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Topic:Equine Diseases
Equine diseases encompass a wide range of health conditions that can affect horses, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic conditions. These diseases can impact the overall health, performance, and well-being of horses. Common equine diseases include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. Diagnosis and management of these diseases often require a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and appropriate treatment strategies. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for various equine diseases, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers in the field.
An in vitro biomechanical investigation of the mechanical properties of dynamic compression plated osteotomized adult equine tibiae. To determine the monotonic mechanical properties of osteotomized adult equine tibiae stabilized with two dynamic compression plates (DCP) and to compare the mechanical properties with those of intact tibiae and in vivo loads. Methods: The compressive, bending, and torsional mechanical properties of plated and intact tibiae were assessed in vitro. Methods: Twelve pairs of adult equine tibiae. Methods: Tibiae were loaded in axial compression, craniocaudal 3-point bending, or torsion in external rotation in a single cycle to failure. Mechanical properties were determined from load-displacement da...
Oxidative energy metabolism in equine tendon cells. Hypoxia has been suggested as a possible cause of tissue degeneration and subsequent rupture in equine tendons. To determine whether low oxygen tension is likely to be detrimental to tendon cell function, experiments were designed to investigate oxidative energy metabolism in freshly isolated and cultured equine tendon cells. Freshly isolated tenocytes and cultured fibroblasts possessed activities of the mitochondrial enzyme citrate synthase similar to those of other mammalian cells, with well defined oxidative metabolism. D-[6(-14)C]-glucose oxidation was measurable in both freshly isolated a...
Nested polymerase chain reaction for detection of Ehrlichia risticii genomic DNA in infected horses. A nested polymerase chain reaction was developed for amplifying a 529-bp segment of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of Ehrlichia risticii from equine buffy coat cells. Confirmation of identity of the amplified bands was accomplished by Southern hybridization and DNA sequencing. The study indicated a detection limit of > 10 copies of the target gene, and specificity for E. risticii as based on a panel of test rickettsiae. Ticks (Ixodes pacificus) collected in an area of northern California enzootic for equine monocytic ehrlichiosis were found to be negative for E. risticii DNA.
Placental localization of relaxin in the pregnant mare. In situ hybridization employing a cRNA probe derived from a 428-bp fragment of equine relaxin was used to localize relaxin mRNA, and immunocytochemistry was used to localize relaxin itself, in tissues of the placenta-endometrium interface recovered between 33 and 153 days of gestation from mares carrying intraspecific horse, interspecific mule and extraspecific donkey conceptuses. Immunocytochemical staining was also used to localize trophoblast-specific and class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on some specimens. Relaxin mRNA and relaxin were both present in the single-cell ...
Methods for the isolation, culture and characterisation of equine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Equine endothelial cells were isolated from the pulmonary artery by enzymatic digestion and grown to confluency. The cells were characterised by positive immunofluorescent staining for von Willebrand factor and NADPH-diaphorase staining for nitric oxide synthase. Measurements of endothelins indicated that there were significant release rates from the cells for up to six hours. Measurements of intracellular calcium concentration showed that the application of bradykinin caused a transient increase in calcium concentration with similar characteristics to those observed in other endothelial cell ...
Nitric oxide production by equine articular cells in vitro. Recent research in several species has suggested nitric oxide (NO) as a mediator of articular cartilage damage and an inhibitor of cartilage matrix neosynthesis. This study investigated NO production by cultured equine articular chondrocytes in response to 2 arthritogenic molecules, namely lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), and compared NO production by cultured equine synoviocytes stimulated with LPS. Synoviocytes exhibited a low basal level of NO synthesis (measured as nitrite, a NO metabolite) that was neither significantly increased nor decreased by exposure to LP...
Genetic markers in standardbred trotters susceptible to the rhabdomyolysis syndrome. The equine rhabdomyolysis syndrome (RHA) is believed to be multifactorial in origin; and could be caused by an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. In order to analyse its genetic background an association study was undertaken. Two sample groups of Standardbreds (Stb) which had suffered from RHA were compared to the total population of Swedish Standardbred trotters using recorded polymorphic genetic markers. The results showed that gene frequencies for several markers in the RHA groups differed significantly from those estimated for the total population. A rhabdomyolysis risk...
Inflammatory markers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of standardbred racehorses with inflammatory airway disease: response to interferon-alpha. Protein and eicosanoid concentrations and procoagulant activity were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from 32 Standardbred racehorses with inflammatory airway disease (IAD) and 6 control horses. Total protein, albumin and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations were high (P < 0.05) in the BALF from horses with IAD, a finding consistent with exudation of plasma protein into the airway. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentrations also were increased (P < 0.05) which may signify local immunoglobulin production. Difference was not detected in prostaglandin E2 and 6-ketoprostaglandin...
