Equine diseases encompass a wide range of health conditions that can affect horses, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic conditions. These diseases can impact the overall health, performance, and well-being of horses. Common equine diseases include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. Diagnosis and management of these diseases often require a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and appropriate treatment strategies. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for various equine diseases, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers in the field.
Hoffman DW, Colvin RA, Garcia-Blanco MA, White SW.A 25-nucleotide RNA with the sequence of the trans-activation response (TAR) element of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) was analyzed by biochemical methods and by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. NMR, nuclease probing, and polyacrylamide gel migration rates show that the RNA consists of an A-helical stem capped by two non-Watson-Crick U-G base pairs and a compact four-nucleotide loop. The loop is stabilized by base stacking, with loop nucleotides C12 and C15 stacked upon U11 and G16, respectively. Near the 5' end of the molecule, the stem contains a bulge at nucleotide C2, most...
Henry JS, Lance VA, Conlon JM.Within the order Perissodactyla, the primary structure of insulin has been strongly conserved. Insulin from Przewalski's horse and the mountain zebra (suborder Hippomorpha) is the same as that from the domestic horse and differs from insulin from the white rhinoceros and mountain tapir (suborder Ceratomorpha) by a single substitution (Gly-->Ser) at position 9 in the A-chain. A second molecular form of Przewalski's horse insulin isolated in this study was shown to represent the gamma-ethyl ester of the Glu17 residue of the A-chain. This component was probably formed during the extraction of the...
Arrighi S, Romanello MG, Domeneghini C.The ultrastructure of the epithelial lining of the ductuli efferents and the ductus epididymis in the horse (Equus caballus) is described. Several types of cells can be distinguished: ciliated and non-ciliated cells make up the epithelium of the ductuli efferents, whereas principal, apical and basal cells are found in the ductus epididymis. The observations are compared with those made in other species, in particular in the donkey (Equus asinus), and the possible functional roles of the different cell types are discussed.
Witte ST, Will LA, Olsen CR, Kinker JA, Miller-Graber P.Chronic selenosis (alkali disease) was diagnosed in horses of western Iowa, a region associated with marginal to adequate soil selenium. Two locally produced alfalfa hays (Medicago sativa L) were identified as the primary source. Difficulty in selecting diagnostic specimens to evaluate potential chronic selenosis cases is complicated by the wide range of tissue concentrations reported in previous cases, conflicting correlation of sample selenium concentrations in the literature, and different recommendations on specimen selection and diagnostic value. These problems arise form the similarity i...
Rode HJ, Janssen W, Rösen-Wolff A, Bugert JJ, Thein P, Becker Y, Darai G.A gene was identified within the DNA sequences of the EcoRI DNA fragment N (4.3 kbp) of the genome of equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) coding for a protein (179 amino acid residues) homologous to the cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (CSIF; interleukin 10) of the human and mouse, and to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) protein BCRF1. This finding is further significant evidence that the interleukin 10 (IL-10) and/or IL-10-like gene can indeed be present in the genomes of members of the herpesviral family.
Auer DE, Ng JC, Seawright AA.Free radical oxidation products, namely conjugated dienes, ultraviolet fluorescence (excitation 325 nm, emission 395 nm) and visible fluorescence (excitation 360 nm, emission 460 nm) were measured in equine synovial fluid exposed to free radicals in vitro and in the plasma and synovial fluids of horses with synovial effusions. The synovial effusions were induced by intra-articularly administered carrageenin (0.3 ml, 1%), which rarely resulted in clinical lameness. The free radicals were generated in vitro by mixtures of iron and ethylene diamine tetra acetate (Fe/EDTA) or mixtures of hypoxanth...
