appearance of a gonadotrophic hormone in the mare's blood. There is convinci...
Haneda S, Nagaoka K, Nambo Y, Kikuchi M, Nakano Y, Li J, Matsui M, Miyake YI, Imakawa K.From previous cDNA subtraction studies analyzing gene expression in equine endometrium, high lipocalin 2 (LCN2) mRNA expression was found in the gravid endometrium. In the uterus, LCN2 may transport hydrophobic molecules and siderophores with iron, or may form a complex with another protein, however, the expression of uterine LCN2 beyond day 20 of equine pregnancy and its receptor has not been characterized. To study the expression and potential roles of uterine LCN2 from pre-implantation to mid-gestation period, stage-specific endometrial samples were obtained from day 13 (day 0 = ovulation) ...
Ricketts SW, Alonso S.Paired endometrial biopsy samples were taken from 530 subfertile mares, before and after treatment (where indicated) and a period of sexual rest. Prognoses were made after each biopsy (Categories 1A-4A before treatment and Categories 1B-4B after treatment), using histopathological criteria similar to those described by Kenney and Doig (1986). Eighty-seven per cent of the mares were assigned to first biopsy prognosis Category 3A. The second biopsy prognosis produced a more even population distribution (10, 47, 40 and 3 per cent respectively for Category 1B, 2B, 3B and 4B mares). First biopsy Ca...
Stout TA, Lamming GE, Allen WR.Recent evidence indicates that, in mares, as in the domestic ruminants, oxytocin and its endometrial receptor play important roles in stimulating the pulsatile releases of prostaglandin F2 alpha from the endometrium that effect luteolysis. In the present experiment, continuous administration of oxytocin by subcutaneous minipump to five mares during days 8-20 after ovulation abolished luteolysis in four of them, while all four of the control mares infused similarly with saline underwent luteolysis at the expected time. When oxytocin administration began on day 10, instead of on day 8, after ovu...
Kolm G, Klein D, Knapp E, Watanabe K, Walter I.Lactoferrin (LF) is an estrogen-regulated glycoprotein with well-described antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties. The present study is the first report on LF expression in horse endometrial specimens. Mares chosen for the study were either resistant or susceptible for persisting mating-induced endometritis (PMIE) during the natural ovulatory cycle and in early pregnancy. Our investigations included immunostaining for LF protein and CD18, a leukocyte marker, as neutrophils are a possible source for LF in the endometrium. Quantification of LF mRNA was performed by use of real-time RT-PCR...