Antibody directed against plasma membrane components of equine spermatozoa inhibits adhesion of spermatozoa to oviduct epithelial cells in vitro. Before fertilization, equine spermatozoa adhere to oviduct epithelial cells (OEC) of the mare. The biochemical basis for this adhesion has not been determined. Our objective was to produce an antiserum to block this interaction. Ejaculated spermatozoa were subjected to nitrogen cavitation and spermatozoal plasma membranes enriched by sucrose density gradient centrifugation; membrane enrichment was confirmed by comparative alkaline phosphatase analysis, electron microscopy, and one- and two-dimensional PAGE. Periacrosomal plasma membrane was used as an immunogen for the production of an antiser...
Failure to establish chronic infection of the reproductive tract of the male horse with a South African asinine strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV). Eight sexually mature horse stallions were inoculated intranasally with a South African asinine strain of EAV, a strain that was isolated from the semen of a donkey carrier. All horses developed fever, with maximum rectal temperatures of 38.9-39.9 degrees C recorded 3-6 d post challenge. Six horses showed very mild clinical signs of equine viral arteritis and two were asymptomatic. The virus was recovered from the nasopharynxes of six horses 2-7 d after inoculation, and from buffy-coat samples of all horses, 2-11 d after inoculation. Seroconversion to EAV was detected on days 8 and 10 and peak...
Amantadine and equine influenza: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and neurological effects in the horse. Amantadine is an antiviral agent effective against influenza A viruses. We investigated 1) the antiviral efficacy, 2) analytical detection, 3) bioavailability and disposition, 4) pharmacokinetic modelling and 5) adverse reactions of amantadine in the horse. In vitro, amantadine and its derivative rimantadine suppressed the replication of recent isolates of equine-2 influenza virus with effective doses (EDs) of less than 30 ng/ml. Rimantadine was more effective than amantadine against most viral isolates; we suggest a minimum plasma concentration of 300 ng/ml of amantadine for therapeutic effic...
Effects of anesthesia of the palmar digital nerves on kinematic gait analysis in horses with and without navicular disease. To determine the effect of local anesthesia of the palmar digital nerves on forelimb kinematics in Quarter Horses with and without navicular disease. Methods: 12 adult Quarter Horses; 5 clinically normal (sound) and 7 with navicular disease. Methods: Kinematic measurements were made on adult horses trotting on a treadmill, before and after palmar digital nerve block (PDNB). Twenty-three displacement, joint angle, and temporal gait measurements of the right forelimb and head were made for 5 strides in each horse. Initial (before local anesthesia) right forelimb measurements were obtained after ...
Pregnancies from imipramine and xylazine-induced ex copula ejaculation in a disabled stallion. Breeding or semen collection was attempted using: natural cover, manual stimulation, artificial vagina, pharmacologic induction of ejaculation, and electroejaculation. Sperm cells were recovered from the ductus deferens and epididymides post mortem. Only semen collected ex copula by imipramine and xylazine treatment resulted in conceptions (4/5). This is the first report of pregnancies in horses from ex copula semen collection.
Oxidant injury, nitric oxide and pulmonary vascular function: implications for the exercising horse. The athletic ability of the horse is facilitated by vital physiological adaptations to high-intensity exercise, including a thin (but strong) pulmonary blood-gas barrier, a large pulmonary functional reserve capacity and a consequent maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) far higher than in other species. A high pulmonary artery pressure also serves to enhance pulmonary function, although stress failure of lung capillaries at high pulmonary transmural pressures, and the contribution of other factors which act in the exercising horse to increase pulmonary vascular tone, may lead to pathological or path...
Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain of normal neonatal foals. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on the brain of 5 normal, anesthetized, neonatal (age 3-to-6 days) Quarter Horse foals. The objectives of the study were to develop a technique for imaging the brain of neonatal foals, and to ascertain their normal brain anatomy. Intravenous propofol was administered for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. Using spin echo MR techniques, T1 weighted sagittal and transverse views, and spin density and T2 weighted transverse views were successfully made of each foal. MR images provided excellent visualization of many anatomic structures ...
The effect of doxapram-induced hyperventilation on respiratory mechanics in horses. To investigate the influence of increased respiratory frequency on respiratory mechanics in the horse, measurements were made in two groups of seven tracheostomized horses before and after the administration of doxapram. The horses in group I had normal base line values for respiratory mechanics, whereas the horses in group II had significantly lower values of dynamic compliance (Cdyn), higher respiratory resistance (R), and a higher total change in pleural pressure (delta P). The administration of 0.3 mg kg-1 doxapram intravenously resulted in a significant increase in respiratory frequency (...