Ruggles AJ, Freeman DE, Acland HM, FitzSimmons M.In 6 anesthetized ponies, 3 segments of jejunum and 3 segments of small colon were isolated from the peritoneal cavity in plastic bags filled with Hanks' balanced salt solution. One jejunal and 1 small colon segment were subjected to venous strangulation obstruction for 3 hours (VSO-3), venous strangulation obstruction for 6 hours (VSO-6), or a 6-hour sham procedure to control for changes induced by isolation in a plastic bag. Additional segments of jejunum and colon that were not placed in bags served as controls for histologic examination and collagenase measurements. Samples of fluid surrou...
Goto H, Yamamoto Y, Ohta C, Shirahata T, Higuchi T, Ohishi H.A total of 305 horse sera collected in the Hidaka district of Hokkaido in the years 1988-90 were tested for the presence of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies to A/equine/Newmarket/1/77 (H7N7), A/equine/Tokyo/2/71 (H3N8) and A/equine/Kentucky/1/81 (H3N8, Kentucky) strains of equine influenza (EI) virus. Antibodies to the 3 strains were detected in hardly of the 45 sera from 2-years-old horses which were collected before vaccination. Many of the 51 horses, after vaccination with inactivated EI virus, had HI antibodies to the 3 strains in 37 to 88 per cent. However, the number of positi...
Orino K, Saji M, Ozaki Y, Ohya T, Yamamoto S, Watanabe K.The effects of horse serum on the immunoassay of horse ferritin were investigated using two sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) systems. In System A, affinity-purified antibody to horse spleen ferritin and its conjugate with alkaline phosphatase were used as the first and second antibodies, respectively. In System B, whole antiserum and its conjugate with the enzyme were used. The recoveries of horse spleen ferritin added to horse sera were very low in either system (50-71% in System A; 42-79% in System B). However, heat treatment of the sera at 75 degrees C for 15 min improved ...
Beisel CE, Edwards JF, Dunn LL, Rice NR.Transcription of pathogenic equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) in an acutely infected horse was examined by using the polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing. Four spliced transcripts were identified in liver tissue, in contrast to the multiplicity of alternatively spliced messages reported for in vitro-propagated human immunodeficiency virus, simian immunodeficiency virus, and, to a lesser extent, EIAV. Nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrated that three of these mRNAs encode known viral proteins: the envelope precursor, the product of the S2 open reading frame, and the regula...
Uhlenbruck F, Sinowatz F, Amselgruber W, Kirchhoff C, Ivell R.cDNA probes derived from genes expressed specifically in the human epididymis were used to examine gene expression in the epididymides of boar, bull and stallion by Northern hybridization. Two probes for the HE1 and HE4 gene products were found to recognize tissue-specific transcripts in all three species, with a regionally differential distribution within the epididymis. Additionally, antibodies recognizing the HE4 protein were shown to react specifically in the epididymis of the boar and bull. An extensive study of the boar showed that, whereas mRNA for the HE1-homologue was up-regulated mar...
Simmons TR, Cook JA, Moore JN, Halushka PV.Thromboxane (TX) A2 has been implicated as an important pathophysiologic mediator of a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Monocytes synthesize TXA2 and it modulates their function. This study sought to characterize monocyte TXA2 receptors. Radioligand binding studies were performed on membranes prepared from equine peripheral blood monocytes using [125I]BOP, a TXA2 receptor agonist. [125I]BOP bound to a single class of binding sites (Kd = 1.0 +/- 0.3 nM and Bmax = 389 +/- 191 fmol/mg protein; n = 5). Several TXA2 receptor agonists and antagonists competed for binding with [125I]BOP. I-BOP pro...
Williams DL, Barnett KC.A thoroughbred colt had bilateral but unequal microphthalmos together with microcornea, abnormalities of the iris and lens and posterior segment colobomas. The case is compared with other reports of microphthalmos and coloboma in horses.