In vitro cultivation of Babesia equi: detection of carrier animals and isolation of parasites. By means of an in vitro culture technique, 75 samples of horse blood were examined for Babesia equi, a causative agent of equine piroplasmosis. At the time of culture initiation, 15 samples were microscopically positive for B. equi, and this was subsequently confirmed by culture diagnosis. Sixty samples showed no parasites in Giemsa-stained thin blood smears. However, after the culturing process, parasites were found in blood smears of 36 of these samples. The sensitivity of the in vitro culture method was such that 2.5 microliters (1/40 of the usual volume used for the above-mentioned samples...
[How to manage a rectal lesion in horses in clinical practice]. The most feared complication after a rectal examination of horses and ponies is to cause a tear of all the layers in the intraperitoneal part of the rectum. The description of the anatomy is an attempt to explain that the rectal tear is mostly located in the dorsal or dorsolateral part of the rectum. This article describes a relatively simple suture technique for the rectal tear by using the needle of Deschamp which is modified by Professor B. Huskamp. Furthermore there is a description of this method as treatment of two horses in practice circumstances. The issue whether causing a rectal tear...
Removal of a nasal polyp in a standing horse. Diagnosis and removal of a nasal polyp in a horse using standing chemical restraint and readily available equipment are described. Histopathology of the polyp and differential diagnoses are discussed.
Artifactual nonlinearity due to wear grooves and friction in four-point bending experiments of cortical bone. Experiments and analyses were performed to determine the cause of a nonlinear force-deflection response observed in four-point flexural fatigue of beams of cortical bone machined from the mid-diaphysis of the equine third metacarpus. Observable grooves which formed on the beam surface at supports and load noses were found to be the primary cause of the nonlinearity. An additional geometric nonlinearity at large deflections revealed by finite element modeling may be minimized by using the smallest diameter supports and load noses recommended in ASTM 790. However, frictional constraint of the be...
Experimental induction of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in horses using Sarcocystis sp. sporocysts from the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Sarcocystis sp. sporocysts isolated from eight feral opossums (Didelphis virginiana) were pooled and fed to 18 commercially reared budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus), 14 wild-caught sparrows (Passer domesticus), one wild-caught slate-colored Junco (Junco hyemalis) and five weanling horses (Equus caballus). All budgerigars died within 5 weeks post inoculation (wpi). Histologic examination revealed meronts within the pulmonary epithelia and typical Sarcocystis falcatula sarcocysts developing in the leg muscles. Sparrows were euthanized 13 and 17 wpi and their carcasses were fed to four labora...
The Michigan equine monitoring system. II. Frequencies and impact of selected health problems. A prospective study was designed to document the frequencies of equine health problems in the state of Michigan, USA. A total of 2469 horses from a random sample of 138 equine operations were monitored in the study in two 12-month periods: 1992-1993 and 1993-1994. All the major breeds of horses in the state were proportionately represented in the sample. Using weighted annual incidence densities as measures of disease frequencies, the 10 most frequently observed groups of health problems were (from most to least frequent) leg lameness, dermatological problems, respiratory problems, hoof and fo...
Intra-abdominal testicular torsion in a horse without signs of colic. A 5-year-old Quarter Horse stallion was admitted for cryptorchidectomy. Abnormalities were not found on physical examination, except for an undescended left testis. Cryptorchidectomy was performed, using an inguinal approach. The tail of the epididymis was in the inguinal canal, and the testis was adjacent to the internal inguinal ring. The testis was dark reddish purple to black, resulting from torsion at the level of the body of the epididymis. On histologic examination, the left testis was necrotic, except for the tunica albuginea and tunica vaginalis visceralis covering the testis. Intra-a...
Quantitative ionspray liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric determination of reserpine in equine plasma. A method based on ionspray liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was developed for the determination of reserpine in equine plasma. A comparison was made of the isolation of reserpine from plasma by liquid-liquid extraction and by solid-phase extraction. A structural analog, rescinnamine, was used as the internal standard. The reconstituted extracts were analyzed by ionspray LC/MS/MS in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The calibration graph for reserpine extracted from equine plasma obtained using liquid-liquid extraction was linear from 10 to 5000 pg ml-1 and t...
Subjecting horse spermatozoa to hypoosmotic incubation: effects of ouabain. Although hypoosmotic tests are widely used to assess spermatozoal quality in different species, they have not been used extensively in the stallion. Moreover, the role of the Na (+)K (+), ouabain sensitive-ATP-ase in the response of equine sperm to hypoosmotic shock is not well understood. This study tests two hypotheses: 1) that equine spermatozoa will respond to a hypoosmotic medium by swelling of the tail, and 2) that addition of ouabain will increase the percentage of swollen sperm tails. Ejaculates from 3 stallions were collected with an artificial vagina and diluted in Kenney's medium (T...