Gerros TC, McGuirk SM, Biller DS, Stone WC, Ryan J.Cholelithiasis is the most common cause of biliary obstruction in horses. Proposed mechanisms include ascariasis, biliary stasis, ascending biliary infection, and changes in bile composition. In this horse, a foreign body acted as the nidus for bile-salt deposition and ascending cholangitis. Clinical signs (intermittent abdominal pain, icterus, and pyrexia) in conjunction with high serum activity of enzymes indicative of obstructive biliary disease led to a tentative diagnosis of cholelithiasis. Ultrasonography was used to confirm the diagnosis. Postmortem examination revealed a 7-cm wooden st...
Smith PL, Bousfield GR, Kumar S, Fiete D, Baenziger JU.Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and lutropin (eLH) are heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones which are synthesized in the placenta and pituitary, respectively. The beta subunits of eCG and eLH, like their alpha subunits, arise from a single gene and have identical amino acid sequences. In contrast, the beta subunits of CG and LH in primates arise from different genes and differ in sequence. We have examined the structures of the Asn-linked oligosaccharides on eCG and eLH. eCG bears di- and tri-branched Asn-linked oligosaccharides terminating with Sia alpha 2,3 or 6Gal beta 1,4GlcNAc. In cont...
Wilke K, Weimann M, Jung M, Geldermann H.10 different oligonucleotide probes were evaluated for DNA fingerprinting in horses. Five probes were able to detect polymorphic bands. The probes (GT)(8) , (GTG)(5) and (GGAT)(4) are most informative for individual identification and were used to analyze a population of Hannoveranian horses. The probability that two individuals have the same DNA fingerprint pattern is 1.2 × 10(-8) , 5.2 × 10(-10) and 1.5 × 10(-7) respectively. Using a combination of the three probes, paternity tests were performed with exclusion probabilities between 0.08% and 4%. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Oligonukleotide-Sonden fÃ...
Zamos DT, Ford TS, Cohen ND, Crossland LE.Two mares developed segmental ischemic necrosis of the small intestine after parturition. In one mare, the mesentery of the small intestine apparently tore during parturition, after which necrosis developed in a 52-cm segment of the distal portion of jejunum. In the other mare, a 52-cm segment of the proximal portion of ileum tore during parturition. Three weeks later, a 40-cm segment of the distal portion of jejunum became incarcerated in the mesenteric rent and twisted 360 degrees on its mesentery. Both mares recovered after resection of affected intestine and are functioning as broodmares.
Rodriguez M, Hooghuis H, Castaño M.African horse sickness (AHS) is an infectious, non-contagious, highly fatal viral disease of Equidae, transmitted by arthropod vectors of the genus Culicoides, and endemic in Africa south and east of the Sahara. The disease is caused by a virus of the Reoviridae family, genus Orbivirus, and 9 serotypes have been recognized. Recent outbreaks of AHS in the Iberian peninsula and Northern Africa emphasize the need for accurate diagnosis and rapid implementation of control measures. In this paper, the epizootiological factors, clinical signs and necropsy findings of AHS are discussed, and an update...
Lunn DP.Monoclonal antibody technology has allowed the recognition and study of numerous leucocyte antigens in man and laboratory animals for over a decade. Numerous advances in the understanding of immune responses and immunopathology have resulted. In recent years equine researchers have started to develop similar reagents, which now offer a powerful tool to investigators of equine immunology and disease.
Wijnker JJ, Bull S, Van Dijk P, Veenman JN, Rutten VP, Klein WR, Fink-Gremmels J.The detrimental effects of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha during equine acute abdominal disease are well known. Its pivotal role in many human diseases has led to various in-depth studies regarding its release mechanism, in particular by TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE). In this study we investigated the inhibitory effect of a TACE-inhibitor on cytokine release (TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha and IL-6) in three different cell models, including U937 cells, a recently established equine macrophage cell line, known as eCAS, and primary equine PBMC. The aim was to show the similarity of TNF-alpha...
Kwok WH, Leung DK, Leung GN, Wan TS, Wong CH, Wong JK.A rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method was developed for the simultaneous screening of 19 drugs of different classes in equine plasma using automated on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Plasma samples were first protein precipitated using acetonitrile. After centrifugation, the supernatant was directly injected into the on-line SPE system and analysed by a triple quadrupole LC-MS-MS in positive electrospray ionisation (+ESI) mode with selected reaction monitoring (SRM) scan function. On-line extraction and c...
Liuti T, Daniel CR, Dixon PM, Reardon RJM.Cheek teeth (second through fourth premolars and first through third molars) diastema is a common and painful equine disorder caused by the absence of effective tight interdental contact between these teeth. Limited objective information is available on the angulation of equine cheek teeth that control dental drift or on mesial or distal equine cheek teeth drift that should normally prevent this disorder. Objective: To measure the angulation of the mesial and distal cheek teeth in horses of different ages, quantify age-related cheek teeth mesial and distal dental drift, and measure the cheek t...
Liu IK, Pascoe DR, Chang LW, Zee YC.Serum antibody concentrations against influenza A-equi-1 virus and A-equi-2 virus were measured in a group of 18 foals from birth to 4 months of age. More than 50% of the foals were seronegative to A-equi-1 virus infection by 4 weeks of age, with titers of less than or equal to 1:16. For A-equi-2 virus, more than 50% of the foals were seronegative by 2 weeks of age, with titers of less than or equal to 1:8. Passively derived antibodies against influenza A-equi-1 virus and A-equi-2 virus in foals obtained from recently vaccinated mares and from mares not vaccinated within 6 months before foalin...
Stewart HL, Werpy NM, McIlwraith CW, Kawcak CE.To describe the effects of distal limb immobilization and remobilization in the equine metacarpophalangeal joint. Methods: Randomized, prospective experimental study. Methods: Eight healthy, skeletally mature horses. Methods: One forelimb of each horse was immobilized in a fiberglass cast for 8 weeks; this was followed by 12 weeks of a treadmill-based training program after the cast had been removed. Clinical examinations, radiography, computed tomography (CT), nuclear scintigraphy, MRI, and histomorphometry were used to examine the third metacarpal (MC3), proximal phalanx, proximal sesamo...
Di Filippo PA, Dias Meireles MA, Ribeiro LMF, de Lannes ST, Meireles NFT, Viana IS, Hokamura HK.In this study, the effect of early exercise, age, body weight (BW), and growth on the articular cartilage and subchondral bones of the tarsocrural joints was evaluated in 40 young Mangalarga Marchador horses allowed free choice exercise in pasture. Twenty of the horses had additional controlled exercise 3 days per week from a mean age of 30 ± 20 days until 36 months. The training program consisted of an increasing number of 15-minute gallop sprints in an oval paddock with a concrete floor covered by a thick layer of sand. BW, withers height (WH), and neck circumference were measured and bo...
Yu M, Robinson NE, Wang Z, Derksen FJ.The effects of epithelial removal and cyclooxygenase inhibition on contractions induced by exogenous acetylcholine (ACh) and electrical field stimulation (EFS) were evaluated in horse tracheal strips and bronchial rings. Epithelial removal potentiated the response to ACh but had no influence on the response to EFS. The effect of epithelial removal was not altered by pretreating the tissues with meclofenamate, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. In trachealis strips, meclofenamate augmented contractions induced by EFS but not by ACh. In bronchial rings, meclofenamate augmented EFS-induced contraction t...
Lustgarten M, Redding WR, Schnabel LV, Prange T, Seiler GS.Navigational ultrasound imaging, also known as fusion imaging, is a novel technology that allows real-time ultrasound imaging to be correlated with a previously acquired computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. It has been used in man to aid interventional therapies and has been shown to be valuable for sampling and assessing lesions diagnosed with MRI or CT that are equivocal on ultrasonography. To date, there are no reports of the use of this modality in veterinary medicine. Objective: To assess whether navigational ultrasound imaging can be used to assist commonly...
Mason DK, Watkins KL, McNie JT, Luk CM.In late November 1988 large numbers of thoroughbred horses in training in Hong Kong developed a transient pyrexia with, in some cases, the clinical signs of viral respiratory disease. Serial blood samples for haematological examination were taken from 10 of the horses which were stabled in six different blocks. They had developed a high temperature within three days of each other and subsequently seroconverted to equine herpes virus 1 (EHV1). The absolute monocyte count was more than 0.5 x 10(9)/litre in all 10 within the first five days, and nine of them had a high neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio...
Ross MW.Cecal impaction and cecal perforation, the two most common equine cecal diseases, are thought to develop after slowing or interruption of a single progressive motility pattern, which begins in a pacemaker area near the apex, occurs once every 3 minutes, and propels ingesta from the cecum to the right ventral colon. Rectal examination in horses with cecal impaction is the most useful technique to grade the severity of the condition. Medical treatment is undertaken if the impaction is judged to be mild to moderate. Surgical correction of cecal impaction in severe cases requires a ventral midline...
Tam K, Rezende M, Boscan P.To compare and correlate right atrial pressure, which represents central venous pressure (CVP) to jugular vein pressure (JVP) in laterally recumbent horses under anesthesia. Methods: Retrospective clinical trial. Methods: Seven adult healthy horses (411 ± 8.7 kg). Methods: Horses were sedated with IV xylazine and anesthesia was obtained with IV ketamine and diazepam. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen. All horses were positioned in left lateral recumbency. An 8F catheter introducer was inserted into the right jugular vein to measure JVP. An 8F catheter introducer was i...
Dyson DH, Pascoe PJ, McDonell WN.The purpose of this study was to determine the heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) effect of glycopyrrolate in anesthetized horses with low HR ( 5 beats/min within 10 min), glycopyrrolate (same dose) was administered. Heart rate increased by > 5 beats/min in 3 out of 9 horses following the initial glycopyrrolate treatment. Overall changes in HR and mean BP were not significantly different, while systolic and diastolic BP increased significantly (P 5 beats/min, which was significant. A significant increase in BP was produced following treatment with 2.5 micrograms/kg BW, but not followi...
Boone LH, DeGraves FJ, Klein CE, Cole RC, Schumacher J.To assess onset of analgesia for 3% chloroprocaine hydrochloride and 2% mepivacaine hydrochloride when used for median and ulnar nerve blocks in lame horses. Methods: 6 naturally lame horses. Methods: A crossover experiment was conducted. Horses were assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups (3% chloroprocaine or 2% mepivacaine first). Median and ulnar nerve blocks were performed in the lame limb with the assigned treatment. Lameness was objectively evaluated before treatment administration and at various points for 120 minutes after treatment with a wireless inertial sensor-based motion analysis sy...
Arora S, Sharma S, Goel SK, Singh US.Implementation of the recommended post-exposure prophylaxis by vaccination and specific immunoglobulin therapy for rabies is largely hampered by its high cost and inadequate production. Therefore, the development and availability of an economic preparation of rabies immunoglobulin is a high priority for India, where rabies is a major cause of death. We studied the efficacy of four different adjuvants in raising antibodies to rabies antigen in older, discarded equines. Methods: Eleven equines, 23-26 years old, were divided into 4 groups to receive four different adjuvants in small amounts (1-2 ...
Naylor JM, Bell R.Orphan foals are best reared by fostering them onto a brood mare of appropriate size. If no foster mother is available, they can be reared on 2 per cent fat skimmed cow's milk fortified with dextrose at the rate of 20 gm per L. This should be slowly increased from 10 per cent of body weight at 1 day of age to 25 per cent of body weight at 10 days of age. The amount should then be held constant until weaning. Alternatively, foals can be reared on milk replacers. Manufacturers' feeding instructions rarely mimic the milk intake obtained by a foal nursing her dam, and problems have been observed i...
De Paolis L, De Ciucis CG, Peletto S, Cappelli K, Mecocci S, Nervo T, Guardone L, Crescio MI, Pietrucci D, Fruscione F, Gabbianelli F, Turco S....Papillomavirus (PV) infections may be related to anogenital lesions and cancer development in humans and several other animal species. To date, 11 different PVs have been reported in horses. Among them, a newly described PV named Papillomavirus Type9 (EcPV9) was thus far only reported in the semen of a stallion with penile lesions in Australia. This study reports for the first time the presence of EcPV9 in asymptomatic Italian horses. From July 2020 to January 2022, genital brush samples were collected from 209 horses with no apparent signs of neoplastic disease and no PV-associated lesions, ...
Fürst AE, Lischer CJ.Many disorders affect the equine foot, and many hoof problems have multiple predisposing causes. Surgery may be necessary after conservative management has failed. Diseases of the hoof capsule may seem simple, but their effect on performance can be long-lasting and healing is often prolonged. Diagnosis of problems within the hoof capsule is enhanced with the use of computed tomography and MRI. The prognosis of fractures has improved with strategic placement of lag screws across fracture planes using aiming devices and advanced intraoperative imaging techniques. Collaboration between the clinic...
Sanada Y, Noda H, Nagahata H.A fluorometric assay was applied to evaluate blastogenesis of equine lymphocytes. Optimal culture conditions were as follows; concentrations of phytohaemagglutinin-P (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were 1 microgram/ml, 40 micrograms/ml and 10 micrograms/ml, respectively, when 5 X 10(5) lymphocytes were incubated with culture medium containing 20% pooled horse serum (PHS) for 120 hours. The relative mean stimulation index of healthy non-pregnant mares were 5.107 +/- 0.323 (M +/- SE) with PHA, 4.019 +/- 0.183 with Con A and 3.610 +/- 0.131 with PWM. Sequentially the blas...
Steinfort S, Obach-Schröck C, Röcken M, Theiss F, Failing K, Vogelsberg J, Staszyk C.Equine periodontal disease (ePD) usually starts with food impaction, formation of diastemata, gingival inflammation and formation of periodontal pockets. This process proceeds toward the dentoalveolar space, causing detachment of tooth supporting periodontal fibers. Although several therapeutical procedures have been proposed, ePD is often only diagnosed in advanced stages, requiring dental extraction. A similar dilemma has been observed in small animal medicine, but has been overcome by the introduction of reliable examination protocols for the early diagnosis of periodontal diseases (PD). Th...
Peterson C, Driskell E, Wilkie D, Premanandan C, Hamor R.Expression of the 70-kDa heat-shock protein (HSP70) has been demonstrated in normal canine corneal epithelium, and inducible expression has been suggested to facilitate wound resolution through organized migration, proliferation, and adhesion of the corneal epithelial cells. Diminished expression of HSP70 may therefore contribute to prolonged healing in the pathologic cornea of other companion animal species, including the horse. Methods: Normal and pathologic equine cornea was evaluated to determine whether the expression of HSP70 is correlated with appropriate corneal epithelial wound healin...
Walters KW, Corbin CJ, Anderson GB, Roser JF, Conley AJ.Estrogen production by the preimplantation equine embryo is presumed to be important in maternal-conceptus communication in the mare. The synthesis of C(18) estrogens from C(19) androgens requires cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450(arom)) in the conceptus, but little information is available on the specific tissue location or potential developmental patterns of expression for the horse. The goal of this research was to localize P450(arom) in the equine conceptus by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. Intact blastocyst-stage embryos were collected by nonsurgical flush on Days 12-15 of p...
Hallamaa RE, Batchu KC, Tallberg T.Equine summer eczema, also known as insect bite hypersensitivity, affects horses recurrently during summer months. The treatment of this allergic pruritus is difficult and therefore there is a need for efficacious treatments. Autoserum therapy, based on the use of autogenous serum that is specifically prepared for oral administration and given when the animal shows clinical signs has been introduced recently. Lipids are thought to be responsible for the effect of this therapy. Objective: The main aim of this study was to analyse the phospholipid content of autogenous serum preparations and to ...
Frank N, Sojka J, Messer NT.Hypothyroidism is the most common type of thyroid gland dysfunction reported in horses. Primary, secondary, and tertiary causes of hypothyroidism are discussed. Equine hypothyroidism remains a controversial endocrine disorder because extrathyroidal factors, including the administration of drugs and systemic diseases, affect serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T3) concentrations in horses. Accurate diagnosis of hypothyroidism therefore requires assessment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Diagnostic procedures for evaluating thyroid gland function are outlined and results of st...
Boyd EH, Allen WE.Plasma concentrations of neomycin were measured following intrauterine infusion of 3.3 mg/kg bodyweight neomycin sulphate. Mares in oestrus absorbed approximately 6 per cent of neomycin infused whereas mares in a luteal phase absorbed 56 per cent. The volume of infusate also affected absorption as increased volume resulted in decreased absorption. The decreased absorption both during oestrus and when large volumes were used was probably due to reflux of antibiotic through the cervix.
Ameni G.Epizootic lymphangitis (EL) was experimentally reproduced in four horses that had been purchased from an EL-free district. Two horses were injected with either 0.2 mL of the yeast form of Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum (HCF) in pus (Horse 1), or 0.2 mL (ca. 20 mg) of a suspension in saline of the mycelial form (Horse 2), both into the pre-scapular and pre-femoral lymph nodes, with scarification of the skin of the left hind limb, conjunctiva of the right eye and the nasal membrane of the right nostril. The two other horses served as controls. Nodular lesions of EL appeared during the ...
Engelking LR, Anwer MS, Hofmann AF.The role of bile salt in biliary lipid excretion was studied in 3 healthy ponies with chronic external biliary fistulas. After endogenous bile salt pool depletion, micelle-forming taurocholate or taurochenodeoxycholate was infused to replace excreted bile salt. Enterohepatic circulations were held open (total biliary diversion) throughout each study. Results indicated that biliary lipid excretion in ponies (113 +/- 21 nmol/min/kg of body weight) is approximately 10 times less than that reported in rodents. Although the lipid composition (4.4% cholesterol, 5.6% phospholipid, and 90% bile salt) ...
Pezzanite LM, Griffenhagen GM, Krause DM, Hendrickson DA.Prophylactic perioperative antimicrobial protocols in equine synovial endoscopy have been described but not compared with respect to post-operative outcomes and complications. Increasing antimicrobial resistance in equine practice and interest in promoting judicious use of antimicrobials has prompted reevaluation of drug selection and dosing strategies. To determine the frequency of and compare post-operative complications following elective synovial endoscopy between horses receiving different perioperative antimicrobial protocols. Records from the Colorado State University Veterinary Teachin...
Tukia E, Hallman I, Penttilä M, Hänninen S, Kareskoski M.Endometritis is one of the major causes of infertility in mares. and -haemolytic streptococci are among the bacterial species most frequently isolated from the equine uterus. Some bacteria such as -hemolytic streptococci, can persist in dormant forms and cause prolonged, latent or recurrent infections. Dormant bacteria may be present despite negative bacterial cultures, and they are resistant to antimicrobial treatment due to their resting metabolic state. The purpose of this study was to study formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded equine endometrial biopsies for the presence and localization of -...
Traub-Dargatz J, Kopral C, Wagner B.This study is the first report estimating, on a national basis, the use of various biosecurity practices, singly and in combination, on U.S. equine operations. Use of biosecurity practices is described for operations by risk level, based on reported exposure of resident horses to outside horses during the previous 12 months. In addition, the association between use of various biosecurity practices and use of antibiotics to treat infectious disease in both adult equids and foals is reported. The comparison of these study findings with previously reported data in the literature is limited by the...
